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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOLUME LVI, 1945

PHILIP P. CALVERT, EDITOR EMERITUS

EDITORIAL STAFF

E. T. CRESSON, JR. E. F. J. MARX

J. A. G. REHN A. G. RICHARDS, JR.

R. G. SCHMIEDER

PUBLISHED BY

THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA, U. S. A.

1945

The numbers of ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS for 1945 were mailed at the Post
Office at Lancaster, Pa., as follows :

No. 1 — January February 16, 1945

No. 2— February March 14, 1945

No. 3— March April 27, 1945

No. 4— April May 25, 1945

No. 5— May June 18, 1945

No. 6— June July 23, 1945

No. 7— July August 21, 1945

No. 8— October October 19, 1945

No. 9 — November December 14, 1945

The date of mailing the December, 1945, number will be announced
on the last page of the issue for January, 1946.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

JANUARY 1945

Vol. LVI No. 1

DIV. IKS.

CONTENTS .-

Williams — Directional sound waves of Oecanthus or

A violinist listens to an insect ............

Freeman — Notes on North American Hesperiidae ....................... 4

Williams — Ants killing Japanese Beetle larva . . .

Newman — Midwinter collecting of Lepidoptera in Michigan . . .

Gates — Notes on fleas in Nebraska ........................

Emerson — Taxonomic categories and population genetics . . .
Obituary — Harrison Carman ..................

Personal — Orazio Querci ......................

Entomological Literature ..............................................

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LVI JANUARY, 1945 No. 1

The Directional Sound Waves of Oecanthus
Nigricornis Argentinus

or
A Violinist Listens to an Insect

MILLARD WILLIAMS, Santa Monica, California

The second title much more nearly fits the writer than does
the scientific description set forth above it. But possession of
a trained musical ear has led to an interesting discovery regard-
ing the abilities of what I first considered as a quite ordinary
cricket-like wing singer. And hence a violin teacher finds him-
self writing along a line about which he knows comparatively
little, except for the discovery itself. The reader will therefore
bear with a lack of scientific terminology, and I must also ask
that my frequent use of the first person be pardoned.

Some fifteen years ago, while living in Pacific Palisades (a
section of Los Angeles just north of my present home city of
Santa Monica), I took frequent walks over the vacant lots of
the then sparsely settled district. These walks were taken in the
evenings and thus led to my becoming interested in the songs
of various insects. It was found that one could approach these
little creatures quite closely, if care was taken not to snap twigs
or otherwise set up vibrations which they could perceive, and it
was further noted that they did not object to the brilliant beam
of a three cell focusing-model flashlight. Thus ground crickets
were observed, together with grasshoppers and so forth. But
one type of insect in particular drew my attention because of its
high pitched continuous song which seemed to vary constantly

(1)

2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jail., '45

in volume as I moved about the bushes whereon they were
perched. During the summer nights these insects sang with
might and main, holding their wings straight up or even slightly
forward of the vertical. The bright light did not bother them
in the least which permitted close examination of very many of
them.

As time went on the fact of the marked change in tonal in-
tensity began to impress itself upon my attention, which led to
my trying to find out what the cause of this might be. No ap-
parent change seemed present in the wing motion, yet the tone
volume increased and decreased constantly as I moved about
watching any particular insect. Fortunately I did not credit
these changes to the interference caused by stems or leaves of
the bushes, particularly since they were in a kind of milk-weed
with comparatively light foliage and rather delicate structure.

It occurred to me, one evening, to focus my light upon a cer-
tain insect while it was singing loudly but not moving on its
perch, and then walk slowly about the bush and note what
effect my motions would have on the tone volume. As I
moved the tone became gradually less and less until it was al-
most inaudible, and then it began to increase until it reached its
former volume, which was followed by another drop in loud-
ness, and then a return to clear strong tone as I completed my
circuit of the bush. I had taken great care to see that the insect
had not moved the position of its body, and hence I felt sure that
something connected with my own motions had brought about
the marked change in tonal power of this wing singer. It was
then only a matter of minutes before I found that if I stood
either directly behind or before the line of the insect's body the
tone would be loud and clear, but if I moved to either side it
became less until it reached the least audible point in a line
parallel with the plane of vibration of the wings. This effect I
tested again and again with these insects, always finding the re-
sults the same.

Supposing that this fact of the peculiar ability of the little
green cricket to send out highly directional sound waves perpen-
dicular to the plane of its wings was well known to entomolo-

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 3

gists, I did nothing about the discovery for a number of years.
But as the years continued to come and go it became apparent
to me, particularly in reading the articles on insects published in
the National Geographic Magazine, that no mention was made
of this special sound effect. Then, after still more years had
passed, I presented the matter to the National Geographic with
a request that they place it in the hands of some one who would
be in a position to check the data in order that the discovery, if
such it actually was, might not go unrecorded. The magazine
replied that it was forwarding my letter to Dr. Edward A.
Chapin, Curator of the Division of Insects of the U. S. National
Museum, and he wrote to me that he had not read any material
wherein such a sound effect was discussed. He said that he
wished to send my letter to Mr. James A. G. Rehn, Curator of
the Department of Insects of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, and asked that I try to obtain a specimen of the
insect in question and if possible repeat some of my observa-
tions of it.

Inspired by this request I went at once to the West Los
Angeles Police Department! This appearing to be a quite
necessary precaution for one preparing to become an admitted
prowler after dark close to a section of the Pacific coast during
war time. The Police read my letter from Dr. Chapin with
much interest, and advised me to carry it with me, saying that
if I did not try to run away I would probably not be shot, al-
though they would have to send a patrol car for me if a call
came in about my doings. Thus officially registered as an un-
official agent of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington,
D. C., I drove over to Pacific Palisades and managed to locate
some of the insects desired. It proved an easy matter to cap-
ture two of them, in spite of my rather unorthodox equipment
consisting of a kitchen glass and a bit of cardboard, for both of
the creatures elected to sit tight instead of hopping away as
they can so easily do. I was able to re-check most carefully my
observations of the sound wave — using it, in fact, to locate the
insects since one needs only to find the point of greatest in-
tensity and the singer will be seen in a light beam directed

4 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '45

the sound wave line. The marked variation in tonal intensity
was even more pronounced than I had previously considered it
to be, for moving my ear a very few inches from the point of
greatest loudness brought a noticeable drop in volume.

I was, of course, most pleased to have all the data, including
the specimens, sent to Mr. Rehn for his consideration, and I
wish to express my sincere appreciation of the most careful
study he has given the matter. This article is written at his re-
quest, and I trust that he will add to it his findings concerning
the insect under discussion.

It is indeed a pleasure to me to feel that Oecanthus nigri-
cornis argentinus — a name which I shall always spell in under-
lined form with due reverence for its immensity in the ears of
the layman — is to receive recognition as possibly the first crea-
ture to send out highly directional sound waves, even as the
spider has long since established its reputation as the first
aviator.

Notes on Some North American Hesperiidae, with

Two New Records for the United States

(Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera)

By H. A. FREEMAN, Pharr, Texas

Urbanns eurycles (Latreille)

Henry Skinner recorded this species for the United States
in 1901, 1 and since that time no authentic records have been
made. Some doubt has existed as to the correct determination
of Skinners' record, however this can now be put aside as
eurycles is well established in the lower Rio Grande Valley of
Texas. Mr. T. M. Dunkle, Saratoga, California, sent the
writer a $ specimen collected at Brownsville, Texas, July, 1943.
The writer collected 6 J1^, V-26-44, at Brownsville and 1 5 at
Pharr, Hidalgo County, Texas, VI 1 1-24-44. A number of
other specimens were observed at Brownsville during May, fly-
ing in company with simplicius (Stoll). Eurycles, however
prefers the shade, whereas simplicius flies in the bright sunshine.

i Ent. News, XII, 171, 1901.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 5

Astraptes julgerator (Walsh)

W. D. Field recorded the capture of a specimen of this species
at Donna, Texas.2 The writer caught two rftf at Brownsville,
Texas, one V-26-44 and another VIII-29-44. While looking
over a collection of Lepidoptera made by Mrs. E. J. Kelso, a
number of both sexes of this species were found, all having been
caught in her yard at Pharr, Texas. Apparently this species is
established in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas as a
number of the specimens observed were fresh.

Astraptes anaphus (Cramer)

The writer caught a fresh, $ anaphus at Pharr, Texas, IX-
9-44. As far as the writer knows this is the first record of this
species having been caught in the United States. Although this
species is said to be common in Mexico the writer caught only
one J1 during two summers of collecting from Nuevo Laredo
to Acapulco, so apparently it is rather local in its habits.

Lerodea tyrtaeus (Ploetz)

Since recording the capture of a 5 tyrtaeus at West Colum-
bia, Texas,3 the writer has collected seven more specimens of
this species, two J'J1 at Brownsville, Texas, V-25-44 and two
$$, VIII-29-44; one <$ and one $ at Pharr, Texas, IX-10-44
and another 5, IX-17-44. This species has become established
in Texas as five of the specimens taken were freshly emerged.
This species prefers to fly in the shade of the tropical under-
growth so abundant along the lower Rio Grande River.

Perichares phocion dolor es (Reakirt)

Mrs. E. J. Kelso caught a fresh, £ specimen of this species
in her yard at Pharr, Hidalgo County, Texas, during Novem-
ber, 1940. As far as the writer can ascertain this is the first
record of this species or any of its races having been collected
in the United States. Apparently this specimen strayed across
the border from Mexico, where it is more common.

- Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, Vol. 13, April 1940;
No. 2.

s Field & Laboratory, Vol. IX, May, 1941, No. 2.

6 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '45

An Observation of Ants Killing a Larva of the

Japanese Beetle

By JOSEPH L. WILLIAMS, Lincoln University, Pennsylvania

At Lincoln University in Chester County, Pennsylvania, a
nest of ground ants was disturbed while hoeing in the garden
during the latter part of May. A short period was spent ob-
serving the workers frantically carrying their larvae and pupae
to a place of safety. Shortly afterwards hoeing was resumed.
A short distance from the ants a Japanese beetle larva was un-
earthed without injury.

In a few minutes several ants began attacking the beetle larva
about its head. Later other ants were attracted to this struggle,
until finally the body of the larva was almost covered with ants.
This fight, however, did not cause all of the ants to stop and
join in the attack, for hundreds of them were still busy carrying
off their larvae and pupae to a place of safety.

The larva did not take this attack quietly. It fought back
grimly with great vigor. Many ants were killed by its power-
ful mandibles. The ants, however, kept on coming. They at-
tacked most severely around the larva's head. Two other groups
were attacking it on the thorax and at its extreme posterior end.
The larva, now being attacked from all sides, gave up fighting
and tried to escape by burrowing into the soil. The ants pre-
vented the larva from burrowing by crowding in and inflicting
such severe pain that it was forced to fight for its life.

The beetle larva finally lost its balance and fell over on its
back. It tried desperately to right its body. The ants pre-
vented this by some piling small particles of dirt around the
body. These particles formed a groove throughout the length
of the larva's body. During this operation the other ants con-
tinued biting the larva.

Having the larva badly injured, the ants crowded in for the
kill. The larva became so weak that it was unable to fight the
ants. Movement of the beetle's body became weak and spas-
modic, and finally ceased.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 7

This struggle began at 1 1 :45 A.M. and the larva was com-
pletely paralyzed or dead by 1 :20 P.M. After the fight ended
the ants began covering the larva's body with fine soil. This
operation was observed until the body was half covered with
soil. At this point the larva and specimens of the ants were
collected and sent to the United States Museum for identifica-
tion.

The larva was confirmed as that of the Japanese beetle
(Popillia japonica Newn.). The ants were identified as Tetra-
morium caespitum L. The author is grateful to the officials of
the Museum for this kindness.

An examination of the larva under the dissecting microscope
revealed deep wounds just behind the head and on the thorax
just above the legs. The femoral part of each leg on the right
side had deep cavities eaten into it. The exoskeleton did not
appear broken over the remainder of the body.

Midwinter Collecting of Lepidoptera in Michigan
JOHN H. NEWMAN, Detroit, Michigan

A strip of woods which extends for about two miles, from a
short distance north of the town of Utica, Macomb County,
Michigan (about twelve miles north of the city limits of De-
troit) has yielded interesting and rare specimens of many kinds
of insects. Owing to the proximity of the locality to the writer's
home he has been able to collect moths there in every month of
the year and presents the following notes on captures in January,
February and early March in the hope that they might add in a
small way to our knowledge of the habits and distribution of
these moths and that they might interest other collectors. No-
vember and December captures are much more plentiful and
the author has numerous species collected in these months
which complete recorded captures for each month of the year.
It has been my experience when seeking off-season or mid-
winter specimens one must, it seems, forget the calendar and
pay more attention to the thermometer. The locality, known

8 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '45

to old residents as the Devil's Hole, is a mixed hardwoods com-
posed chiefly of oak, hickory, maple and elm with rather heavy
concentrations of poplar and some basswood. The ground
vegetation is luxuriant owing to the low humid situation. Hy-
grometer readings have always been at least 58%. The first
attempt at winter collecting was on March 7, 1942, when the
temperature rose to 54 degrees. In one and one-half hours
collecting the following specimens were taken, at bait 1, Grapto-
litha antennata; 4, Conistra morrisoni; at light 38, Homoglaea
hircina. The latter were interesting as no more than 3 or 4
had been taken in Michigan previously.

The second opportunity was offered on February 22, 1943,
when the temperature rose to 57 degrees. That evening in the
company of Mr. Sherman Moore the sugaring technique of
more normal collecting nights was tried, but in vain. However
on draping a light sheet over a bush 4 specimens of Homoglaea
hircina were secured, although by this time the temperature had
receded to 30 degrees and the ground and grass tufts crackled
with ice crystals underfoot. One specimen of Conistra mor-
risoni was also taken off a small sapling apparently feeding on
a moist exudate. We collected a little more than an hour.

The following night, February 23, 1943, was warmer; in the
woods at 9:00 p.m. the temperature was 46 degrees, the hu-
midity 60%, and in sharp contrast to the preceding night the
sugar-beer bait was alive with moths, most trees attracting 18
to 24 specimens. By nine o'clock I had collected 63 examples
and could easily have taken at least 150, although additional
material would have been repetition. I collected about one and
one-half hours until a steady rain began soon after nine o'clock.
The evening's catch was determined as follows. At bait: 24,
Conistra morrisoni; 26, Conistra sidus; 1, Graptolitha bcthunei;
2, Graptolitha laticinera; 2, Graptolitha antennata. At light : 7,
Homoglaea hircina; 1, Xylena curvimacula. The next day the
temperature dropped to 34 and during the night it registered 12
degrees.

On January 25, 1944, the temperature rose to 61 degrees, a
record of at least 71 years. Since the weather had been mild

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

for some days previous I considered it a good time to see what
could be collected in January. At 6:50 p.m. the first moth was
taken at bait and at 8 o'clock after having taken 12 specimens
the show seemed to be over, for the last two trips along the bait-
line yielded nothing at all. The material collected was: 4,
Conistra morrisoni; 5, Conistra sidus; 1, Conistra indirecta; 1,
Pyrejcrra graefiana; 1, Peronia ferritgana. All were in excel-
lent condition, fresh in color and wing fringes unimpaired. The
following day, January 26, 1944, gave another temperature rec-
ord, 64 degrees. I set my bait rather early and by 7 :50 p.m.,
when things called a halt rather suddenly I had taken another
13 specimens. A light-sheet draped over a bush yielded nothing,
Homoglaea hircina being conspicuous by its absence. The
material collected was as follows. 4, Conistra indirecta; 5,
Conistra morrisoni; 2, Pyrejcrra graefiana; 1, Agnopteryx
nigrinotella; 1, Agnopteryx pulvipennclla.
The collections may be tabulated as follows.

Phalaenidae Cuculli'mae :

Conistra indirecta Wlk.— 1, Jan. 25 and 4, Jan. 26, 1944.
C. morrisoni Grt.— 4, Mar. 7, 1942; 1, Feb. 22 and 24, Feb.

23.

C. sidus Gn.— 26, Feb. 23, 1943 ; 5, Jan. 26, 1944.
Pyreferra graefiana Grt. — 1, Jan. 25, and 2, Jan. 26, 1944.
Graptolitha antennata Wlk.— 1, Mar. 7, 1942; 2, Feb. 23,

1943.

G. bethunei G. and R .— 1, Feb. 23, 1943.
G. laticincra Grt. — 2, Feb. 23, 1943.
Homoglaea hircina Morr. — 38, Mar. 7, 1942 ; 4, Feb. 22 and

7, Feb. 23, 1943.
Xylena curvimacula Morr. — 1, Feb. 23, 1943.

Occophoridae (det. Sherman Moore) :

Agnopteryx nigrinotella Busck — 1, Jan. 26, 1944.
A. pulvipennclla Clem.— 1, Jan. 26, 1944.

Tortricidae (det. Sherman Moore) :
Peronea ferrugana Schiff. — 1, Jan. 25, 1944.

10 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '45

Notes on Fleas (Siphonaptera) in Nebraska * t
By DORIS B. GATES, Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station

In view of the fact that increased attention is being given
various parasites, particularly their connection with diseases
(endemic and introduced) it seems desirable to publish a list
of the Nebraska fleas now in the collection maintained by the
University of Nebraska Department of Entomology. Since
relatively little work has been done on ectoparasites in Ne-
braska, this list may be only a small percentage of the species
present in the state. Towns are Nebraska towns; names of
collectors are in parentheses.

Ccdiopsylla (Accdiopsylla) inaequalis inaequalis (Baker)
1895. On Sylvilagus auditboni baileyi (Merriam), Harrisburg,
May 7, 1942 (3??, 2 &?) (H. J. Hartley). On Cynomys
liidovicianus liidovicianus (Ord), Crawford, June, 1944 (5)
(H. J. Hartley). On Lepus townsendii campanius Hollister,
Crawford, June, 1944 (<?) (H. J. Hartley). On Sylvilagus
sp., Chadron, July 15, 1944 (5 $?-3 <&?) ; Hay Springs, July
17, 1944 (4$?-2^) (D. Gates). On Sylvilagus floridanus
similis Nelson, Chadron, July 29, 1944 (<?) (H. J. Hartley).
Reported from Nebraska by Jellison (1940).

Ccdiopsylla (Cediopsylla) simplex (Baker) 1895. On rab-
bit, Roca, Oct. 31, 1915 (?) (G. H. Kohls). On Lepus town-
sendii canipanius Hollister, Lincoln, June 2, 1944, ($) (D.
Gates).

Ctenocephalides canis (Curtis) 1826; Ctenocephalides jclis
(Bouche) 1835.

Host specimens exhibit short rounded heads as in C. canis

* Keys by Fox (1940) and Ewing and Fox (1943) were followed in
most determinations. These were supplemented by Baker's key (1904) ;
for fleas from prairie dogs, Jellison's publication (1939), and for fleas
from rabbits, Jellison's bulletin (1940) were used. Anthony's Field
Book of North American Mammals (1928) was used for host identfiica-
tion.

t Published with the approval of the Director as Paper No. 356, Journal
Series, Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 11

and nearly equal ctenidial spines I and II as in C. felis, possibly
indicating hybridization.

On cat, Lincoln, Nov. 16, 1895 (4 $9, 2 &?) (Coll. ?). On
dog, Lincoln, July 24, 1890 (3 ??, 3 <$<$) (L. Bruner), May 2,
1944 (j>) (D. Gates). In house, Deweese, June 26, 1943
(?, J1) (Mary Homolka) ; Lincoln, June 26, 1942 (6$$,
16 JcO (H. D. Tate) . In basement of house, Beatrice, Aug. 7.
1943 (8 $$) (Coll. ?). In house, Lincoln, June 11, 1944
(18$?, 3dV) (D- Gates); June 15, 1944 (8??) (D. B.
Whelan). On dog, Lincoln, June 23, 1944 (?) (D. Gates);
Geneva, June 28, 1944 (2 ??, 1 <?) ; Lincoln, August 7, 1944
(8??) (Coll. ?).

Ctenophthalmus pseiidagyrtes Baker 1904. On Microtus
pennsylvanicus subsp., Lincoln, Febr. 9, 1944 (3 ??, 7
(D. Gates). On mole, Lincoln, Sept. 27, 1901 (5$$. 5
(Coll. ?) ; May 30, 1894 (3??, 2^) (L. Bruner) ; Oct. 11,
1915 (?) (Coll. ?); Date ? (4$?, !<?). On Rattus norve-
gicus (Erxleben), Lincoln, Mar. 30, 1944 (?) (D. Gates).
On Scalopus aquaticus machrinoides Jackson, Lincoln, July,
1921 (?) (M. H. Swenk) ; Dec. 30, 1943 (6??, 1 ^) ; Louis-
ville, Dec. 2, 1943 (9 ??, 6(fc?) (D. Gates); Hendley, Sept.
18, 1944 (2 $5, 1 J1) (L. M. Gates). Previously reported by
Baker (1895) as Typhlopsylla assimilis.

Dactylopsylla (Foxella) ignota ignota (Baker) 1895. On
Geomys biirsarius (Shaw), Schuyler, May 8, 1943 (7 $5,
2 &?); Blair, March 8, 1943 (?, ^) Herman, March 8, 1943
(?> cf) (H.D. Tate). On Geomys lutcsccns (Merriam), Craw-
ford, Sept. 26, 1943 (2 ??, 1 ^) (H. J. Martley). On pocket
gopher, Lincoln, Oct. 22, 1931 (3$?, 1 ^) (Coll. ?).

Hoplopsyllus (Euhoplopsyllus} affinis (Baker) 1904. On
rabbit, Roca, Oct. 31, 1915 (?) (G. H. Kohls). On Sylvilagits
floridaniis mcarnsi (Allen), Lincoln, March 27, 1944 (5?$.
1 J>) ; April 25, 1944 (2?$, 2^) ; Union, May 7, 1944 (?)
(D. Gates). On Lcpus tou'iiseiidii caiiipanins Hollister, Hunt-
ley, August 8, 1944 (1 ?, 2J^) (D. Gates). Reported from
Nebraska by Jellison (1940).

12 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '45

Nearctopsylla genalis genalis (Baker) 1904. On Scalopus
aquaticus machrinoides Jackson, Louisville, Dec. 2, 1943 (2 $$,
2 &?) (D. Gates).

Nosopsylla jasciatus (Bosc) 1801. Questionably recorded
on rat by Swingle (1911).

Orchopeas howardii (Baker) 1895. On fox squirrel, Lin-
coln, Jan. 19, 1901 (3 $$) (M. A. Carriker, Jr.) ; Dec. 1, 1890
(3 $$, 1 <?) ; Nov. 28, 1890 ($) (L. Bruner). From cage of
Didelphis virginiana virginiana Kerr, May 12, 1944 (10$$,
9C^) (D. Gates). On Sylvilagus floridamis mearnsi (Allen),
Malcolm, April 25, 1944 ($) (D. Gates). Described by Baker
(1895) from specimens collected in Nebraska.

Orchopeas leucopus (Baker) 1904. On field mouse nest,
Lincoln, April 11, 1889 ($) (L. Bruner). On meadow mouse,
Lincoln, March 4, 1893 (J1) (L. Bruner). On Microtus penn-
sylvanicus subsp., Lincoln, Aug. 25, 1942 (2 $$, 1 J1) (D. B.
Whelan) ; Febr. 9, 1944 (3$$, 2 <?<?) ; Febr. 10, 1944 (3$$,
3^); March 4, 1944 (14$?, 6^); March 21, 1944 (1 $,
2$$); Union, May 7, 1944 (3$$) (D. Gates). On Mus
musculus musculus Linnaeus, Lincoln, March 21, 1944 ($)
(D. Gates). On Peromyscus sp., Lincoln, Febr. 8, 1944
(2$$); Febr. 28, 1944 (1$, 5 J1^) ; March 11, 1944 (1 $,
2J^); March 23, 1944 (4$$, 2^) (D. Gates).

Oropsylla (Opisocrostis) bruneri (Baker) 1895 (Marked
"type"). On Citellus jranklini (Sabine), Lincoln, Sept. 30,
1890 (?) (L. Bruner). Described by Baker (1895) from
specimens collected in Nebraska.

Oropsylla (Opisocrostis) hirsuta (Baker) 1895. On Cy-
nomys ludovicianus ludovicianus (Ord), Harrisburg, May 12,
1942 (2$$, 2JV?) (H. J. Martley); South central Cherry
County, Oct. 16, 1943 (2$$, 2 <$<$) ; Oct. 17, 1943 (ISJtf)
(D. Gates); Chadron, July 15, 1944 (7$$, 5^); Huntley,
August 29, 1944 (2$$, 4^) (D. Gates). On Lepus town-
sendii campanius Hollister, Huntley, August 29, 1944 (^) (D.
Gates).

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 13

Oropsylla (Oropsylla) sp. On Callospermophilus sp. Chad-
ron, July 15, 1944 (?) (D. Gates). On chipmunk, Chadron,
July 15, 1944 (?) (D. Gates).

Pulex irritans irritans Linnaeus 1758. House, Schuyler,
Date ? (1$, 2 eft?) (G. M. Byrne); Stromsburg, March 22,
1933 (2^) (A. Lind). On Canis nebracensis nebracensis
Merriam, Belmont, June 9, 1943 (2 $?) ; Crawford, April 23,
1943 (2 $?, 2 (ft?) (H. J. Hartley) ; 4-O Ranch, South central
Cherry County, Nov. 17, 1943 (?, ^) (E. P. Ericksen) ; Hay
Springs, June, 1944, (3$$) (H. J. Hartley). Previously re-
ported by Trembley and Bishopp (1940).

Xenophylla cheopis (Rothschild) 1903. On Rattus nor-
vegicus (Erxleben), Lincoln, Dec. 28, 1943 (J1, $) ; Hastings,
Hay 13, 1944 (4 $$) (D. Gates). Reported by Gates (1944) ;
questionably recorded by Swingle (1911).

LITERATURE CITED

ANTHONY, N. E. 1928. Field book of North American mammals. G.

P. Putnam's Sons, New York and London, 674 pp.
BAKER, C. F. 1895. Preliminary studies in Siphonaptera. VI. Canad.

Ent, 27 : 186-192.
— . 1904. A revision of American Siphonaptera, or fleas, together

with a complete list and bibliography of the group. U. S. Natl.

Mus. Proc., 27 : 365-469.
EWING, H. E. and I. Fox. 1943. The fleas of North America. U. S.

D. A. Miscl. Pub., 500: 143 pp.

Fox, I. 1940. Fleas of eastern United States. Ames, Iowa, 191 pp.
GATES, D. B. 1944. Xcnopsylla cheopis in Lincoln, Nebraska. Jour.

Parasitol., 30 : 202.
JELLISON, W. L. 1939. Notes on the fleas of prairie dogs, with the

description of a new subspecies. U. S. Pub. Health Service Repts.,

54: 840-844.
— . 1940. Siphonaptera : A study of the species infesting wild hares

and rabbits of North America north of Mexico. U. S. Pub. Health

Service Bui., 175: 34 pp.
SWINGLE, L. D., 1911. The transmission of Trypanosoma Icii'isi by rat

fleas (Ccratophyllus sp. and Pulcx sp.) with short descriptions of

three new Herpetomonads. Jour. Infec. Dis., 8: 125-146.
TREMBLEY, N. L. and F. C. BISHOPP. 1940. Distribution and hosts of

some fleas of economic importance. Jour. Econ. Ent., 33 : 701-703.

•

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Jan., '45

Nearctopsylla genalis genalis (Baker) 1904. On Scalopus
aquaticus machrinoides Jackson, Louisville, Dec. 2, 1943 (2 $$,
2c?<?) (D. Gates).

Nosopsylla fasciatus (Bosc) 1801. Questionably recorded
on rat by Swingle (1911).

Orchopeas howardii (Baker) 1895. On fox squirrel, Lin-
coln, Jan. 19, 1901 (3 $$) (M. A. Carriker, Jr.) ; Dec. 1, 1890
(3 $$, 1 c?) ; Nov. 28, 1890 ($) (L. Bruner). From cage of
Didelphis virginiana virginiana Kerr, May 12, 1944 (10$$,
9c?c?) (D. Gates). On Sylvilagus floridamts mearnsi (Allen),
Malcolm, April 25, 1944 ($) (D. Gates). Described by Baker
(1895) from specimens collected in Nebraska.

Orchopeas leucopus (Baker) 1904. On field mouse nest,
Lincoln, April 11, 1889 ($) (L. Bruner). On meadow mouse,
Lincoln, March 4, 1893 (J1) (L. Bruner). On Microtus penn-
sylvanicus subsp., Lincoln, Aug. 25, 1942 (2$$, 1 J) (D. B.
Whelan) ; Febr. 9, 1944 (3$$, 2 Jtf) ; Febr. 10, 1944 (3??,
3JJ1) ; March 4, 1944 (14$$, 6 <$<$) ; March 21, 1944 (1 $,
2$$); Union, May 7, 1944 (3$$) (D. Gates). On Mus
musculus musculus Linnaeus, Lincoln, March 21, 1944 ($)
(D. Gates). On Peromyscus sp., Lincoln, Febr. 8, 1944
(2$$); Febr. 28, 1944 (1$, 5 <$<$) ; March 11, 1944 (1 $,
2JJ); March 23, 1944 (4$$, 2 ^) (D. Gates).

Oropsylla (Opisocrostis) bruneri (Baker) 1895 (Marked
"type"). On Citellns franklini (Sabine), Lincoln, Sept. 30,
1890 ($) (L. Bruner). Described by Baker (1895) from
specimens collected in Nebraska.

Oropsylla (Opisocrostis) hirsuta (Baker) 1895. On Cy-
noinys ludovicianus ludovicianiis (Ord), Harrisburg, May 12,
1942 (2$$, 2JV?) (H. J. Martley); South central Cherry
County, Oct. 16, 1943 (2$$, 2 Jtf) ; Oct. 17, 1943 (15&?)
(D. Gates); Chadron, July 15, 1944 (7$$, 5^); Huntley,
August 29, 1944 (2$$, 4^) (D. Gates). On Lcpus town-
sendii campanius Hollister, Huntley, August 29, 1944 ( J) (D.
Gates).

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 15

1940, p. 164) has stated that the elementary evolutionary proc-
ess is change of gene frequency rather than mutation. Popula-
tions always have characteristic geographical patterns, but
geography need not be incorporated separately in the defmiti-
tion. Taxonomists have quite consistently used the individual
as a sample of a population which shares basic genetic char-
acteristics. Populations have real biological attributes which
are not merely the statistical summation of the individuals, just
as individual organisms have properties which transcend the
cellular units of which they are composed.

Groups of genetically related species constitute higher cate-
gories with separation based largely on extinction of inter-
mediate species or groups of species. If all related species have
become extinct leaving a single survivor, monotypic higher
categories are recognized. Thus Mastotennes darwiniensis
Froggatt is the sole surviving species of termite in the genus
and the only living genus in the family Mastotermitidae.

Taxonomic subdivisions of the species are based upon genetic
distinction of the natural populations and partial reproductive
isolation. Often intermediate populations are found on the
geographical or ecological borders of subspecies. On islands,
occasional sharing of hereditary characteristics through inter-
breeding with stray individuals may result in subspecific status
even though the borders of the populations are sharp. Ecologi-
cal populations with genetic distinctions and partial reproductive
isolation are called ecotypes (Turesson, 1922) and are in reality
ecological subspecies or races.

Local populations with genetic characteristics are often given
a status below the rank of subspecies. There is no established
-basis for the separation of subspecies and races. If genetic
differences follow uniform gradients from one population to
another, delimitation is arbitrary. If the gradients are not uni-
form or are discontinuous, delimitation is not arbitrary. Hux-
ley (1939) has introduced the term dine for quantitative varia-
tions connecting populations and stepped dines within a species
may indicate the genetic connections between subspecies or

16 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '45

races. Dobzhansky and Epling (1944) distinguish a multitude
of chromosomal races of Drosophila pseitdoobscura Frolova
with adequate geographical rather than Latin names.

Taxonomists commonly use morphological characters for dis-
tinguishing various taxonomic categories. Morphology is the
visible result of complex physiological effects upon patterns of
growth. Probably structures are the end effects of long series
of enzyme chain reactions on protoplasmic substrates. Physio-
logical effects upon the morphological characters used by the
vast majority of taxonomists are initiated by genes or chromo-
somal arrangements. Genes may be thought of as autocata-
lytic enzymes which may activate or inhibit the development of
other enzymes. Taxonomic characters are commonly the result
of the action of many genes (multiple factor or polygenic char-
acters). Such characters may be detected by intermediates in
the first hybrid generation and a wide quantitative variation
rather than simple segregation in the second hybrid generation.
Of course the genetic units would exhibit Mendelian segrega-
tion, but the interaction of many units is likely to show apparent
blending of characters. Very rarely taxonomic characters ex-
hibit simple Mendelian ratios in the second hybrid generation.

Forms and varieties caused by environmental factors and not
by genetic differences have often received mistaken taxonomic
recognition. The term ecophene seems adequate for such forms
(Turesson, 1922). The capacity of an organism to react to
the enviroment may have a genetic basis, but if hereditary con-
stitution is not the cause of the difference, then taxonomic dis-
tinction is not valid.

Many authorities do not include asexual, parthenogenetic,
self-fertilizing or closely inbreeding populations in the species
concept. Populations of similar genotypes could still be re^
garded as species according to my definition. However, if
slight genetic modifications result in distinctive populations, we
are faced with an array of reproductively isolated strains such
as occur among the bacteria and species nomenclature presents
many difficulties.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 17

With this background of principles, let us attempt to analyze
particular cases. Valentine (1932) has separated subspecies
of cave beetles (Pseudanoplithalmus*) from isolated caves. Be-
cause of the indicated reproductive isolation, such named sub-
species should be placed in species categories. The so-called
races A and B of Drosophila pseudoobscura Frolova are quite
surely reproductively isolated in nature. Adequate morpho-
logical differences are not sufficient for determination of
pinned specimens. However, the salivary gland chromosomes
indicate considerable genetic distinction between the popula-
tions. Dobzhansky and Epling (1944) have described race B
as a new species, Drosophila persimilis. Such a taxonomic as-
signment seems thoroughly justified. Bates (1940) has, in
conformity to the foregoing principles, raised morphologically
close populations of mosquitoes to species status which were
formerly incorrectly included under Anopheles macnlipennis.
These populations are reproductively isolated and have genetic
distinctions exhibited in the color pattern of the egg floats and
in other slight characters of the larvae and adults. Fulton
(1933) refers to "subspecies" of the cricket Neinobius fasciatus
which can be distinguished by slight morphological characters,
color, call, and habitat. Although his experiments show that
these "subspecies" may interbreed in the laboratory, there seems
to be no indication of interbreeding in nature. In spite of the
small and often quantitative distinctions, these so-called sub-
species are best classified as species. Holmgren (1913) de-
scribed some striking termite soldiers from the oriental region
and assigned them to a new genus and species, Gnathotcrmcs
Aurvuillii. Kemner (1925) showed that these modified soldiers
were parasitized individuals from colonies of Macrotermes
inalaccensis (Haviland) and correctly relegated Holmgren's
genus and species to synonymy in spite of the great morpho-
logical differences. I have separated two species of termites,
Nasutitermes guayanae (Holmgren) and N. siniHis Emerson
(1935), on the basis of different species of termitophilous
beetles living in the nests and overlapping quantitative mor-

18 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '45

phological characters. Dwarf soldiers from incipient colonies
and intercastes between soldiers and workers show greater size
and morphological differentiation within a species than the
taxonomic distinction between the species, but great non-herita-
ble differences have no taxonomic implication while slight
heritable differences may. Polymorphic, seasonal, or migra-
tory forms without genetic and population distinction within
the same species of termite, ant, butterfly, aphid, grasshopper,
or Army Worm do not deserve taxonomic status.

Domestic varieties or mutations in laboratory stocks are not
natural populations. They may be referred to under the taxo-
nomic name of the coenospecies which Turesson (1922) defined
as the sumtotal of possible combinations in a genotype com-
pound as seen particularly through cultivation under artificial
conditions.

Although taxonomic names should not be given to non-
taxonomic forms, such forms may be discovered by taxonomists
and often have biological importance (Faure, 1932, 1943).
Inasmuch as Latin names have been firmly established for taxo-
nomic categories and are governed by international rules of
nomenclature, confusion may be avoided by the use of other
nomenclatural systems for non-taxonomic categories. •

In a great many cases the data are insufficient to make more
than a tentative guess concerning the genetics, reproductive
isolation, or population characteristics of a given specimen or
specimens. In such instances, one is justified in giving a name
on the basis of a working hypothesis until further information
is gathered. The tentative taxonomic assignment may sub-
sequently be either reaffirmed, raised to higher rank, placed in
a lower category, or relegated to synonymy. The accepted
rules of nomenclature quite adequately facilitate such changes
without breaking bibliographical continuity. All sciences pro-
pose working hypotheses which with increasing information
may later become untenable. Taxonomy advances through the
same methodology.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 19

LITERATURE CITED

BATES, M. 1940. The nomenclature and taxonomic status of the Mos-
quitoes of the Anopheles maculipennis complex. Ann. Ent. Soc.
Amer., 33 : 343-356.

DOBZHANSKY, TH., and C. EPLING. 1944. Contributions to the Genetics,
Taxonomy, and Ecology of Drosophila pseudoobscura and Its Rela-
tives. Cam. Inst. Washington Publ., 554: 1-183.

EMERSON, A. E. 1935. Termitophile Distribution and Quantitative
Characters as indicators of Physiological Speciation in British
Guiana Termites (Isoptera). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 28: 369-395.

FAURE, J. C. 1932. The phases of Locusts in South Africa. Bull. Ent.
Res., 23 : 293-427.

FAURE, J. C. 1943. Phase variation in the Army Worm. Dept. Agr.
For. Union S. Afr. Sci. Bull., 234: 1-17.

FULTON, B. B. 1933. Inheritance of Song in Hybrids of Two Sub-
species of Nemobius fasciatns (Orthoptera). Ann. Ent. Soc.
Amer., 26 : 368-376.

HOLMGREN, N. 1913. Termitenstudien IV. Versuch einer systematischen
Monographic der Termiten der orientalischen Region. K. Svensk.
Vet.-Akad. Handl., 50 (2) : 1-276.

HUXLEY, J. S. 1939. Clines : An Auxiliary Method in Taxonomy.
Bijdr. Dierk., 27 : 491-520.

HUXLEY, J. (ed.). 1940. The New Systematics. Oxford. 583 pp.

KEMNER, N. A. 1925. Larva Termitovorax. Arkiv. Zool., I/A (29) :
1-15.

TURRESSON, G. 1922. The genotypical Response of the Plant species
to the habitat. Hereditas, 3: 211-350.

VALENTINE, J. M. 1932. A Classification of the Genus Pseudanoph-
tJialmns Jeannel (Fam. Carabidae) with Descriptions of New
Species and Notes on Distribution. Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci.
Soc., 47 : 261-280.

Harrison Garman

Harrison Garman, State Entomologist and Botanist of Ken-
tucky from 1889 to 1929, died at Lexington, in that State, Au-
gust 7, 1944, after an illness of six years, aged nearly eighty-
eight. His name originally was William Harrison Garman,
but the William was dropped about 1881. He was born at
Lena, Illinois, December 27, 1856, son of Benjamin and Sarah
A. (Griffith) Garman. Later the family moved to Normal,

20 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '45

Illinois, where he attended the State Normal School and came
in contact with Stephen A. Forbes and his associates. In 1881-
82 he was at Johns Hopkins University under Prof. W. K.
Brooks, whence he and B. P. Colton published his first paper,
on the development of a sea-urchin, Arbacia punctulata (1882).

In 1883 he became assistant entomologist to Forbes and re-
mained in Illinois until 1889. Results of his activity here,
partly as Associate Professor of Zoology at the University, were
papers on injurious insects, the anatomy and histology of a new
earthworm (1888), animals of the Mississippi bottoms near
Quincy (1889), Illinois reptiles and amphibians (1890, 1892)
and the mouth-parts of Thysanoptera (1890).

In 1889 began his official services in Kentucky noted in the
first sentence above, added to which, in 1912, was the profes-
sorship of entomology and zoology at the University of Ken-
tucky. In the annual reports, bulletins, circulars and news-
paper bulletins of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station
are 106 papers by Garman, of which 51 deal with entomology,
39 with botany, 9 with entomology and botany, 3 with entomol-
ogy and other zoology, 2 with other zoology, 1 with botany and
zoology, 1 with horticulture ; these chiefly on the economic side.
In the same period he published elsewhere not fewer than 47
papers (26 entomology, 8 botany, 1 entomology and botany, 10
other zoology, 2 horticulture). This group of entomological
papers deals with insects from Kentucky caves (1891, 1892,
1893, 1894), life histories of two species of Coleoptera (1891),
a gland of the cave cricket, Hadenoecus subterraneus (1893),
the head and mouth-parts of Thysanoptera (1896), cited by
Sharp (Cambridge Nat. Hist, vi : 528, 1899) and by Imms
(Textbook of Entom., 1st edit.; 323, 327, 1924), the setae of
lepidopterous larvae (1921) and Odonata of Kentucky (1924),
as well as some on economic topics. His other zoological con-
tributions treated of vertebrates (1894), crustaceans (1924)
and fresh-water medusae (1916, 1922, 1924) of Kentucky, and
the brain and pineal structures of the paddle-fish, Polyodon
folium (1896).

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 21

Subsequent to his retirement in 1929, he published two
papers: on the odonate Archilestes in Kentucky (1932) and on
collecting insects in a sink hole cave (1937). He was the first
to find Archilestes in the south-eastern States, both imago and
larva. The Archilestes paper and that of 1924 on Odonata of
Kentucky appeared in Entomological News.

He married Rosalie Miller, of Hatfield, Massachusetts, in
1883, and is survived by two sons, Frederick, of Juniata, Penn-
sylvania, and Philip, of Hamden, Connecticut, the latter like-
wise known for work in entomology. An older brother of Har-
rison Carman was Samuel Carman (1843-1927), a special pupil
of Louis Agassiz and long assistant in herpetology and ichthy-
ology at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College.

Miss Mary L. Didlake, associate entomologist and botanist of
the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, has kindly fur-
nished the following appreciation.

"Dr. Harrison Carman was out-standing as an entomologist,
not a specialist in any one group, but having a surprisingly full
knowledge of many. He was also an old-fashioned naturalist,
studying life in all forms and in all relationships, knew wild
flowers and trees, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, Crustacea, fishes,
frogs, snakes and birds as well as insects. His scientific work,
as published in numerous bulletins and articles in journals, is
widely recognized as conscientious and accurate.

"He was a good teacher, holding the interest and the respect
of his students, rather strict and sparing of praise, his most en-
thusiastic commendation being, 'Well that's not so bad.'

"For many years, as State Entomologist, he personally in-
spected nurseries, gaining first-hand knowledge of the flora and
fauna and of the occurrence of insect pest and fungous diseases
and adding specimens to the herbarium and insect collection.
Roads were bad in remote districts, but he was untiring in his
zeal and always as careful in the expenditure of State funds as
of his own."

PHILIP P. CALVERT

22 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '45

A Word from a Famous Collector, Orazio Querci

I have just recently received from the Academy a letter from
which I quote :

"We always remember the valuable help which we had from
you, and the proof of great confidence when you gave me the
keys to your wonderful library, which we kept for two years.
Amongst these books I had the happiest days of my life, and
considerably increased my knowledge.

"I received your last letters from Greece; after the situation
of the world had become chaotic.

"My wife is still an indefatigable collector. My daughter
(Erilda Romei) went with her husband to Somaliland to study
the insect life in an equatorial zone. She has returned and is
now an interpreter in an Allied Command. It is now one year
since we have heard from Dr. Romei who remained in Africa.

"My granddaughter Lycaena, whom you knew as a little
girl, is now a Doctor in Natural Sciences. She speaks English,
French, Spanish and a little Greek. She also speaks American
which she learned while playing with the children in the mag-
nificent Quaker's College." (Friends' school.)

I met Mr. Querci in Florence, Italy, many years ago, and
established a connection that lasted till 1936, during which time
he sent me one of the best collections of European butterflies in
this country. After his return to Italy he collected extensively
in Spain and Portugal, and wrote up the Butterflies of the
Peninsula.

The last I heard from him was in 1936 when Lycaena, now
a tall girl, sent me her photograph, with an alpinestock, collect-
ing in the mountains of Salonica, Greece. That they have been
out of touch for a long time is indicated by their inquiry as to
my old friends, Mengel, Schaus and Benjamin, all passed on.

Some account of his work was published by Jean Guilder in
the Ent. News, Vol. 41, p. 292, 1930, and on pi. 28, his interest-
ing family, in Cuba. His address now is Via Aterno 15, Roma,
Italia.

Our mutual friends will be delighted to learn that this inter-
esting family has survived. R. C. WILLLIAMS, JR.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 23

Current Entomological Literature

COMPILED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF.

Under the above head it is intended to note papers received at the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, pertaining to the Entomology
of the Americas (North and South), including Arachnida and Myriopoda. Articles irrele-
vant to American entomology will not be noted; but contributions to anatomy, physiology
and embryology of insects, however, whether relating to American or exotic species will
be recorded.

This list gives references of the current or preceding year unless otherwise noted.
Continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installment.

For records of Economic Literature, see the Experiment Station Record, Office of Ex-
periment Stations, Washington. Also Review of Applied Entomology, Series A, London.
For records of papers on Medical Entomology, see Review of Applied Entomology,
Series B.

NOTE: The figures within brackets [ ] refer to the journal in which the paper ap-
peared, as numbered in the List of Journals given at the end of the literature. The num-
ber of the volume, and in some cases, the part, heft, &c. is followed by a colon (:).
References to papers containing new forms or names not so stated in titles are followed
by (*); if containing keys are followed by (k); papers pertaining exclusively to Neo-
tropical species, and not so indicated in the title, have the symbol (S).

Papers published in ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS are not listed.

GENERAL — Anon. — Random notes on winter collect-
ing. [Turtox News] 22: 159-60. Chapin, E. A. et al.-
Insects and mites. Biological results of the last cruise of
the Carnegie. [Sci. Res. Cruise VII of Carnegie] Biol. 4:
91-92. (Some Diptera by Aldrich & Stone) (S). Falken-
strom, Gustaf.— (Obituary.) [4] 76: 211. Fletcher, F. C.
—Some different kinds of insect collections. [118] 18:
14-15. Carman, Harrison. 1856-1944.— (Obituary.) [12]
37: 720-21, photo. Grensted, L. W. — Formation and
gender of generic names. [8] 80: 229-333. Hemming, F.
—Recent and forthcoming publications of the Interna-
tional Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. [93]
113 B: 176-77. William Williams Henderson. 1879-1944.
—(Obituary.) [Farm and Home Sci. Utah Ag. Ex. Sta.]
5 (4) : 4, 6. Jordan, K. — The status and functions of the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature and
the present state of its work. [6] 52: 385-87. Linsley,
E. G. — Natural sources, habitats and reservoirs of insects
associated with stored food products. [Hilgardia] 16:
187-224. Popham, E. J. — Study of the changes in an
aquatic insect population, using minnows as predators.
[93] 114 B : 74-81. Rau, P.— Entomological trivialities and
personalities. [19] 39: 119-21. Sanderson, E. Dwight.-
(Obituary.) [12] 37: 721. Stern, C.— Study of race.
(Rev. of contributions to genetics, etc. of Drosophila

24 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '45

pseudoobscura. [Jour. Heredity] 35: 314-16. Torre-
Bueno, J. R.— Why not eat insects. [19] 39: 122-31.
Why amateurs. [19] 39: 137. Townsend, Charles H. T.—
Obituary note. [105] 15 : 236-37, port. Walkden & Wil-
bur.— Insects and other arthropods collected in pasture
grasses, waste lands and forage crops, Manhattan, Kans.
[103] 17: 128-43.

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, MEDICAL— Arrow, G.
J. — Reduction of segmentation in the Coleoptera. [107]
19 : 107-8. Brand, Th. von. — Occurrence of anaerobiosis
among invertebrates. A review. [Biodynamica] 4 (92) :
185-328. Bridges & Brehme. — Mutants of Drosophila me-
lanogaster. [Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub.] no. 552, 252 pp.
ill. Carlson, Cassil & Yothers. — Ether-extract content of
codling moth cocoons. [12] 37: 711. Crombie, A. C. —
Effect of crowding upon the natality of grain-infesting in-
sects. [93] 113 B: 77-98. Davidson, J.— On the growth
of insect populations with successive generations. [Aus-
tralian J. Exp. Biol. & Med. Sci.] 22 : 95-103, ill. Dobzhan-
sky & Epling. — Contributions to the genetics, taxonomy,
and ecology of Drosophila pseudoobscura and its relatives.
[Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub.] no. 554, 183 pp. Fennah,
R. G. — Morphology of the tegimina and wings of Ful-
goridae. [10] 46: 185-99, ill. Flanders, S. E.— Olfactory
responses of parasitic hymenoptera in relation to their mass
production. [12] 37: 711-12. Ford, E. B.— Studies on the
chemistry of pigments in the Lepidoptera, with reference to
their bearing on systematics. 3. Red pigments of the
Papilionidae. [107] 19: 92-106. Henson, H.— Develop-
ment of the malpighian tubules of Blatta orientalis (Orth.).
[107] 19: 73-91, ill. Keilin, D.— Respiratory systems and
respiratory adaptations in larvae and pupae of Diptera.
[116] 36: 1-66, ill. Richards, A. G., Jr.— The structure of
living insect nerves and nerve sheaths as deduced from the
optical properties. [6] 52: 285-310, ill. Roy & Ghosh.-
Studies on the population of head-lice, Pediculus humanus
var. capitis. [116] 36: 69-72. Snodgrass, R. E. — Feeding
apparatus of biting and sucking insects affecting man and
animals. [60] 104 (7) : 113 pp., ill. Xavier da Cunhia, A.
— O desenvolvimento das glandulas e sexualis na Ephestia
kuehniella. [Mem. e Estud. Mus. Zool. Univ. Coimbra]
131 : 29 pp., ill.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

ARACHNIDA AND MYRIOPODA— Cooley, R. A.-

Ixodes ozarkus n. sp. and Ornithodoros aquilae n. sp. with
notes on O. talaje and O. kelleyi. [17] 30: 287-94, ill.
Hoffmann, A. — Periglischrus vargasi n. sp. (Acarina:
Parasitid). [56] 5: 91-96, ill. Robinson, G. G.— More
cases of abnormal development in the argasid tick Orni-
thodorus moubata. [116] 36: 95-97, ill. Baker & Balock.
-Mites of the family Bdellidae. [10] 46: 176-82, ill. (*).
Turk, F. A. — Myriapoda (Chilopoda and Diplopoda) from
Cornwall, with notes and descriptions of forms new to the
British fauna. [75] (11) 71: 532-51 (*). Lunn, H. F-
Observations on the Sarcoptes of man. [116] 36: 67-68, ill.
SMALLER ORDERS AND ORTHOPTERA— Car-
riker, M. A. — Studies in Neotropical Mallophaga III. [50]
95: 81-233, ill. (*). Crawford, J. C.— New Sericothrips
from Brazil. [10] 46: 200-01. Rau, P.— Note on the
period of incubation of the eggs of the cockroach Blatella
germanica. [4] 76: 212. Roy & Ghosh. — (See under medi-
cal.) Soukup, J. — Los tisanopteros Peruanos. [66] 8: 57-
66. Tuthill, L. D. — Contributions to the knowledge of the
Psyllidae of Mexico. [103] 17: 143-59, cont. (*). White-
head & Miner. — Biology and control of the camel cricket.
[12] 37: 573-81, ill. Wygodzinsky, P.— Contribuicao ao
conhecimento da familia Machilidae do Mexico, do Brasil e
Argentina (Thysanura). [105] 15: 54-96 (*).

HEMIPTERA— Caldwell, J. S. — Psyllidae from tropical
and semitropical America. [6] 52: 335-41, ill. (*). Tribe
Cenchreini with special reference to the Cenchrea complex.
[19] 39: 99-110, ill. (*). Pintalia with special reference to
Mexico (Cixiid). [55] 20: 154-60, ill. (*). Carvalho, J.
C. M. — Mirideos neotropicais : Revisao do gen. Deroph-
thalma e descr. do um gen. n. fauna chilena. Sobre os gen.
Jobertus, Parachius e Pliniella. [105] 15 : 144-53, ill. ; 162-
71. Carvalho & Drake. — Knightonia n. n. for Knightiella
(Mirid). [105] 15: 239. De Long, D. M.— Four n. sps.
of Cloanthanus and Tumeus from Mexico and Brazil
(Cicadellid). [55] 20: 129-31. Essig, E. O.— New aphid
on guayule and notes on other sps. of Cerosipha. [Hil-
gardia] 16: 177-84. Fennah, R. G. — (See under anatomy.)
Hawboldt, L. S. — History of spread of the beech scale,
Cryptococcus bagi, an insect introduced into the maritime
provinces. [Academy Nat. Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. N. Bruns-
wick] 137-46. Metcalf & Bruner. — Cercopidae of Cuba.

26 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '45

[80] 109-28, ill. (*). Oman & Beamer.— Some n. sps. of
Cuerna (Cicadellid). [103] 17: 121-28. Smith, R. H.-
Bionomics and control of the nigra scale, Saissetia nigra.
[Hilgardia] 16: 225-88. Holedo Piza, S. de, Jr.— Duas
novas esp. de ploiariideos brasillejros. [105] 15: 135-38,
ill. Torre-Bueno, J. R. — Comment on Solabea Bergroth.
[19] 39: 114-16 (k). New records of Oncopeltus. [19]
39: 135-36 (*). Wygodzinsky, P. — Notas sobre a biologia
e o desenvolvimento de Macrocephalus notatus (Phymatid).
[105] 15: 139-43, ill.

LEPIDOPTERA — Bell, E. L. — Nuevas esp. Hesperides
del Peru. [66] 8: 76-82, ill. Bradley, J. C.— Key to the
species of Geotrupes of N. A. [19] 39: 112-13. Brown,
p. M.— Notes on Mexican butterflies, IV. [6] 52 : 343-60.
Larva and chrysalis of Dione juno andicola. [19] 39: 117-
18, ill. Egg, larva and chrysalis of Dione moneta. [19]
39: 132-34, ill. Corbet & Tarns.— Keys for the identifica-
tion of the lepidoptera infesting stored food products. [93]
113 B : 55-148, ill. Griswold, G. H.— Studies on the biology
of the webbing clothes moth (Tineola bisselliella). [Mem.
Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta.] 262: 58 pp., ill. Hovanitz, W.-
Supplementary notes on the name Colias kootenai. [4] 76:
212. Huntington, E. I. — Thecla burdi Kaye, a synonym.
[6] 52: 328. McDunnough, J. — Hydriomena studies II.
The Ruberata group. [4] 76: 206-10, ill. (*). Potts &
Smith. — An aberrant specimen of Aglais antiopa. [55] 20:
146. Rawson, G. W. — Feeding habit of Poanes hobomok.
[19] 39: 111. Rupert, L. R. — New species of Lambdina
and notes on two species of Besma. [6] 52 : 329-334, ill.

DIPTERA— Aldrich & Stone. — (See Chapin under Gen-
eral.) Alexander, C. P. — Records and descr. of Brazilian
Tipulidae X. [105] 15: 19-34 (*). Records and descrip-
tions of neotropical crane-flies. 18. [6] 52: 369-383 (*).
Baker, A. C. et al. — A review of studies on the Mexican
fruitfly and related Mexican species. [3] Misc. Pub. 531,
155 pp., ill. Barreto & Coutinho.— Sobre a gen. Taenio-
rhynchus com a descr. de tres novas esp. do subg. Taenio-
rhynchus (Culicid). [94] 9: 53-85, ill. (S). Brooks, A. R.
— Review of the N. Amer. species of Linnaemya sens. lat.
(Tachin). [4] 76: 193-206, ill. (k*). Camras, S.— Notes
on the No. Amer. sps. of the Zodion fulvifrons group. [55]
20- 123-26. Cerqueira & Lane. — Sobre algumas esp. de
Culex (Carrollia). [105] 15: 216-20, ill. (S*). Davis, D.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 27

E. — Comparison of mosquitoes captured with an avian bait
at different vegetational levels. Larval habitats of some
Brazilian mosquitoes. [105] 15 : 209-15; 221-35. Huckett,
H. C. — Revision of the North American genus Eremo-
myioides. [6] 52: 361-68 (k*). Hull, F. M.— Study of
some syrphid flies from S. Amer. [105] 15: 34-54 (*).
Keilin, D. — (See under anatomy.) Lane, J. — Tribo Mega-
rhinini no Brasil Meridional (Culicid). [105] 15: 172-90,
ill. Lane & Carrera. — Duas esp. de Quichauna que se
criam em barba (Syrphid). [105] 15: 205-08 (*). Mar-
shall, J. F. — Morphology and biology of Culex molestus :
observational notes for investigators. [British Mosquito
Control Institute] 16 pp., ill. Osorno, M. E. — Two n. sp.
of Haemagogus from Colombia, H. andinus and H. boshelli
(Culicid). [10] 46: 165-75, ill. Reinhard, H. J.— Change
of name in Tachinidae; Orthosimyia for Orthosia. [103]
17: 159. Silva, P. — Novo registro e o primeiro hospedeiro
de Promasipoda pinguioides no Brasil (Exoristid). [105]
15: 153-61, ill. Simmons, S. W. — Observations on the
biology of the stablefly in Florida. [12] 37: 680-86.
Stone, A. — Studies on mosquitoes from the Philippine
Islands and Australasia. [10] 46: 205-25, ill. (k*).
Walker, M. G. — Notes on the biology of Dexia rustica, a
dipterous parasite of Melolontha melolontha. [93] 113 B:
126-76.

COLEOPTERA — Arrow, G. J.— Polymorphism in giant
beetles. [93] 113 B: 113-16, ill. Bondar, G.— Notas
entomologicas da Baia, XIV (Curculionid : Conotrachelus).
[105] 15: 191-204 (*). Bryant, G. E.— New species of
South American and West Indian Chrysomelidae (Halti-
cinae, Col.). [75] (11) 11: 551-58 (*). Leech, H. B.-
The cerambycid beetle Phymatodes dimidiatus, in cedar
structural timbers. [4] 76: 211. Milne & Milne. — Notes
on the behavior of burying beetles. [6] 52: 311-27.
Nunenmacher, F. W. — Studies among the Coccinellidae no.
9. [55] 20: 144-46 (*). Reinhard, H. J.— Life history of
Phyllophaga calceata and P. micans. [12] 37: 581-87.
Van Dyke, E. C. — New sps. of No. Amer. Ostomidae. [55]
20: 147-53. Van Emden, F. I. — A key to the genera of
Brachyderinae of the world. [75] (11) 11: 503-32 (k).
Webber, R. G. — Recent Japanese beetle outbreak at Hali-
fax, N. S. [Arcadian Nat. Bui. Nat. Hist. Soc. N. Bruns-
wick] 1: 173-75.

28 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '45

HYMENOPTERA— Bequaert, J.— Revision of Proto-
polybia, a gen. of Neotropical social wasps (Vespid).
[105] 15: 97-134, ill. (*). Bradley, J. C.— Generic position
of certain Mexican Pompilidae with descr. of a n. sp.
[Notulae Nat.] 145 : 12 pp. Mitchell, T. B. — New sps. and
records in Megachile. [55] 20: 132-43. Moure, J. — Abejas
del Peru. [66] 8: 67-75 (*). Apoidea da colecao do Conde
A. Barbiellini. [105] 15: 1-18 (*). de Seabra, A. F.—
Ninhos de vespas do Brasil, existentes nas coleccoes do
Mus. Zool. da Univ. Coimbra. [Mem. e Estud. Mus. Zool.
Univ. Coimbra] 151:9 pp., ill. Smith, M. R. — The genus
Lachnomyrmex, with the descr. of a second sp. [10] 46:
25-28, ill. Williams, J. L. — Hymenopterous parasites ob-
tained from stored cases of Eurukuttarus confederata col-
lected in Chester Co., Pa. (Psychid). [Proc. Penna. Acad.
Sci.] 18: 50-51.

SPECIAL — Report by the International Commission on

Zoological Nomenclature for the year 1943. International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature : Financial Report
for the year 1943. Income and expenditure account of In-
ternational Fund No. 1 and No. 2 for the year 1943 and
balance sheet at 31st Dec. 1943. Personnel of the Interna-
tional Commission on Zoological Nomenclature : Election
of Four Commissioners. Contributions received up to 30th
June 1944 in response to the appeal for funds. Appeal for
funds by the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature. [Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature] 1 :
xli-lx.

LIST OF JOURNALS CITED

3. — United States Dept. Agric. 4. — Canadian Entomol.
6. — Jour. New York Entom. Soc. 8. — Entom. Monthly
Mag. 10. — Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington. 12. — Journal
Economic Ent. 17. — Jour, of Parasitology. 19. — Bull.
Brooklyn Entom. Soc. 50. — Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum.
55. — Pan-Pacific Entom. 56.— Rev. Inst. Salub. y Enfer.
Tropic. Mex. 60. — Smithsonian Miss. Coll. 66. — Bol.
Mus. Hist. Nat. "Javier Prado," Lima. 75. — Annals &
Mag. Nat. Hist. 80.— Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 93.
-Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 94. — Arq. Hig. Saude Pub., S.
Paulo. 103. — Jour. Kansas Entom. Soc. 105. — Rev. En-
tomol. R. d. Janeiro. 107. — Proc. R. Entom. Soc. London.
116. — Parasitology, London. 118. — Ward's Nat. Sci. Bull.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS for December, 1944, was mailed at the Lancaster
Post Office on January 25, 1945.

Literature for sale : Fifty years accumulation of Smithsonian,
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big game hunting, much natural history, in many lands. Price
lists on request. J. Alden Loring, Box E-N, Owego, New

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JUST PUBLISHED

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By HENRY K. TOWNES, JR.

(Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, Number 11)

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

FEBRUARY 1945

niv. INS.

Vol. LVI No. 2

/ "
*•» r"

CONTENTS

Henderson — Papilio aristodemus ponceana 29

Remington — Feeding habits of Uranotacnia lowii

Statement on DDT by Economic Entomologists 38

Bakluf — Raids of Formica sanguinea 40

Abbott — Mechanics of digestion in Calliphorid flies 44

Wilbur — Collection of eggs of Aeschna multicolor 48

Notes and News 50

Current Entomological Literature 52

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LVI FEBRUARY. 1945 No. 2

Papilio aristodemus ponceana Schaus
(Lepidoptera : Papilionidae)

W. F. HENDERSON,* Chicago, Illinois

In the winter of 1938 the writer spent a very pleasant hour
looking over the collection of Mr. and Mrs. C. N. Grimshawe
in Miami, Florida. Mrs. Grimshawe showed a series of Papilio
aristod cunts ponceana Schaus and told a very interesting story
about this sub-species. Since the destructive hurricane of 1935,
no ponceanas had been seen up to the time of this visit and it
was feared that this sub-species might be extinct.

Later the writer had an opportunity to acquire five speci-
mens of ponceana and it occurred to him that it would be inter-
esting to assemble the known data concerning this sub-species.
Correspondence soon revealed a most fortunate fact, viz.. that
ponceana had been seen and taken on three occasions since 1939.
Evidently it is not extinct as was once feared, although it does
seem to be very rare.

Papilla ponceana was first taken by William Schaus in May
1898 near Miami. He described it in 1911 (1), indicating that
it is allied to P. anstodemns Esper and to P. tcmenes Godart.
The types are in the U. S. National Museum. Papilio aristo-
demus was first described by Esper in 1794 (2). P. teincncs
was described in 1819 by Godart (3) who makes the very gen-
eral statement, "It is found in the Antilles and in North
America."

In 1917, Barnes and McDunnough (4) listed this species as
follows :

* Present address, 9833 S. Hamilton AVCIUK-, Chicago. lilinois.

(29)

•A-

30 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '45

12 aristodemus Esper
a ponceana Schaus

Barnes and Benjamin (5) listed it in the same way, as No.
13 in their diurnal list in 1926. This relationship has been
continued, although in 1930, Holland (6) argued that ponceana
should be considered a distinct and true species. He listed it
and figured it as ponceanus in the second edition of his Butter-
fly Book in 1931 (7).

Bates (8) answered Holland's statement in 1934, appar-
ently preferring to accept the sub-specific status as set forth in
Barnes' check list. When McDunnough (9) published a re-
vision of the check list in 1938, he again placed ponceana as a
sub-species of aristodemus. In all the collections contacted
where specimens of ponceana occur, this status seems to be the
accepted one.

An article describing the finding of ponceana and also its
early stages was written by Mrs. F. M. Grimshawe in Nature
Magazine (10) in December 1940. Of all the known speci-
mens of ponceana (24 to date), seventeen of these have been
either collected or reared by the Grimshawes. They deserve
much credit for their contribution to our knowledge of this
sub-species.

The writer has assembled all of the data he has been able to
find in regard to ponceana. There may be other specimens,
now unknown, in other collections, and if this is true, the data
concerning these should be added. The accompanying table
sets forth the data collected.

Summary

Papilio aristodemus ponceana Schaus is not extinct. Twenty-
four specimens have been accounted for in American collections.
The available data concerning ponceana have been tabulated.

The author is grateful to all of those who have cooperated
with him in assembling these data.

Ivi, '45]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

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32 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '45

LITERATURE CITED

1. SCHAUS, W., 1911. A New Papilio from Florida. Ent. News, 22:

438.

2. ESPER, 1794. Papilio aristodemus. Mag. Ne. Ausl. Ins., p. 8.

3. GODART, M., 1819. Papilio temenes. Encyclopedic Methodique, 6: 63.

4. BARNES, W. and McDuNNOUGH, J. H., 1917. Check list of Lepi-

doptera of Boreal America, p. 1, No. 12.

5. BARNES, W. and BENJAMIN, F. H., 1926. Check List of the Diurnal

Lepidoptera of Boreal America. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., 25 : 5.

6. HOLLAND, W. J., 1930. Papilio ponceana. Ann. Carnegie Mus., 19:

191.

7. HOLLAND, W. J., 1931. Papilio ponceanus. The Butterfly Book, 2nd

Ed., p. 318, PI. 70, Fig. 10.

8. BATES, M., 1934. Papilio ponceana. Ent. News, 45 : 167.

9. McDuNNOUGH, J. H., 1938. Check List of the Lepidoptera of

Canada and the United States of America. Part I, p. 5, No. 14
(Mem. Calif. Acad. Sci.).

10. GRIMSHAWE, MRS. F. M., 1940. Place of Sorrow. Nature Mag.,
33: 565.

The Feeding Habits of Uranotaenia lowii
Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae)

CHARLES L. REMINGTON,1 Medical Department,
Army of the United States

The host preferences of mosquitoes important to man as car-
riers of pathogenic organisms have long been investigated.
However, several large genera and parts of others are not
known to include disease vectors, and little dependable informa-
tion on these mosquitoes exists. Instead, many casual notes
have appeared, containing presumed or suspected facts. The
genus Uranotaenia L.-Arr. stands out among the neglected
groups, and the present paper deals with a species of that genus.

1 1 am grateful to Mr. M. Graham Netting of the Carnegie Museum
for identification of the amphibians mentioned in this paper ; to Mr. Robert
Alrutz for obtaining these determinations from Mr. Netting and for rec-
ords of U. louni biting in the field; and to my many entomological as-
sociates for helpful suggestions during the preparation of the manuscript.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Over twenty species of Uranotaenia are known from British
India, and yet the knowledge of their bionomics was summar-
ized by Barraud (1934) thus: "Little is known of the habits of
the adults; they do not appear to attack man to any extent.'
Edwards (1941) in his classic study of African culicines dis-
cusses 25 species and 5 varieties of Uranotaenia. He states:
"Little is known of the habits of adult members of this genus.
None of the African species has been observed to suck blood
..." A clue to the feeding habits of one species is found by
Davis and Philip (1931). In Africa precipitin tests were made
with 66 U. anniilata Theob. with antihuman and anti-chicken
sera. All were negative for human blood, and 7 were positive
for chicken blood. These writers state that : "The Uranotaenia
were poorly blooded on the whole ; the samples were small and
considerably altered in most cases." This host indication for
U. annulata awaits confirmation by observations.

Uranotaenia sapphirina (O.-S.) and U. lowii Theob. are the
representatives of the genus in the eastern half of the United
States. In correspondence, Mr. G. H. Bradley has informed
me : "I have observed both of these species to alight on man and
move around as if preparing to bite, however, no piercing of the
skin ever was noted and it appeared as if they were merely
lapping up perspiration." Rozeboom (1942) writes: "Rarely
they were observed biting a horse or man" in Oklahoma.
Heaclley (1921) believes that sapphirina does not take blood.
Dyar (1922) relates that: "While every attempt possible was
made to try to get females to suck blood, the writer has never
observed a single one biting." A contradictory statement ap-
pears in his later work (1928), when he states: "The adults will
bite under favorable conditions but are very seldom met with."

Even less is written about U. loivii. Hinman (1935) finds
that : "Under no conditions have they been induced to suck
blood." King, Bradley, and McNeel (1939) concisely con-
clude : "The adults are rarely seen and are not known to bite
humans." Theobald (1903) quotes Hewlett, who, in a state-
ment of questionable accuracy, reports U. lowii rare in Trinidad
and biting (man) severely.

34 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '45

The first known observation of Uranotaenia lozvii taking blood
was made in August, 1944, during general insect collecting at
lights near New Orleans, Louisiana. It was feeding on a tree
frog (Hyla c'merca) under a light. In order to obtain further
information on the host preferences, a series of biting tests was
undertaken in the laboratory. U. lozvii was very abundant and
provided adequate living material for the investigations. Am-
phibians and reptiles were plentiful and those used for study
were collected during field trips. All mosquitoes and hosts
used were taken near Harahan, Jefferson Parish, Louisiana,
and all biting tests were made there.

EQUIPMENT AND METHODS

The U. lowii females desired for the tests were collected at
lights. The mosquitoes were taken alive into the laboratory
and their identity checked with the aid of a dissecting micro-
scope. The presence of white distal segments on the hind tarsi
and the absence of blue-purple iridescence on the mid-mesonotal
longitudinal line easily separate U. lozvii from the other Louisi-
ana species of Uranotaenia, U. sapphirlna. The latter occurred
in the same area where U. lozvii was being collected, but none
was found at light in the vicinity of the laboratory. About one
mile to the east, beside the Mississippi River, the two species
were taken in a light trap in nearly equal numbers. Male
lozvii were rare at light.

The cage used for the biting tests was a one-foot cube with a
solid wood bottom and sides of 16-mesh hardware cloth fastened
to a wooden frame. To observe biting mosquitoes a Spencer
binocular microscope was used with a 9 X eyepiece and 1 X,
2 X, and 3 X objectives in a revolving mount. The barrels of
the instrument were lifted from the upright of the frame of the
microscope, and manual support and focussing, rather than
mechanical, had to be used. The objective could then be
brought as near the side of the cage as desired. Objects more
than four inches from the objective were out of focus. Conse-
quently, the animals being tested had to be near the side of the
cage. They were placed in the cage through the cloth sleeve

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 35

and were placed near the side and allowed to become quiet
before mosquitoes were introduced.

U. lowii showed no desire to feed under a direct light. A
cloth placed to reduce the amount of illumination entering the
cage diffused the light, and the mosquitoes quickly flew to the
lower part of the cage and discovered any hosts present. Once
an individual had begun to feed, the cloth could be removed
without interrupting the process.

BITING HABITS OBSERVED

The mosquitoes, if placed with an unattractive animal, gave
it no attention at any time. On the other hand, when a suitable
host was present, U. lowii quickly showed interest, and some
soon began to feed. Usually the tiny culicines did not fly to
the body of the host. Most often, they lit on the floor near the
animal and walked toward it. On contacting the animal, U.
lowii placed the front legs and proboscis against the host, rested
on the front and middle legs, and slowly, alternately rotated the
elevated, white-footed hind legs. As many as five minutes were
consumed in tapping over an area of the skin with the flexible
proboscis. During the process, some individuals moved up
onto the body of the host, although most remained on the floor.
The tapping seemed to be the means of locating the most super-
ficial capillaries of the host.2 At length, the mosquito inserted
the proboscis and began feeding in the above-described position,
leaning forward against the host and continuing to rotate the
hind legs. This practice of resting beside the host, rather than
on it, while feeding, though common with U. lowii, must be
somewhat unusual.

With most Uranotaenia lowii females captured for use in the
biting tests, the abdomen contained varying amounts of a pale
yellow fluid, possibly a plant juice. Some with distended ab-
domens took a blood meal as readily as those only slightly fed.
One of the first U. lou'ii whose feeding was watched was full of

2 However, Gordon and Lumsden (1939) believe, from their observa-
tions of Aedes aegypti (L.), that at least the fascicle of the proboscis is
incapable of sensing the location of blood vessels.

36 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '45

the pale liquid before being placed with a toad. It fed unusually
long, and after about five minutes it began issuing tiny drops of
the fluid from its anus. For fully ten minutes these fell, ap-
parently forced out by the blood entering the stomach as the
mosquito continued to feed. When the proboscis was with-
drawn, the stomach was red and greatly distended. It may be
that U. lowii takes the juices for its own sustenance, but re-
quires blood to produce eggs ; in which case, when a blood meal
is secured, the less valuable plant juices or animal excretions are
forced out.

HOST PREFERENCES

Homo sapiens L. Twelve female Psorophora confinnis (L.-
Arr.) and twenty female Uranotaenia lozvii were placed in the
cage and the writer's bare arm was thrust in through the sleeve.
The P. confinnis quickly attacked the arm. The U. lowii
rested as readily on the arm as on parts of the cage, but none
evidenced any desire to feed on man. A few minutes later
these lowii fed on a toad.

Terrapene Carolina (L.). Ten U. lozvii were introduced into
the cage with the tortoise. None had tried to feed after 30
minutes. Then ten more were added. During the next 30
minutes none of the twenty fed. At the same time ten U. lozvii
were placed with two Bitfo valliceps in a cage under similar
conditions. Several of the U. lozvii immediately approached
the toads and were soon feeding. Their lack of response to the
presence of the tortoise was clear, while they fed normally on a
known host.

Lciolopisma laterale (Say). Twenty U. lowii were placed in
the cage with three of these Ground Lizards, which are very nu-
merous in southern Louisiana. No lizards had been attacked
after 100 minutes. Ten lowii were simultaneously released into
a similar cage containing two toads, and as in all other controls
used, the lozvii fed eagerly on the toads. This test was twice
repeated with the same results.

Anolis carolincnsis Voigt. On three separate occasions
twenty U. lozvii were placed in a cage with an American
Chameleon, for periods varying from 45 to 100 minutes, and no

Ivi, '45 J ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 37

desire to bite was shown by the mosquitoes. The toads in the
nearby cage were readily attacked in each of these tests.

Rana sphenocephala (Cope). A single U. loivii was taken
feeding on the amphibian under field conditions, but no labora-
tory tests were made with this Southern Leopard Frog.

Hyla c. cinerea (Schneider). U. loivii were collected in the
field feeding on this common tree frog on two occasions. Five
large H. cinerea were placed in the cage and twenty U. loivii
females were introduced with them. Some difficulty was ex-
perienced when the tree frogs ate five of the twenty mosquitoes,
but the latter avoided the attention of the amphibians after be-
coming accustomed to the cage. Within 30 minutes all of the
surviving mosquitoes had approached the Hylae, and at least
three had fed to repletion. The thigh of the hind legs of the
frogs was the object of all observed feedings. Several U. loivii
flew to a patch of urine discharged by a Hyla, and some seemed
to feed briefly on the fluid. Twelve Psorophora confinnis in-
troduced with the U. loivii showed no desire to feed on the am-
phibians, and rested most of the time on the ceiling of the cage.
(See below under Bit jo valliceps for further notes on H\la.)

Bufo valliceps Weigmann. One U. loivii was collected in the
field from this, the Mexican Toad, and several were seen biting
the species on another occasion. This species was clearly a
favorite host of U. loivii in southern Louisiana. In the labora-
tory ten female loivii were placed in a cage containing two small
Bufo valliceps and an equal-sized Hyla cinerea. After 75
minutes the ten U. loivii were collected in a chloroform tube
and examined. Eight had taken blood meals in the cage. The
Hyla was carefully watched throughout the 75 minutes, and
only one loivii fed on it. Therefore, seven of the eight which
took blood meals preferred the two Bufo to the H\la. These
Uranotacnia seemed to evidence such a preference for B. val-
liceps that the toad was used as the comparison species in the
controls run with the tests on other animals. These controls
are mentioned under foregoing species.

(To be continued]

38 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '45

Statement on DDT by the American Association
of Economic Entomologists

At the annual meetings of the two national entomological societies in
New York, December 13-15, 1944, most of the papers and discussions
involved recent experimental work with DDT. At the end of the meet-
ings the American Association of Economic Entomologists adopted the
following statement to summarize the results of various research projects
and to correct "misunderstanding, over-optimism and distorted impres-
sions." This statement seems of sufficient general interest to repeat in
full here. THE EDITORS.

"We feel that never in the history of entomology has a chemi-
cal been discovered that offers such promise to mankind for
relief from his insect problems as DDT. There are limitations
and qualifications, however.

"Subject to these, this promise covers three chief fields: pub-
lic health, household comfort, and agriculture. As public health
we include control of the insects which carry diseases that have
scourged humanity, such as malaria, typhus and yellow fever.
Household comfort is taken to cover such things as flies, fleas,
bedbugs and mosquitoes. Agriculture includes not only farms,
gardens and orchards but forests, livestock and poultry.

"In the public health field DDT insecticides are so much more
effective than previous weapons against malaria mosquitoes
that for the first time there is a practical hope for eradicating
that disease from this country. DDT proved in Italy that it is
the first and only practical control for typhus. In the household
field its amazing lasting effect promises relief for months from
flies, mosquitoes and fleas. In the case of bedbugs, eradication
from the American home has become a possibility.

"In agriculture, it is promising against a wide variety of de-
structive pests. These include most potato insects, many
orchard and vineyard pests, numerous vegetable insects, as well
as the chief insect enemies of vitally important seed crops. It
appears to be effective against the pink bollworm and outstand-
ing against the Japanese beetle, two of our worst imported pests.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Jt promises also a more practical control of the pests which
ravage thousands of square miles of forest, and against many of
those which harass livestock.

"DDT will not kill all the important insect pects. It will kill
many beneficial insects which are allies of mankind against the
destructive species. Because of its toxicity to a wide variety
of insects, its large-scale use might create problems which do
not now exist. To illustrate, it is a superior insecticide for con-
trol of codling moth on apples, but in some sections at least will
kill certain natural enemies and thus release other insects which
may then become major problems.

"The research reports emphasize that we have not had time
to develop entirely satisfactory mixtures and dosages of DDT
insecticides, nor the method and timing of application for many
possible uses. Modern agricultural pest control often requires
mixing several materials in combination treatments, and we
know little of DDT's compatibility with many of these others.
Researches thus far were made with a material which was pro-
duced under pressure for military needs, and which is not neces-
sarily the best form for agriculture.

"We do not know enough about effects on plants, animals
and soils. While most plants were not harmed by DDT in-
secticides in the experiments, injury to squash, corn, tomatoes
and possibly fruit trees was reported. DDT is toxic to animal
life when large amounts are taken internally or absorbed through
the skin from oil solutions, but reports indicate a reasonable
margin of safety. In the light of our present knowledge, heavy
deposits on edible parts of plants should be avoided. Reports
show definite toxicity to cold-blooded animal life including fish
and frogs. There has not been time to learn the possible
cumulative effects on soils.

"More and larger-scale experimentation is needed. Enough
DDT for such research in 1945 should be provided."

40 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '45

Raids of Formica sanguinea Latr.
(Hym., Formicidae) *

W. V. BALDUF, University of Illinois

During the years 1938, 1940 and 1944, I took advantage of
chance opportunities to observe twelve raids by four separate
colonies of the red slave ant, Formica sanguinea Latr. found on
the University campus at Urbana. The identity of the sub-
species of sanguinea and the ants raided by them in this area is
suggested in the studies made by Smith (1927). He estab-
lished that subspecies rubicunda Emery and subintegra Emery
occur here, the former common, and that they pillaged the
larvae and pupae, chiefly of Formica fusca subsericea Say, but
also raided the nests of F. neogogates Em. and, in one case,
that of Aphacnogaster julva Roger. Concerning the latter ant,
Smith remarked "the brood they (sanguinea) pillage must be
eaten shortly afterwards for no one has yet observed a mixed
colony of these Myrmicine and Formicine ants."

My contribution on sanguinea is divided into two parts, —
first an account of a raid observed on July 4, 1944, and second,
a number of observations on diverse activities.

I discovered the above mentioned raid in progress near Mc-
Kinley Hospital at 4:15 P.M. The line of scurrying red work-
ers had not yet reached the fusca nest when I came upon it.
Without delay they plunged into the entrances and in a very
short time the advance individuals reappeared with booty in
their jaws and sped on the homeward trip. In a later phase of
the first round trip, many of the advanced pillagers had already
borne their jitsca captives home and descended into their sub-
terranean nest, while the hinder part of the column was still ap-
proaching home. Then several minutes passed in which it
seemed the raid was about to end ; where upon the reds again
poured from their nest in numbers as large as those that made
the first trip I observed. These traversed precisely the same

1 Contribution Number 243 from the entomological laboratories of the
University of Illinois.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 41

course and entered the same fusca nest as before. The last
individuals to leave the pillaged nest on the second observed
trip carried no fuscas in their jaws. No evidence of a third
assault was seen, hence the raided colony appeared to have lost
its entire population of larvae and pupae to their marauding
relative. Although only two round trips were observed, it is
possible that the raiders had already completed one or more in-
vasions before I came on the scene. This possibility is sug-
gested by the fact that the entrances were not plugged, so the
reds entered without delay on the first observed trip.

The distance covered in the two trips was around 636 feet,
and the total traveling time was approximately 115 minutes.
On this basis, the average speed was about 5.5 feet per minute.
The raiding workers pressed on at a maximum rate at all times.
They crossed a varied terrain that included a short-cut lawn, a
concrete walk, a stretch of crushed gravel and a debris-covered
woods floor. Now and then an individual left the main trail
but promptly rejoined the racing column after a brief lateral run.

By taking a fixed position along the trail I was able to count
1281 immature fuscas carried from their nest. The individuals
removed consisted of a few callows and many pupae and larvae,
the latter representing various sizes or instars. In general the
pupae and larger larvae were transported in the earlier phase of
the raid. Toward the end of the second round, many reds bore
larvae so small it was not always easy to determine whether they
carried booty. However, pupae still appeared in small num-
bers even near the end of the raid. Since the large majority of
the ants carried fuscas, the raiding army is estimated to have
numbered approximately 650 workers. In the instance reported
by Parker, the sanguineas transported about 12,800 immature
fuscas in a total working time of 18 hours distributed over three
consecutive days in August.

Diverse Activities of F. sanguined

At 5 :30 P.M. of July 24, 1938, more than 100 red workers of
a colony near the Old Agricultural Building were seen milling

42 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '45

excitedly over the site of a fusca nest. This delay in entering
the nest may have been due to obstructing plugs which fusca
was found by Talbot and Kennedy to insert into the entrances.

In late afternoon of July 19, 30 workers of the same colony
were discovered spreading in an irregular and, it seemed, plan-
less manner from their nest site. This activity probably rep-
resented exploration for fusca nests to be raided later.

This colony plundered a nest of fusca only eight feet from its
home site on July 29. There seemed to be but one entrance to
the black nest, and its size did not permit the reds to enter and
emerge simultaneously. When a red worker appeared at the
exit from within the nest, she pushed her captive fusca larva or
pupa partly out through the hole. At this instant, the captive
was seized, or possibly stolen, by another worker waiting out-
side, which then carried the fusca home. This performance
was seen to occur several times. In the scheme of sanguinea,
the worker is believed usually to do its part in a raid without
such aid.

About 650 red workers of the same colony took part in a raid
observed on July 24. On the basis of partial counts, I con-
cluded only 30 to 40 per cent of this number found fuscas to
carry home. Similarly low per cents of the workers returned
home without booty also on other occasions. Because the red
nest was situated only five to 20 feet from the fusca nests known
to be invaded, these probably suffered repeated raids that kept
their populations reduced to small numbers. The black adults
offered only slight, if any, direct resistance to the observed on-
sets of the reds.

Upon depositing their captives in the subterranean chambers
of their nests, some of the red workers reappeared, in a few in-
stances, above the nest site and gathered in small knots among
the grasses and a foot or so toward the location of the fitsca nest
lately raided. In 15 or 20 minutes, these groups dissolved and
the ants returned into the nest. Are such reappearances to be
interpreted as incipient second raids ? Had these ants met with
other workers still returning home with booty, would they have
made another trip to the fusca nest?

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 43

On August 7, 1938, I discovered an army of red workers
loitering and roaming aimlessly over a lawn at Lafayette, Illi-
nois. Their nest was adjacent to the foundation of a house,
whose owner had poured hot water on the nest three days
earlier. Presumably the reds were out on a raid at the time
the nest received this treatment, and were now a homeless
wandering band. At one time in the afternoon, they milled
slowly near the old nest site, and later were seen travelling in-
differently away in a loose file, following a path over which I
had seen a red colony make a normal raid in 1935.

Kennedy states the flight time of sariguinea has varied, ac-
cording to recorded cases, from about July 6 to August 3. I
saw three winged adults crawling over the site of the colony at
the Old Agricultural Building at 2:00 P.M. of July 22, 1938.
They were accompanied by four apterous reds and a larger
number of worker fuscas.

The earliest observed raids of the summer were made on
July 4 and 5, 1944, and the latest on September 3, 1940. In-
variably the raids occurred on warm sunny days. The nests
were situated in regularly-mowed lawns and in direct sunlight.

LITERATURE CITED

EIDMANN, H. Die Koloniegriindung der cinhcimischen Ameisen.

Zeitschr. Vergl. Physiologic, 3, 803-816, 1926.
GOETSCH, W. and BR. KATIINER. Die Kolonic-griimlung der Formicinon

und ih re experimentelle Beeinfliissung. Zcitsclir. Morph. u. Okol.

Tiere, 33, 201-206, 6 figs., 1937.
PARKER, G. H. The numbers of ants in ant colonies. Ann. Ent. Soc.

Amer. 35, 3, 363-365, 1942.
SMITH, M. R. Ants of a typical middle-western city, 1927. Unpublished

Thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana.
TALBOT, MARY and C. H. KENNEDY. The slave-making ant. Formica

sanguined subintcgra Emery, its raids, nuptual flights and nest

structure. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 33, 3, 560-577, 1 table, 3 plates,

1940.

44 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '45

The Mechanics of Digestion in the
Calliphorid Flies

CYRIL E. ABBOTT, Washington, D. C.

The first thorough description of the digestive system of the
Calliphoridae was made by Lowne, who, in 1890, published a
two volume work on Calliphora crylhrocephala. Recently
(1934) Graham-Smith has treated the same subject in even
greater detail. Wigglesworth, both in a separate paper (1929)
and in his recent book on insect physiology (1940) has also
discussed this matter, especially with reference to the function
of the proventriculus. Others who have contributed to the
discussion are Hewitt (1907), Giles (1906), Patton and Cragg
(1913), Patton and Evans (1929) and Snodgrass (1944).
The bulk of the present paper has been drawn from the work
of the authors cited. Some observations of my own on Lit cilia
sericata and Cynomyia cadavcrina have also contributed to this
discussion.

The digestive system of the calliphorid flies is one of the most
specialized groups of organs known. Food is ingested, most of
it in a liquid form, into a thin-walled tube which extends from
the tip of the proboscis to the proximal part of the abdomen,
within which it is expanded to form a bilobed pouch capable of
considerable distension. This organ, the crop, is exclusively a
storage place for ingested food.

Near the anterior wall of the thorax the oesophagus bifur-
cates: the ventral branch being that continuous with the crop,
the dorsal passing almost immediately into the proventriculus.
Posterior to the proventriculus the digestive tube exhibits a
narrow constriction, then widens into the mid-intestine. The
anterior portion of this mid-gut, which is also its widest part,
lies in the thorax, but it continues into the abdomen where it is
much coiled. As in other insects, its posterior termination is
marked by the attachment of malpighian tubules : four of them
in this case. The anterior two-thirds of the mid-intestine is
is much narrower than the mid-gut, but posteriorly it expands

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 45

to form the rectal sack, a peculiar structure which narrows
posteriorly until it terminates in the anus.

Before considering the functions of these various parts it is
necessary to call attention to some details of structure. Dor-
sally a short band of muscle connects the proventriculus with
the anterior wall of the thorax. The paired salivary glands,
which are long, coiled, and very delicate, are attached to the
sides of the proventriculus. The structure of the proventriculus
is too complex for analysis here, but essentially it consists of an
invaginated plug perforated by the lumen of the dorsal branch
of the oesophagus, and an outer wall which is heavily muscular.
The anterior portion of the mid-gut appears almost nodular as
a result of the fact that the muscular layer forms a reticulum
with recangular interstices through which the epithelial lining
protrudes. Posteriorly the muscular layer becomes practically
continuous so that the outer wall is smooth. About mid-way of
the narrow part of the hind-gut is a valve bearing chitinous
spines. The rectal sacks bears four invaginated rectal papillae
of considerable complexity and richly supplied with tracheae.

Since the oesophagus, crop, and proventriculus are of stomo-
deal origin, they are lined with a chitinous intima which is con-
tinuous with the exoskeleton of the fly. The intima which
lines the oesophagus and crop, although very thin and capable of
much extension, is practically impermeable, even to molecular
solutions. This may be demonstrated by ligating the oesopha-
gus just anterior to the crop when the latter is distended by a
sugar solution imbibed by the fly. The excised organ may be
immersed in distilled water for several days without exhibiting
any shrinkage, and without successive samples of the water
giving a positive test for sugar. An excised crop filled with
water may be immersed in a molar solution of sodium chloride
indefinitely without collapsing. The crop is obviously a stor-
age organ only ; so far as absorption is concerned, any material
it contains might just as well be outside of the body.

Although efforts have been made to demonstrate that the
proventriculus acts as a valve between the oesophagus and mid-

46 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '45

gut, both Graham-Smith and Wigglesworth are of the opinion
that its sole function is that of forming the peritrophic mem-
brane. That a peritrophic membrane exists, and that it is
formed in the proventriculus there can be no doubt. This
membrane, unlike that lining the crop, is highly permeable, and
functions, probably, to protect the walls of the mid-gut from
abrasion.

A sphincter is present in the short, dorsal branch of the
oesophagus just anterior to the proventriculus. I have ob-
served this sphincter relax at irregular intervals, allowing the
passage of material into the mid-gut. Two other oesophageal
sphincters are present : one just anterior to the bifurcation, the
other posterior to it in the wall of the oesophagus leading to the
crop. By closing the valve on the dorsal branch food may be
directed into the crop, or, by reverse peristalsis the fly may
regurgitate liquid. Constriction of the valve just anterior to
the bifurcation, with simultaneous relaxation of the other
sphincters, allows food to pass from the crop to the mid-gut.

Unlike those of the crop, the walls of the mid-gut are highly
absorptive. This may be demonstrated by dissecting a fly
which has fed on dyed sugar solution about twenty-four hours
previously. The dyes (methylen blue or phenol red, usually)
were often found concentrated in the crop, but never in the sur-
rounding tissues : not only did they deeply color the walls of
the mid-gut, but also the tissues adjacent to it.

Whether it is because the anterior region of the mid-gut is
more permeable than other parts, or because this part of the
digestive tract is long, the dyes seldom reach the posterior part,
and even when the anterior third is highly stained, the remain-
ing portion is generally almost free from coloring matter. At
the same time, the malpighian tubules and hind-gut may be
deeply colored. This indicates that materials in excess, or
which are incapable of being metabolized, are often absorbed
from the mid-gut only to be deposited in the malpighian tubules.
This is, of course, a substantiation of the renal function of the
tubules.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 47

The function of the valve in the hind-gut is problematical.
Graham-Smith cautiously suggests that it may destroy the
remnants of the peritrophic membrane.

Wiggelsworth considers the rectal papillae organs which ab-
sorb excess water from the gut, but Graham-Smith doubts this.
Another suggestion is that the papillae may oxidize toxic ma-
terials. This conclusion is wholly suppositive, and is based
upon the rich tracheal supply of the papillae.

In a living fly the digestive organs are in constant motion.
The lobes of the crop contract in rhythmic alternation. Waves
of contraction pass anteriorly along the oesophagus from the
crop to the proventriculus, which expands at intervals, usually
concomitantly with the adjacent sphincter. Thus food passes
into the mid-gut, along which waves of contraction pass pos-
teriorly. A reverse peristalsis in the narrower part of the hind-
gut probably serves to open the valve there. Strong, but ir-
regular contractions occur in the rectal sack. Their effect is
to move the rectal papillae inward and backward and then in a
reverse direction, not synchronously, but cyclically.

LITERATURE CITED

GILES, 1906. Jour. Trop. Med. 9 : 99.

GRAHAM-SMITH, D. S., 1934. Parasitol. 26: 176-236.

HEWITT, C. G., 1907. Quart. Jour. Micros. Soc. 51 : 395-484.

LOWNE, B. T., 1890. The Blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala.

PATTON, W. S., and E. W. CRAGG, 1913. Textbook of Medical Entomol-
ogy. London.

PATTON, W. S., and E. M. EVANS, 1929. Insects, Ticks, Mites and
Venemus Animals. H. R. Grubb, Croyden.

SNODGRASS, R. E., 1944. Smithsonian Miscl. Coll., vol. 104, no. 7, pp. 1-
113.

WIGGLESWORTH, V. B., 1929. Parasitol. 21 : 288-321.

— , 1940. The Principles of Insect Physiology. E. P. Button, New
York.

48 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '45

The Collection of Eggs of Aeschna
multicolor (Hagen)

PAUL C. WILBUR, San Jose, California

As pointed out by Tillyard l and others, tbe rounded eggs
of exophytic species of Odonata are easily collected. On the
other hand, eggs of endophytic species have been laboriously ob-
tained by examining masses of water weeds or by watching
individual females in the act of ovipositing, and later taking the
particular stem in which the eggs are observed to have been
deposited.

A much simpler method has been developed by the writer as
the result of a chance observation in 1943. During a casual
stroll in the latter part of August in Pacific Grove, a copulating
pair of A. multicolor were captured by hand and without in-
jury. No papers being at hand, the separated individuals were
placed in separate breast pockets of a loosely woven shirt.
About fifteen minutes later it was noticed that the pocket con-
taining the female glistened with about thirty eggs which had
been oviposited through the cloth.

To obtain further eggs, a glass bowl full of tap water was
covered with a piece of dish toweling, and the female held by
the wing bases so that the tip of the abdomen was brought in
contact with the wet towel. A large number of eggs were de-
posited through the cloth so that they were attached to the cot-
ton fibers on the under side of the cloth by the pedicel and
projected into the water at nearly right angles to the plane of
the cloth. Nearly all of these eggs hatched between the 10th
and llth day.

During the summer of 1944, another copulating pair of A.
multicolor was captured with a net. A modified procedure for
obtaining eggs was developed which may have general applica-
tion to endophytic species of Odonata, although it has not been
tried on Zygoptera. The method may not be applicable to those
species which remain paired during oviposition.

1 Tillyard, R. J. The Biology of Dragonflies. 1917.

Ivi, '45 J ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 49

Construct an open-ended non-corrosive metal cylinder of
slightly smaller outside diameter than the inside diameter of the
vessel in which it is to be suspended. Cover the lower end of
the cylinder with a piece of soft loosely woven cotton cloth.
Three or four pins may be soldered onto the outside of the
cylinder to support it in the vessel. Pour in tap water until the
water level in the vessel is established at about % inch above
the cloth.

Clip both pairs of wings of the captured female at about the
level of the arculus with a pair of sharp scissors. Most Odonata
can fly with all four wings clipped at the nodus. Place the fe-
male on the wet cloth. The diameter of the cylinder should be
great enough so that freedom of movement is provided. The
vertical walls of the metal cylinder must be high enough to pre-
vent escape from the cloth surface. The 1944 specimen of A.
multicolor treated in this manner deposited several dozen eggs,
the majority of which hatched in from 14 to 20 days.

Unfortunately, the emergence of the pronymph was not ob-
served in either of these cases. There seemed to be no effect on
the success of emergence whether the cloth with attached eggs
was maintained horizontal with eggs above or below, or with
the cloth vertical.

Eggs were laid in a formless pattern, sometimes singly, and
at others in compact groups. The reason for the difference in
hatching rate between the 1943 and the 1944 pair is not known.
Possibly it is related to water temperature.

Tillyard (loc. cit.) states that decaying vegetable matter is
essential to the rearing of eggs. In both the collections herein
described, ordinary city water was used. There was a slight
amount of mold growth among the latest hatching eggs, and
some may have been killed, but there was a high percentage of
emergence. The larvae were active and fed readily on para-
mecium.

It would appear to be advisable to boil the cloth used, to re-
move any soluble material which would support mold growth.
and to avoid cloth which has been starched or "sized."

50 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '45

Notes and News in Entomology

Under this heading we present from time to time short reviews, notes,
news and comments on entomology throughout the world. Contribu-
tions from readers are solicited and will be acknowledged when used.

We commonly think of complete digestion occurring in the
lumen of the alimentary tract before absorption into the blood.
But this is not necessarily the case, and in some cases it seems
possible that even proteins may be absorbed unchanged or in
various states of degradation — both in insects and mammals.
It is well known that numerous pigments occur in insects, and
in at least some cases these would seem to be absorbed essen-
tially as found. Lederer * in reviewing the distribution of pig-
ments in invertebrates lists carotenoids, quinones, melanins,
pterines, flavons (xanthones), bile pigments and chlorophyll
derivatives as being found in insects. Although some of these
may be formed by the insects, certainly a number of them are
obtained from the food. For instance, chrysine (the yellow
pigment of beeswax) is found in several plant resins and is
probably derived directly therefrom by the bees.2 And it is
well known that the blood of certain caterpillars becomes colored
from absorbed chlorophyll.

Particularly favorable material for the study of such absorp-
tion is supplied by the blood-sucking insects in which a large
part of the ingested protein consists of hemoglobin. Wiggles-
worth 3 has recently presented a detailed analysis of the fate of
hemoglobin in the blood-sucking tropical bug Rhodnius proli.i'its
and a preliminary survey of it in various other blood-sucking
arthropods.

Wigglesworth finds by exacting microspectroscopic methods
that most of the ingested hemoglobin is broken down in the
lumen of the gut of Rhodnius, the globin being absorbed and
used as food, the hematin being excreted as protohematin.
But a small amount seems to be absorbed into the blood with-

Rev., 15: 273-306. 1940. See also F. Mayer, The Chemistry
of Natural Coloring Matters, 354 pp., Reinhold Publ. Corp., N. Y., 1943.
2 R. Barre, Rev. Can. d. Biol., 1 : 485-490. 1942.
«Proc. Roy. Soc., 131B: 313-339. 1943.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NliWS 51

out digestion and circulates as kathemoglohin or some spectro-
scopically similar form. This circulating form of hemoglobin is
taken up by the salivary glands and also by the yolk of develop-
ing eggs, both of which become colored red. Some is also
taken up by the pericardial cells or nephrocytes, by the epi-
thelial cells of the stomach and intestine, and on injection also
by the Malpighian tubules. In these cells the red pigment is
subsequently changed to brown, then green (verdohem?) and
finally to the bile pigment biliverdin. The pericardial cells be-
come bright green. The gut cells excrete the biliverdin, but
free iron accumulates in these cells so that in old insects they
are heavily laden with iron deposits.

The story is not the same for all blood-sucking arthropods.
Wigglesworth reports that mosquitos and fleas do not absorb
any of the blood pigments. They digest the hemoglobin almost
completely and leave only a small residue of black protohematin
in the feces. In lice (Pcdicidns}, the bedbug (Chne.v), various
other Hemiptera, and ticks (I.vodcs, Ornlthodonis) varying
amounts of pigments are absorbed but in no other species so
readily as in Rhodnius proli.vus. The bedbug and ticks break
the absorbed pigment down to protohematin ; only the louse and
triatomids carried the breakdown on to the formation of bile
pigments. Only in Rhodnins and Cimcx do the salivary glands
become colored red, and only in Pcdiculus and Rhodnius is
hemoglobin transferred to the developing eggs.

These data on hemoglobin breakdown reemphasizc the im-
portance of the nephrocytes and especially the epithelial cells of
the gut in the intermediary metabolism of insects. In passing
we might remind readers that the loss of all of the hematsin
would mean losing only 6% of the weight of the hemoglobin
because approximately 94% of the weight of the molecule is in
the readily utilizable globin. The fate of the hematsin part of
the molecule is therefore likely not of great importance to the
insect's economy.

Aside from these data presented by Wigglesworth, and the
hemoglobins or erythrocruorins found as functional respiratory
s in some chironomid larvae, hemoglobin has been re-

52 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '45

ported from a peculiarly sporadic listing of species. It is re-
ported in Gastrophilns and certain aquatic Hemiptera (Bucnoa,
Anisops and Macrocorixa). In all of these, with the excep-
tion of the modified hemoglobin of chironomid larvae, the pig-
ment seems to be a functionless inclusion derived from the
blood of the host or prey. This explanation is least probable in
Macrocorixa which is mainly, but not solely, herbivorous.

A. G. RICHARDS, JR.

Current Entomological Literature

COMPILED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF.

This list gives references of the current or preceding year unless otherwise noted.
Continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installment.

For records of Economic Literature, see the Eiperiment Station Record, Office of Ex-
periment Stations, Washington. Also Review of Applied Entomology, Series A, London.
For records of papers on Medical Entomology, see Review of Applied Entomology,
Series B.

Papers published in ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS are not listed.

GENERAL — The status of names published as manu-
script names [87] 1 : 103-14. Status of certain pre-Linnean
names reprinted subsequent to 1757 [87] 1: 115-26. On
the type of a genus "A" containing two sps. "Ab" and "Ac,"
where the generic name in question was published on, or
before 31st Dec. 1930 [87] 1 : 127-38. Suspension of the
rules for Vanessa Fab., 1807 [87] 2: 239-50. On the prin-
ciples to be observed in interpreting Art. 8 of the Code in
relation to the form in which gen. & subg. names are to be
published [87] 3 : 13-24. August Busck, 1870-1944— Obitu-
ary and bibliography by Heinrich and Loftin. [10] 46:
232-39, portrait. Brett, G. H. — Electrically operated regu-
lated humidity control. [12] 37: 552-53, ill. Brues, C. T.
-Fluorescent staining of insect tissues. [68] 100: 554—55.
Essig, E. O. — Needed changes in teaching entomology.
(Editorial) [12] 37: 563-65. Frisch, K. v.— Christian Kon-

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 53

rad Sprengels Blumentheorie vor 150 Jahre und Heute.
[Naturwiss.] 31 : 223-29 (1943). Gressitt, J. L.— Entomol-
ogy in war-torn China. [68] 100: 519. Hatward, K. J.-
Primera lista de insectos tucumanos perjudiciales. Primer
Suppl. [Estacion Exper. Agr. Tucuman, Pub. Miscel.]
1944 (4) : 32 pp. Maurice Cole Tanquary, 1881-1944. Obit-
uary by W. A. Riley. [68] 100 : 539-40. McCoy, O. R.-
Malaria and the war. [68] 100: 535-39. Munger, F — An
adaptation of a thermograph to regulate variable tempera-
ture. [12] 37: 554. Wadley & Wolfenbarger — Regression
of insect density on distance from center of dispersion as
shown by a study of the smaller European bark beetle.
[47] 69: 279-88. William, C. B.— Some applications of the
logarithmic series and the index of diversity to ecological
problems. [Jour. Ecol.] 32: 1-44. William Williams Hen-
derson, 1879-1944— Obituary. [68] 100: 583-84.

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, MEDICAL— Arthur, D.

R. — Aphidius granarius in relation to its control of Myzus
kaltenbachi. [22] 35: 257-70, ill. (Braconid). Barnes, O.
L. — Feeding experiments with the range caterpillar egg
parasite Anastatus semiflavidus. [12] 37: 544-45. Birch
& Andrewartha — The influence of drought on the survival
of eggs of Austroicetes cruciata in S. Australia. [22] 35 :
243-50. Clarke, C. H. D. — A positive pyrotropism (in
horntails). [Canad. Field Nat.] 58: 142. Cornman, L-
Effects of ether upon the development of Drosophila
melanogaster. [23] 17: 367-77. David, Bracey & Harvey
—Equipment and method employed in breeding Aedes
egypti for the biological assay of insecticides. [22] 35 :
227-30. Dethier, V. G. — Observations on the life history
of Cucullia asteroides (Noctuid). [4] 76: 161-62. Dowdy,
W. W. — The influence of temperature on verticle migra-
tion of invertebrates inhabiting different soil types. [84]
25: 449-60. Evans, A. C. — Observations on the biology
and physiology of wireworms of the gen. Agriotes. [20]
31 : 235-49. Frisch, K. v. — Versuche uber die Lekung des
Bienenfluges durch Duftstoffe. [Naturwiss.] 31 : 445-60
(1943). Haardt, K. — Uber die Auspragungsweise und Aus-
pragungsbedingungen der Mutation kfl (Kruzfliigelig) bei
Ephestia kuhniella. [Biolog. Zentralb.] 63: 478-87 (1943).
Imms, A. D. — On the constitution of the maxillae and
labium of Mecoptera and Diptera. [53] 85: 73-96, ill.
Kuhn & Engelhardt — Uber zwei Entschuppung bewirkende
Mutationen (Vi und cal) bei Ptychopoda seriata. [Biolog.

54 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '45

Zentralb.] 63: 470-78 (1943). McGovran, Yeager, Mayer
& Munson. — Effect of potassium fluoride and pyrethrum on
Periplaneta americana after hemocytes are blocked with
Chinese ink or nephrocytes are stained with trypan blue.
[7] 37: 414-19, ill. Munson & Yeager. — Fat inclusions in
blood cells of the southern armyworm, Prodenia eridania.
[7] 37: 396-400, ill. Noland, J.'L.— Improved method for
the determination of the lethal temperature of insects, with
especial reference to studies on Periplaneta americana.
[Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci.] 53: 186-87. Piepho, H.— Wirk-
stoffe in der Metamorphose von Schmetterlingen und an-
deren Insekten. [Naturwiss.] 31: 329-35 (1943). Rib-
bands, C. R. — Influence of rainfall, tides and periodic fluc-
tuations on a population of Anopheles melas. [22] 35 :
271-95. Robertson, F. W. — Removal of insect pests from
stored products by means of behavior stimuli. [22] 35 :
215-17. Slifer, E. H. — Heal caeca in the Eumastacidae
(Orthoptera). [7] 37: 441-46, ill. Simmonds, F. J.-
Propagation of insect parasites on unnatural hosts. [22]
35: 219-26. Smith, F. — Nutritional requirements of Cam-
ponotus ants. [7] 37: 401-8. Vogt, M. — Induktion von
Metamorphoseprozessen durch implantierte Ringdriisen bei
Drosophila. [Roux' Arch. f. Entwickl. des Organismen]
142: 131-82 (1942). Vogt, M.— Zur Produktion gonado-
tropen Hormones durch Ringdriisen des ersten Larven-
stadiums bei Drosophila. [Biolog. Zentralb.] 63: 467-70
(1943). Wellington, W. G. — Barotaxis in Diptera, and its
possible significance to economic entomology. [31] 154:
671-72. Yeager & Munson — Relation of dosage to survival
time of arsenite-injected roaches. [68] 100: 501-03.

ARACHNIDA AND MYRIOPODA— Chamberlin &
Ivie. — Spiders of the Georgia Region of N. Amer. [Bull.
Univ. Utah] 35: (9), 267 pp., ill. (*). Mello-Leitao, C. de.
— Comentarios a respeito da possivel filogenia dos opilioes.
[15] 16: 197-209, ill. Robertson, P. L.— Technique for
biological studies of cheese mites. [22] 35: 251-55, ill.

THE SMALLER ORDERS— Borror, D. J.— Additional
notes on Erythrodiplax maculosa. [7] 37: 393-95, ill.
Daggy, R. H. — Two mayfly gynandromorphs. [10] 46:
256-59. Dos Santos, N. 'D. — Description of the male of
Erythrodiplax maculosa. [7] 37: 389-92, ill. Imms, A. D.
-(See under anatomy.) Montgomery, B. E.— Distribu-
tion and relative seasonal abundance of the Indiana sps. of
Agrionidae (Odonata) (Abstract). [Proc. Indiana Acad.

Ivi, '45 J ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 55

Sci.] 53: 179-85. Wright, M. — Some random observations
on dragon fly habits with notes on their predaceousness on
bees. [49] 19: 295-301. Taub, R.— New No. Amer. fleas.
[Zool. Ser. Field Mus. N. H.] 29: 211-20.

ORTHOPTERA— Birch & Andrewartha— (See under
Physiology.) Noland, J. L. — (See under Anatomy.)
Slifer, E. H.— (See under Anatomy.) Williams, C. B.-
(See under General.)

HEMIPTERA— Bugbee, R. E.— Eleven n. sp. of Eury-
toma from Mexico. [7] 37 420-38, ill. DeLong, D. M.-
New gen. (Tenucephalus) and species of Mexican leafhop-
per related to Parabolocratus. [43] 44: 236-37, ill. Essig,
E. O. — New aphid on guayule and notes on other species of
Cerosipha. [Hilgardia] 16: 177-84, ill. Funkhauser, W.
D.— Some Venezuelan Membracidae. [18] 29: 193-94.
Hungerford, H. B. — Some Venezuelan aquatic Hemiptera.
[18] 29: 129. Knull, D. J.— Notes on leaf hoppers with de-
scriptions. [43] 44: 239-42, ill. Lawson, C. A.— Relation
of hind tibial and sensoria to intermediacy in partheno-
genetic aphids. [7] 37: 409-13. Muesebeck, C. F. W.-
Genus Ollarianus in No. Amer., including Mexico (Cicadel).
[91] 34: 391-98, ill. (*). Smith, R. H.— Bionomics and
control of the nigra scale, Saissetia nigra. [Hilgardia] 16:
225-88, ill. Usinger, R. L. — Nomenclature of the genus
Nysius and its allies (Lygaeid). [10] 46: 260-62.

LEPIDOPTERA — (See also under General.) Dethier,
V. G. — (See under Anatomy.) McDunnough, J. — New
microlepidoptera with notes (Eucosomid). [4] 76: 153-
56. Kuhn & Engelhardt— (See under Physiology.) Mur-
ray, D.— Asymmetry. [21] 56: 109-11, ill.

DIPTERA — Alexander, C. P. — New nearctic craneflies.
Part XXI. [4] 76: 166-72. Burke, F.— The brine fly.
[The Microscope and Ent. Mo.] 5 : 238-40, ill. Crouzel, I.
S. de — First instar larva of Acridophaga caridei (Sarcoph).
[10] 46: 239-46, ill. David, Bracey & Harvey— (See under
Physiology.) Dethier & Whitley — Population studies of
Florida mosquitoes. [12] 37: 480-84. Hull, F. M.— Stud-
ies on flower flies in the Vienna Mus. Nat. Hist. (Syrphid).
[91] 34: 398-404 (S*). Imms, A. D.— (See under Anat-
omy.) Macfie, J. W. S. — Ceratopogonidae collected in
Trinidad from cacao flowers. [22] 35 : 297-300, ill. O'Neil,
Ogden & Eyles — Additional sps. of mosquitoes found in
Texas. [12] 37: 555-56. Pryor & Chamberlain— Differ-

56 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '45

entiating the larvae of Uranotaenia in the southwest. [12]
37: 543-44, ill. Quinby, Serfling & Neel— Distribution and
prevalence of mosquitoes in Kentucky. [12] 37: 547-50.
Ribbands, C. R. — (See under Physiology.) Trembley, H.
L. — Mosquito culture technique. [Mosquito News] 4:
103-19, ill. Yolles, Yolles & Byrd— On the occurrence of
Anopheles pessoai in Trinidad, B.W.I. [68] 100: 547-48.

COLEOPTERA— Blake, D. H.— Notes on 5 West In-
dian Chrysomelidae. [10] 46: 249-53, ill. (*). Evans, A.
C. — See under Physiology.) Hicks, S. D. — Notes on some
sps. of Coleoptera taken at Ojibway, Essex Co., Ontario.
[4] 76: 163. Marshall, M. Y.— New Tanaops from New
Mexico with notes on the genus (Melyrid). [4] 76: 164-
66. Richter, H. R. — Larvae and the ecology of beetles of
the gen. Lampra (Buprestid). [64] 1944 (1) : 59-64 (Rus-
sian. Engl. sum.). Wadley & Wolfenbarger — (See under
General.)

HYMENOPTERA— Banks, N. — Psammocharidae taken
at Kartabo and other localities in British Guiana. [18] 29:
97-112 (k to subfam. & gen.). Clancy, D. W.— Biology of
Allotropa burrelli (Serphoid), a gregarious parasite of
Pseudocococcus comstocki. [47] 69: 159-67. Clarke, C.
H. D. — (See under Physiology.) Gregg, R. E. — The ants
of the Chicago region. [7] 37: 477-80, ill. (k). Rau, P.
— Nesting habits of the wasp Chlorion pennsylvanicum.
[7] 37: 439-40. Smith, F.— (See under Anat. & Phys.)
Smith, M. R. — Second sps. of Glamyromyrmex. [10] 46:
254-56, ill. Walley, G. S. — Compoplegine notes and de-
scriptions (Ichn). [4] 76: 157b-61.

SPECIAL— The Naturalist's Lexicon. By R. S. Woods.
Abbey Garden Press. 1944, 282 pp.

LIST OF JOURNALS CITED

4. — Canadian Entomol. 7. — Ann. Entom. Soc. America.
10. — Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington. 12. — Journal Eco-
nomic Ent. 15. — Anais Acad. Brasil. Cien., Rio. 18.—
Zoologica, New York. 20. — Annals of Appl. Biology. 21.
— Entom. Record & Jour. Variation. 22. — Bull. Entom.
Research. 23. — Physiological Zool. 31. — Nature, London.
43. — Ohio. Jour. Sciences. 47. — Jour. Agr. Research. 53.
—Quart. Jour. Microscop. Sci. 68. — Science, New York.
84. — Ecology, Brooklyn. 87. — Opinions and Declarations,
Nat. Comm. Zool. Nomen. 91. — Jour. Washington Acad.
Sci.

Literature for sale: Fifty years accumulation of Smithsonian,
National and other museum, societies and other publication, in-
cluding insects. Large library of books on travel, exploration,
big game hunting, much natural history, in many lands. Price
lists on request. J. Alden Loring, Box E-N, Owego, New

This column is intended only for wants and exchanges, not for

advertisements of goods for sale or services rendered. Notices

not exceeding three lines free to subscribers.

These notices are continued as long as our limited space will allow;
the new ones are added at the end of the column, and, only when
necessary those at the top (being longest in) are discontinued.

Coccinellidae wanted from all parts of the world, especially South
and Central America. Buy or exchange. G. H. Dieke, 1101
Argonne Drive, Baltimore, Md.

Coleoptera — Will exchange mounted and labeled specimens from
North America. All groups except Rhynchophora. G. P. Mac-
kenzie, 1284 Sherwood Road, San Marino, Calif.

Lepidoptera — Should like to hear from collectors interested in
species from central Alberta and Saskatchewan. Would collect other
Orders. Paul F. Bruggemann, R. R. 1, Furness, Sask., Canada.

Lampyridae of U. S. and Canada wanted from the South and West,
especially Photinus and Pyractomena for revisional study. Buy or
exchange. J. W. Green, R. D. 2, Easton, Pa.

Lepidoptera — Would like to exchange Californian butterflies, noc-
tuids, geometrids, etc. for eastern specimens. Glenn E. Pollard, 500
Clark Drive, San Mateo, Calif.

Lepidoptera — Am still collecting here and have only fine specimens
for exchange. H. W. Eustis, Woodbine Rd., Augusta, Ga.

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A CATALOGUE AND RECLASSIFICATION OF THE
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

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MARCH 1945 s HA

Vol. LVI No. 3

CONTENTS

Moul — Notes on Arilus cristatus 57

Gillespie — Odonata of Delaware Co., Penna 59

Remington — Feeding habits of Uranotaenia lowii 64

Rau — The Wasmann Collection of ants 69

Darlington — Notes on some Microlepidoptera 70

Damerell — A simple method for mounting Lepidoptera 74

Notes and News in Entomology 75

Types from New England Museum of Natural History 78

Book Review — Conotrachelus by Schoof 78

Current Entomological Literature 79

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LYI MARCH, 1945 Xo. 3

Notes on Arilus cristatus (Linnaeus) in York

County, Pennsylvania and on its Prey

(Heteroptera : Reduviidae)

EDWIN T. MOUL, York, Pennsylvania

While collecting insects during the summers of 1943 and
1944 I have noticed an increase in the local population of the
reduviid, Arihts cristatus (Linnaeus) commonly known as the
Wheel-bug. As specimens were observed in the field, daily
notes were made. An attempt was made to collect all feeding
specimens with their prey. These specimens were mounted one
above the other on the same pin for further study.

I have collected Wheel-bugs in York County, Pennsylvania
since 1933, but only a few specimens each year. These were
taken chiefly in the wooded areas of the Susquehanna river hills
and the Conewago Creek. They were rare enough for me to
collect each specimen seen. I have one specimen for 1933, 2
for 1934 and 2 for 1938.

In 1942 these insects first appeared in gardens in central
York County, frequently enough to have my attention called to
them by neighbors and interested citizens. I have a specimen
taken on August 22, 1942 which was feeding on a Japanese
beetle (Popillia japonica Newn.).

Egg masses were common during the winters of 1943 and
1944. Hexagonal clusters of from 75 to 150 eggs were found
on trunks of white pines, branches of apple trees, one on the
branch of a quince tree, one on the trunk of a chestnut oak, sev-
eral on the undersurfaces of cherry limbs and on sides of grape
vines. Most of these egg masses were within four (4) feet of

(57)

58 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '45

the ground, but placed with no apparent regard to protection or
cover.

Nymphs were first collected, with prey, on June 3rd. The
last adults were collected on October llth. Leland O. Howard
reports the young nymphs as feeding on soft-bodied insects,
"such weak, delicate species as plant lice." While some young
nymphs were observed feeding on young tent caterpillars, others
collected while feeding, had on their beaks the Locust-leaf-
mining beetle (Chalepus dorsalis Thunb.) and a leaf -bug
(Miridae). Several third instar nymphs were observed feed-
ing on a pentatomid nymph, an adult Pentatomid (Euschistus
euschistoides Vollenhaven) and an adult Membracid (Ceresa
dicer os Say.) ; one fourth instar nymph was taken with a
pentatomid nymph. Last instar nymphs were taken with an
adult pentatomid (Euschistus variolarius Beauv.) and Japa-
nese beetles (Popillia japonica Newn.) ; adult Wheel-bugs with
Japanese beetles, caterpillars and a wasp (Eumeninae).

A complete list of prey follows :

Hemiptera Coleoptera

Miridae — 1 Chalepus dorsalis Thunb. — 3

Tingidae — 1 Elateridae — 1

Pentatomidae Weevil — 1

Nymphs — 2 Popillia japonica Newn. — 13

Adults— 2

Homoptera Lepidoptera

Atymnus querci Fitch — 1 Tent caterpillar — 3

Ceresa diceros Say — 1 Caterpillars — 3

Arachnids Hymenoptera

Spider — 1 Eumeninae (wasp) — 1

Copulating adults were taken on August 23rd, and August
29th.

The question arises, has this unusual increase in this pre-
datory species been due to an increased food supply during the
growing season? From observation, the increase of Arilns

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 59

cristatus (Linnaeus) has paralleled the local infestation of
Chalepus dorsalis Thunb. and Popillia japonica Newn. Mr.
Guy Boyd, a local insect exterminator, has also observed these
Wheel-bugs preying on Japanese beetles consistently and con-
curs with me in the opinion that their abundance is due to this
increased food supply. These two beetles have been the pre-
dominant forms taken for food. More evidence is needed and
the above report is submitted with the hope that further in-
formation will be forthcoming.

Notes on the Odonata of Delaware County,

Pennsylvania

JOHN GILLESPIE, Glenolden, Pennsylvania

During the five years that I have been studying dragonflies.
most of my collecting has been done in the Delaware County
region, the majority of it at ponds and streams within four or
five miles of Glenolden. A number of interesting captures have
been made during this five-year period, which, in the case of a
few species, have established extensions of their known ranges.

Many Delaware County records are mentioned in Dr. P. P.
Calvert's Catalogue of the Odonata of Philadelphia, of 1893.
None of these records, or more recently published ones by Dr.
Calvert are given here, except for the mention of four inter-
esting species not in the list below. These are Erythrodipla.v
berenice, Synipetrum corruptum, and Argia tibialis (Calvert.
Cat. Odon. Phila.), and Cordulegaster diastatops (Calvert, Ent.
News XLIX : 251, 1938). There are, however, a number of
unpublished records that Dr. Calvert has kindly given me, some
of which are included here in order to make the data as com-
plete as possible. Our combined notes bring the number of
species reported in Delaware County to eighty-three. This
shows that a small and thickly populated district like Delaware
County can still yield an interesting variety of dragonflies.

Only some of the less common species, for which previously
published records from the Philadelphia area are either very

60 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '45

meager, or lacking entirely, are mentioned in this paper. Those
marked with an asterisk (*) have not been previously reported
from Delaware County or Philadelphia. A double asterisk (**)
indicates new Pennsylvania records, but it is very likely that
some of these species occur commonly in some part of the state,
and have been overlooked because of the wide gaps in our
knowledge of Pennsylvania Odonata. Two species which have
been taken just outside of the county are included for the sake
of completeness.

The collecting area at Holmes deserves special mention. It
consists of several swampy ponds with a total area of about an
acre. The swamp is apparently produced by springs, and at
the end of a very dry summer, as in 1943, it may almost dry up.
In spite of this semi-temporary condition the swamp always
swarms with dragonflies throughout the summer. Forty-five
species have been taken or observed there as a result of some
twenty odd collecting trips during the last four years. Many
of these species are of particular interest, and Holmes is men-
tioned frequently in the list of species which follows.

Hagenius brevistylus Selys. Cheyney, June 17, 1934, 1 $
(P. P. Calvert). One female in a field near a small brook
flowing into the Springfield Reservoir, June 25, 1940.

Gomphus plagiatus Selys. Ridley Twp., Aug. 30, 1894, 1 $
(P. P. Calvert).

G. spiniceps Walsh. Chester Creek, Glen Riddle, July 16,
1908, 1 <$ and 1 5 just transformed, their exuviae, two other
exuviae (A. S. Calvert, coll. P. P. Calvert). Crum Creek
above Strathaven, July 28, 1908, 1 $ dead in water, 27 exuviae
collected along banks, other exuviae seen (P. P. Calvert).

G. lividus Selys. Common along the Munckinipattus Creek.
Several records for Chester, Ridley, and Crum Creeks (May
10-June21).

Lanthus albistylus Hagen. Castle Rock, June 16, 1901, 1 $
(Daecke, det. by P. P. Calvert).

Gomphaeschna antilopc (Hagen). A female was clinging to
the outside of the screen on my window at 7 :30 A.M., May 22,

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 61

1941. Another female was taken on a screen door the follow-
ing year, early in July. On several dates during a two-week
period before the May 22 female was taken, a small aeschnid
with a bluish abdomen was seen flying and hovering in sunny
parts of the Munckinipattus Creek, low over the water. It was
very likely a male of this species, but repeated efforts to catch
it were in vain.

*Basiaeschna Janata Say. Sycamore Mills, Ridley Creek,
May 14, 1942, 1 g. Several others seen there and on Chester
creek on the same date.

Anax longipes Hagen. Cheyney, Smithson's Pond, July 9,
1936, 1 5 dead, decomposing on water's surface (P. P. Calvert).
Holmes, June 19, 1941, 1 J1. (Sight record.) It captured a
small dragonfly (Sympetrwn or Pachydiplax), and spent at
least ten minutes devouring it while at rest in a tree. On an-
other occasion, on Marthas Vineyard, Massachusetts, I saw this
species capture a smaller dragonfly. Longipes seems to be
more voracious than its much commoner relative, junius.

**Aeslma constricta Say. A male was netted in our garden,
Sept. 19, 1943. Two males taken in a large field, about half a
mile from the edge of Tinicum marshes. After flying about,
low over the ground, they lit on grass stalks, just a few inches
from the ground. Sept. 26, 1943. Two males captured while
flying slowly, very near the ground in a wide grassy lane at the
edge of Tinicum marshes. Sept. 29, 1944. Except for a male
that I took at Cape May, N. J., Sept. 25, 1944, this seems to be
the southernmost record for this species.

Ae. tuberculijera Walker. Holmes, Sept. 1, 1941, 1 ^ One
male taken in large field, as above, Sept. 26, 1943. On this date
the three species of Aeshna mentioned here, plus umbrosa,
were collected in about twenty minutes time, and within a hun-
dred-yard stretch along the edge of the field. Moore Lake,
Sept. 12, 1944, 1 <?.

Ae. verticalis Hagen. Holmes, Sept. 12, 1941, 1 $. One
male taken in large field, as above. It first lit on my shirt,
then flew off and lit on shrubbery, six feet from the ground.
Sept. 26, 1943. One female in the garden, Sept. 20, 1944.

62 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '45

Glenolden Park, Oct. 2, 1944, 2<^. Flying and hovering over
two of the small ponds there. Another male seen over a pond.
Probably this species ( 1 <?) at Holmes, Oct. 10, 1944.

Cordulegaster erroncus Hagen. Smedley Park, Media, Aug.
20, 1942, 1 $. Flying slowly along a tiny brook which trickled
down a steep, heavily wooded hillside.

Macromia illinoiensis Walsh. Castle Rock, July 22, 1900,
one nymphal exuvia (P. P. Calvert).

Didymops transversa (Say). Crum Creek above Strathaven,
July 28, 1908, one exuvia on bank (P. P. Calvert). Chester
Creek, May 14, 1942, 3<?; Sycamore Mills, Ridley Creek, same
date, !<?.

Epicordulia princeps Hagen. Westtown Lake, Chester
County, July 2, 1941, 1 exuvia 1^2 feet above water on a reed.
One male flying over the lake on July 24 and 26, 1941.

Somatochlora tenebrosa (Say). Glenolden, Sept. 2, 1940,
1 5- Single individuals seen on a few occasions flying in some-
what shaded clearings in Glenolden during the latter part of
August for the three following years.

**Celithemis martha Williamson. Holmes, Aug. 2, 1941,

23-

**Erythrodipla.v connata tninuscula (Rambur). Holmes,

Aug. 11, 1943, 1 J\ It was surprisingly wary. Lit mostly near
or on the ground. This is the northernmost record for this
species.

*Ladona Julia (Uhler). Ridley Lake, July 1, 1944, 1 <?. It
was flying swiftly, far out over the water, close to the surface,
quite un-Libellula like, and quite different from my observations
of it in New Jersey.

**Libellula auripennis Burmeister. Field near Tinicum
marshes, July 7, 1940, 1 ?.

**L. flavida Rambur. Cheyney, Smithson's pond, July 20,
1933, 1 <? (P. P. Calvert). Cheyney, June 28, 1941, 1 $.

*L. incesta Hagen. Several individuals at Ridley Lake, July
29, 1940, and at Holmes, July 10, 1941.

L. vibrant Fabricius. Munckinipattus Creek, Aug. 10 and
11, 1942, 2$. Several of both sexes along and near the same

lvi,'45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 63

creek, Aug. 6, 14, and 17, 1943. Crum Creek, Aug. 20, 1942,

**Sympetrum ambignum Rambur. Seen only in 1944.
About a dozen specimens taken and seen near the Munckinipat-
tus Creek, Aug. 12 to 25. Most of them were along a swampy
ditch in rather deep woods. Holmes, Aug. 15, 5 ^. They kept
exclusively in the shade of small willows. One male at edge of
Tinicum marshes, Aug. 25. Crum Creek, Sept. 5, 1 <^.

*S. obtrusum Hagen. Folsom, Sept. 17, 1897, 1 <? (P. P.
Calvert). Pond in Glenolden, Sept. 12, 1943, 1 J1. Holmes,
Aug. 15, 1944, 2 <$. Pair taken at edge of Tinicum marshes,
Aug. 25.

*Leucorrhinia frigida Hagen. Holmes, July 3, 1944, 1 <$.
In company with intacta. This is the southernmost record.

Pantala hymenaea (Say). Cheyney, Smithson's Pond, Aug.
28, 1937, one recently transformed (P. P. Calvert). Sight rec-
ords : Holmes, July 9 and 10, 1941 ; Glenolden, Aug. 10, 1943.

Lestes enrinus Say. Holmes and a small pond one mile
west of Rose Valley, June 19, 1941, 2 J1. Holmes, July 10,
1941, 1 $. Holmes, July 3, 1944, 1 <$ taken, several others seen.

*L. congener Hagen. Glenolden, Aug. 12, 1944, 1 $. Along
a path in the woods, near the Munckinipattus Creek.

*L. unguiculatus Hagen. Cheyney, Smithson's Pond, Sept.
27, 1935, fairly abundant (P. P. Calvert). Holmes, Aug. 11
and Sept. 4, 1943; July 3 and Aug. 15, 1944, quite common.
Pond in Glenolden Park, Aug. 22, 1944, several males.

*L. vigilax Hagen. Pond in Glenolden, Aug. 15, 1942, 1 <$.
Holmes, Aug. 11, 1943, 1?.

Argia moesta (Hagen). Aston Mills, Chester Creek, June
25, 1940, 1 #.

A. sedula (Hagen). Beaver Valley, along the Brandywine
Creek, Delaware, Sept. 4, 1944, 1 J1. The exact locality where
this specimen was taken is just a small fraction of a mile from
the Delaware County border.

*A. translate, Hagen. Chester Creek at Glen Riddle, July 16,
1908, 3 <$ on rocks in mid-stream (P.P. Calvert).

Nehallenia Irene Hagen. Glenolden, near the Munckinipat-

64 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '45

tus Creek, July 2, 1944, 2 ^. Holmes, July 3, a small number
present. Pond at Addingham, July 18, 1940, 2 J1.

*Chromagrion conditum (Hagen). Aston Mills, Chester
Creek, June 25, 1940, 2$, 1 ?. Holmes, May 29, 1941, 1 ?.
Cheyney, June 3, 10, 17, 1934 (P.P. Calvert).

Enallagma divagans Selys. Observed along the Munckini-
pattus and Crum Creeks in small numbers in the early part of
summer. Probably occurs on other streams also.

*E. hageni Walsh. Holmes, July 3, 1944, 1 £.

**E. cyathigerum (Charpentier). Small pond one mile west
of Rose Valley, June 19, 1941, 1 J\ Just one male and one fe-
male were seen, most of the time paired. The pair were amaz-
ingly active and wary. E. aspersum was quite tame and could
be taken by the netful here, but nearly an hour was spent try-
ing to capture cyathigerum.

*E. geminatum Kellicott. At various ponds and lakes, but
nowhere common.

**E. traviatum Selys. Moore Lake, July 10, 1940, 1 <?.
Ridley Lake, July 1, 1944, 1 J\ 1 $ (pair). Several others seen.

Ischnura ramburii Selys. Moderately common at Ridley
Lake, 1943 and 1944. A small number at Holmes, Aug. 15,
1944.

Anomalagrion hastatmn (Say) . Rather numerous at Holmes.
A pair taken in the garden, Oct. 16, 1943. Cheyney, Smith-
son's Pond, a number of records by Dr. Calvert.

The Feeding Habits of Uranotaenia lowii
Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae)

(Continued from page 37)

CHARLES REMINGTON, Medical Department,

Army of the United States

Bit jo woodhousii joivleri (Hinckley). Fowler's Toad was
only slightly less common than B. valliceps. In the several
comparative biting tests conducted, U. loivii fed as readily on

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 65

B. w. fozt'leri as on B. valliccps. The mosquitoes attacked the
hind femoral and caudal area of both toads.

Desmognathus fuscus auriculatus (Holbrook). The south-
ern Dusky Salamander was the only species of Caudata found
in the field during this study, and the single specimen was hid-
den in the remains of a rotten log. Although the secretive habits
of the salamander may keep it out of reach of the mosquitoes
usually, the results of the biting test are of interest.

The salamander was placed in the cage and ten U. loivii were
released therein. For many minutes the salamander was very
active. U. loivii quickly found it and endeavored to bite, but
just as feeding began the creature always moved rapidly away,
and mosquitoes trying to bite were roughly thrown aside. The
salamander showed a distinct reaction to the bites. It appeared
from these few observations that, of the several types of am-
phibians attacked by the mosquitoes, only the salamander showed
this reaction when bitten.3 The U. loivii persisted in trying to
feed on the salamander, and within 15 minutes after it became
quiet, four lowii had fed to repletion and staggered away. Five
had begun tapping the skin and probably would have fed soon.
The remaining mosquito was injured during the first thrashings,
when it had tried to bite the salamander, and it soon died. All
feeding on the salamander was from the tail.

Invertebrate animals. While the first biting tests were being
conducted, a few attempts were made to explain the source of
the pale fluid found in so many wild-caught loivii. One possi-
bility was the blood of invertebrate animals. This seemed un-
likely in the light of the known hosts of other mosquitoes, most
of which are vertebrate animals.4 A few common soft-skinned

3 The above observations are meager, and it would be desirable to carry
on experiments adequate to prove whether salamanders in general are
actually disturbed by the bites and whether toads and frogs are not gen-
erally affected. It should be determined whether the latter have built up
a resistance to the saliva. Burrowing toads may be found to react more
like salamanders than like toads.

4 Edwards (1941) describes the amazing habits of members of the
mosquito genus Harpagomyia deMeij., considered a relative of Urano-
tacnia. These tiny day-flying mosquitoes found in Africa and Asia feed

66 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '45

invertebrates were tested, nevertheless. In three tests, in each
of which twenty U. lozvii were used, the mosquitoes declined
even to approach, respectively, several large earthworms, a large
terrestrial snail which was moving about freely, and two large
land slugs. The lack of mosquito response in each of three
tests increased the doubt that invertebrates are attacked, and in
all further tests vertebrate animals were used.

APPLICATIONS OF FINDINGS

In considering the results of the above studies, certain appli-
cations appear. First, Uranotaenia should be investigated as of
possible significance in the development and transmission of
blood parasites found in reptiles and amphibians. The sporo-
zoan blood parasites of the family Haemogregarinidae are known
to have stages in a vertebrate and an invertebrate host, much
like the malaria parasite, Plasmodium. Members of Haemo-
gregarina Danilewsky are common in amphibian and reptile
blood. One species, H. stepanozvi D., is known to undergo
schizogony in a turtle and sexual reproduction in a leech which
attacks the turtle. Another haemogregarine, Karyolysus lacer-
tarum D. has asexual stages in a lizard and sexual reproduction
in the digestive system of a mite. Invertebrate hosts of most
species of haemogregarines are, however, unknown as yet.

Second, Uranotaenia can be utilized in studying the mechanics
of mosquito mouthparts in action. Aedes aegypti (L.) was
used by Gordon and Lumsden (1939). These authors ex-
amined the mouthparts of biting mosquitoes through the thin
web of the foot of a frog. However, A. aegypti does not nor-
mally attack amphibians, and some difficulty was experienced
in inducing it to bite the frog web. Uranotaenia may prove to
be a more suitable subject.

by thrusting the proboscis between the mandibles of an ant and imbibing
the fluid presented by the ant, which gives "an alms to the beggar, pass-
ing on a moment or two later just as if it had met a friend."

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 67

SUMMARY

1. Published information on the feeding habits of members of
the mosquito genus Uranotaenia is sparse. Observations of the
biting of these mosquitoes are indefinite and questionable, the
few remarks merely indicating that certain species probably do
not bite man. Precipitin tests are said to have revealed chicken
blood in an African species.

2. Uranotaenia lowii, while feeding, frequently rests beside
the host, rather than upon it. The parts of the body of the host
from which feeding is done are usually those farthest from the
head, i.e., the tail, hind legs, and lower back. Since the hosts
are insectivorous, the mosquito contributes to its self-preserva-
tion, intentionally or not, by thus avoiding the head. In the
limited observations of a few species, no toads or frogs showed
a reaction to the bites, but a single salamander tested was clearly
disturbed.

3. Abdomens of most wild-caught females contained a pale
fluid. When a meal was taken in the laboratory, blood was
ingested until the pale juice had been forced from the abdomen
by the blood being drawn from the host. It has long been
known that both male and female mosquitoes feed on plant
juices, and they have been kept in the laboratory for long
periods of time, fed on raisins and various vegetable fluids.
However, I find no records of the observation of the replacing
of these juices by blood.5

4. The readily accepted hosts of U. lowii are amphibians.
Bufo valliceps, B. woodhousii jozvleri, Rena sphenocephala, Hyla
c. cinerea, and Desmognathns fuscus auric ulatus were all at-
tacked by U. lowii.

It is doubted that reptiles are hosts of loivli. Terrapene
Carolina, Anolis carolincnsis, and Leiolopisma laterale were all
of no perceptible interest to U. lowii.

Invertebrates probably are not hosts of the Uranotaenia.

5 A single drop of fluid is often excreted by an engorged mosquito im-
mediately before the proboscis is withdrawn from the man being bitten,
and it has been designated "intestinal fluid" in various writings.

68 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '45

Earthworms and shelled and shell-less terrestrial Gastropoda
were not attacked when exposed to U. loivii.

In a single test, lowii refused to bite man. In the light of
the findings of Davis and Philip (1931) in Africa, it is re-
gretted that no birds were tested.

5. Among the possible applications of the results of these
studies are: 1) investigation of Uranotaenia as a vector of blood
parasites of amphibians; 2) use of Uranotaenia for studies of
mosquito mouthparts in action.

REFERENCES

BARRAUD, PHILIP JAMES, 1934. The Fauna of British India including
Ceylon and Burma. Diptera, V. Family Culicidae, Tribes Mega-
rhini and Culicini. Taylor & Francis. London.

DAVIS, G. E. and PHILIP, C. B., 1931. The Identification of the Blood-
meal in West African Mosquitoes by means of the Precipitin Test.
A Preliminary Report. Amer. Journ. Hyg. XIV, pp. 130-141.

DYAR, HARRISON, G., 1922. The Mosquitoes of the United States. U. S.

Nail. Mus. Proc. LXII, art. 1, 119 pp.

— , 1928. The Mosquitoes of the Americas. Carnegie hist. Wash.
Pub. 387.

EDWARDS, F. W., 1941. Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region, III. Culi-
cine adults and pupae. Adlard & Son, Ltd., London.

GORDON, R. M. and LUMSDEN, W. H. R., 1939. A Study of the Be-
haviour of the Mouthparts of Mosquitoes when Taking up Blood
from Living Tissue ; Together with some Observations on the
Ingestion of Microfilariae. Ann. Trap. Med. and Parasit. XXXIII,
pp. 259-278.

HEADLEE, THOMAS J., 1921. The Mosquitoes of New Jersey and their
Control. N. J. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 348.

HINMAN, E. HAROLD, 1935. Biological Notes on Uranotaenia spp. in
Louisiana (Culicidae, Diptera). Ent. Soc. Am. Ann. XXVIII,
pp. 404-407.

KING, W. V., BRADLEY, G. H., and McNEEL, T. E., 1939 (rev. 1944).
The Mosquitoes of the Southeastern States. U. S. Dept. Agr.
Misc. Publ. 336.

ROZEBOOM, L. E., 1942. The Mosquitoes of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Agr.
Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. No. T-16.

THEOBALD, F., 1903. A Monograph of the Culicidae of the World. Vol.
3. British Museum of Natural History.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 69

The Wasmann Collection of Ants

By PHIL RAU, Kirkwood, Missouri

Occasionally, one runs across articles in the daily press and
in the weekly magazines that are of sufficient importance to de-
serve a permanent place in a scientific journal. An item of
entomological interest recently appeared in the weekly maga-
zine "Time" (Nov. 20, 1944, p. 88), in reference to the where-
abouts of the remarkable collection of ants made by the famous
student, Erich Wasmann.

The war-correspondent, Lewis Gannett, himself an amateur
formicologist, reports to his paper that the Wasmann collection,
formerly at Maastricht in Holland, was forcibly removed to
Berlin by a certain Dr. Bischoff, curator of the Zoological Mu-
seum at the University of Berlin.

The article goes on to say that the collection was the work of
the late Jesuit Father, Erich Wasmann, who was known as the
"Fabre of the Ants." He had gathered specimens of most of
the 3500 species of ants, and when he died in 1931, he left his
collection to another Jesuit entomologist, Father Schmitz, who
added to it his own collection of phorid flies. In October, 1942,
on the demand of Dr. Bischoff, the collections of ants and phorid
flies were given up, "the professor carrying them off to Berlin
after ostentatiously signing a receipt."

As for Father Schmitz, when last heard from he was in the
Tyrol "collecting phorid flies, and had already collected 1000
(sic) species."

The professor mentioned is evidently none other than the
noted Dr. H. Bischoff of the University of Berlin, author of the
600-page book "Biologic der Hymenopteren" (1927), which by
the way is the best and most complete work on the biology of
hymenopterous insects in existence. In spite of this episode, I
for one will never be able to picture him as anything other than
a mild-mannered man.

* Incidentally, as if one atrocity is not enough, the editors of the maga-
zine captioned the article "The Rape of the Ants."

70 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar.. '45

Notes on Some Microlepidoptera

By EMLEN P. DARLINGTON, New Lisbon, Burlington
County, New Jersey

The observations herein presented serve to amplify what has
already been recorded and call attention to observational differ-
ences. As larval habits often vary under artificial conditions,
rearing records have been carefully checked against field ob-
servations in an endeavor to eliminate assumptions as much as
possible. Except when stated to the contrary, all notes refer to
records and observations made in vicinity of New Lisbon, New
Jersey.

The references given are those that seem most pertinent to
the text, irrespective of their sequence.

Reared material of all species cited is in the collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

Olethreutidae

Polychrosis lirlodendrana Kearfott and Polychrosis tnagnoliana
Kearfott

Lectotypes in the Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.

Heinrich says, "I have examined the types of Kearfotts' two
species carefully and can see no real difference between them,
genitalic or otherwise." A series reared from both food plants
failed to reveal any larval differences and it might be possible
by pinning leaves back to back to transfer from one food plant
to the other; I have transferred them thus on magnolia. At
New Lisbon, N. J., the species is common on magnolia in cer-
tain localities but was not observed on Liriodendron tulip ej era
until the fall of 1943 when it was abundant. In 1944 none
could be found on these same trees.

Starting near the base on the under side of a leaf the larva
feeds upward and outward, covering the area with a fine tena-
cious web, under which, along the midrib, is a fine silken tube
into which the larva retreats when disturbed. The midrib is
often tunneled for a short distance causing it to turn brown.
On Liriodendron a lateral rib may also be tunneled, and larvae

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 71

were found feeding in an unusual manner between two leaves
webbed flatly together. Mature larvae measure 11 mm. and
have a bluish cast in reflected light, due to the contents of the
gut tract. Immature larvae are greenish. Caged larvae will
pupate under an oval flap 12 to 13 mm. across, cut and hinged
from the edge of a leaf and tightly fastened to cover a naked
pupa; they also pupated in the trash at the bottom of the cage,
naked or encased. Normally pupation is not on a leaf; I have
examined hundreds of magnolia leaves upon which P. lirioden-
drana have fed and never found a pupa on a leaf; also I ex-
amined every leaf from a small but heavily infested tulip poplar
and found no attempt at pupation on the leaves nor any pupa
on the ground, the assumption being that the larvae crawled
away to where some debris had accumulated.

Moths released in a cage over a magnolia shoot would not
oviposit but those released unrestricted oviposited on leaves
close to the ground, with larval work noticeable July 5th. Both
mature and young larvae can be found in the open on Magnolia
virgin iana by July 20th.

Regarding a spring brood recorded by Kearfott as feeding on
the flowers, I can find no substantiating evidence, my belief
being that they feed only on leaves near the ground. I have
seen magnolia shoots with every leaf harboring a larva, with-
out evidence of work on overhanging branches. Moths
emerged from reared pupae May 28 to June 15, which is late
for tulip poplar flowers and I have never found them in mag-
nolia flowers ; besides, "Rose chafers" and other coleoptera that
frequent the flowers would make life impossible for P. lirio-
dendrana.

Kearfott, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XXX, 1904, p. 293; Trans. Am. Ent.

Soc., XXXIII, 1907, p. 6.
Heinrich, U. S. N. M. Bull. 132, 1926, p. 89.

Endotlienia hebesana Walker and Endothcnia daeckeana Kear-
fott

After examining considerable reared material the question
arises, are they different species or only food variants. They

72 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '45

are general feeders in the seed capsules of various plants and
differ in size and coloration depending upon the amount of
food available, but in all material examined the maculatory pat-
tern was the same. They are abundant on cultivated iris and
the imagos differ in no way from those reared on pitcher plant
(Sarracenia purpurea), and described by Kearfott as daeckeana;
while those reared from Baptisia tinctoria varied only in averag-
ing a little smaller. Two reared from blackberry lily (Gem-
minia chinensis) approximate more closely those labeled hebe-
sana in collections.

A large series reared from pine barren gentian (Gentiana
porphyrio) average a little smaller than those reared from Sar-
racenia, and are lighter in color, with less black and more tan
and less blue in the fascia. They seem to represent Walker's
hebesana.

Walker, Cat. Lep. Heter. Brit. Mus., XXVIII, 1863, p. 342.
Kearfott, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XXXIII, 1907, p. 12.
Heinrich, U. S. N, M. Bull. 132, 1926, p. 103, 104.
Forbes, Memoir 68, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1924, p. 458.

E.vartema sericoranum Walsingham

The food plant is recorded as Myrica and I have reared it on
M. carolinensis, webbing the tips, pupating between leaves or in
dead leaves at bottom of cage. Imagos July 1 to 7. I have
also reared it on Leucothoe racenwsa, and while the pattern is
the same it differs from the typical sericoranum in that the in-
terrupted fascia is brick-red instead of rust-orange and is defi-
nitely outlined with black ; there is also a deeper purple in the
stria separating the brick-red areas. Larvae and pupae in
rolled leaves. Imagos July 1 to 7.

Evidently there are food variations in this genus that might
be confusing.

Forbes, Memoir 68, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1923, p. 466.
Heinrich, U. S. N. M. Bull. 132, 1926, p. 152.

Gypsonoma fasciolana Clemens
A spectacular species of 16 mm. expansion, with a black basal

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 73

patch, followed in fresh specimens by a purple-white fascia, then
an irregular black fascia and another purple-white fascia less
clearly defined. Tip and adjacent cilia black. No food plant
heretofore recorded. I have reared it on Comptonia aspleni-
folia; in webbed tips. Images June 1.

Heinrich, U. S. X. M. Bull. 123, 1923, p. 163.

Gwendolina concitatricana Heinrich

Two specimens, determined by Heinrich as this species, were
reared on black walnut (Juglans nlgra}. Imagos, June 28.

Heinrich, U. S. N. M. Bull. 123, 1923, p. 189.

Anchylopera platana Clemens

Very common where the sycamore grows. The larva draws
the leaf into a pucker along a rib on the under side by means of
a stout web. It hibernates during the winter outside of the
feeding area, in a turned-over edge of a leaf, or in a crumpled
old leaf, without much protection. Imagos, June 1 to 13, and
can be taken on the wing all summer.

Ancylis comptana Frohlick and Ancylis floridana Zeller, Differ-
entiated

Heinrich says there are no genitalic differences in the syn-
onymized species. J. B. Smith gives the first complete life his-
tory of A. comptana; complete except as to how the winter is
spent. The larva does not pupate in the fall as originally sup-
posed but remains dormant in a curled or rolled edge of a dried
leaf until nearly spring.

A. floridana is described by Zeller as a distinct species and no
doubt should remain so ; it feeds on Uva-ursi or bearberry and
I have not been able to induce the moth to oviposit on straw-
berry. In a normal season moths are on the wing at Whitesbog,
Burlington Co., N. J., by April 20, at which time pupa and over-
wintering larvae can both be found in the old dead leaf tips.
The moth deposits an egg on or near the tip of a young imbri-
cated shoot and the larva bores its way into the developing tip.

74 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '45

Young larvae can be found on or before May 15th. Images by
June 1st. Pupation is in the dead tip of the feeding area killed
by the larva, generally in a loose web on the under side of a
leaf, and if not protected by a closely pressed adjacent leaf the
pupal leaf will be slightly curled. There are over-lapping
broods until autumn, the last wintering as dormant larvae in the
dead tips, going down the stem on warm days to feed openly on
the evergreen leaves ; this, if nothing else, will distinguish it
from A. comptana as there are no green strawberry leaves upon
which to feed during the winter, and if deprived of this winter
feeding A. floridana dies.

Like A. comptana it does not pupate until spring and fresh
specimens can be definitely differentiated by maculation, the
basal patch in A. floridana is darker and larger and the question
mark always found in A. comptana is absent in A. floridana.

At Whitesbog, N. J., strawberries and Uva-ursi are growing
in close proximity. Both are heavily infested, the Uva-ursi
nearly 100 percent, yet there is no evidence of cross breeding.

Heinrich, U. S. N. M. Bull. 123, 1923, p. 244, etc.

McDunnough Check List, Microlep. U. S. and Can., II, 1939, No. 7193.

Smith, N. J. Agri. Exp. Stat. Bull. 149, Feb. 27, 1901.

Zeller, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien., XXV, 1875, p. 258.

(To be continued}

A Simple Method for Mounting Lepidoptera

By V. R. DAMERELL, Western Reserve University,
Cleveland, Ohio

After experimenting for a number of years with many meth-
ods of mouting butterflies and moths the author has finally
evolved one that appears to be simpler, and to require less han-
dling of the specimen than others that he has tried. The method
makes use of an insect pin sharpened at both ends. The relaxed
insect, with closed wings, is grasped at the thorax with pliers, or
with the fingers, and the pin is then accurately pushed through
the under part of the thorax until it protrudes about a millimeter
through the back. To expand the wings a pair of long nose

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 75

pliers are used, being opened between the wings so as to force
them apart. At the same time the insect is put on its back on
a grooved drying board, or one having glass plates, as in the
figure, and the protruding end of the pin forced into the wood
to hold the body in place. The wings are then expanded in the
usual manner, using glass plates, paper strips, etc. When they
are set the insect is removed and mounted by pushing the other
sharpened end of the pin into the cork sheet of the mounting
cabinet.

This method has a number of advantages. The pin is put
through the insect once and left there. It is much easier to put
it through from below than to attempt to push it in between
the wings, or to push it in from below and then reverse it after
the wings are set. Thus handling of the insect is at a minimum.
The method permits setting the wings while the insect is on its
back. This automatically prevents sagging of the abdomen and
antennae, and overcomes the tendency of the wings to spring
up in specimens which are difficult to relax. Finally, the point
of the pin coming up from the back is almost invisible in the
mounting cabinet, so that the insects appear more lifelike.

The one disadvantage is that in the mounting cabinet pins
must be pushed into the cork layer by using pliers placed below
the specimen, rather than pushing on the head of the pin. How-
ever, this method is generally advocated anyway as being least
likely to injure the specimen.*

Notes and News in Entomology

Under this heading we present from time to time short reviews, notes,
news, and comments on entomology throughout the world. Contribu-
tions from readers are solicited and will be acknowledged when used.

Recent events have stressed our lack of knowledge of many
of the fundamental aspects of the study of insects. This is per-

* Spreading upside down can also be done without removing the head
of the pin. One inserts the pin in the usual manner and then has Plas-
ticene or other material soft enough to allow inserting the pin head in the
groove of the mouting board. THE EDITORS.

76 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '45

haps especially true of insect physiology, and no branch of that
field has been more neglected than the study of insect hormones.
Entomologists have generally been content to take over and
modify concepts developed in vertebrate physiology and in only
a few instances, as in the case of the "gene hormones," has work
with insects preceded that done with other animals.11

For some years it has been known that color changes,11 moult-
ing and metamorphosis 14 of insects are under the control of
hormones. The brain was the first organ suggested as a source
of an insect hormone.7 More intensive work on small glands
located close behind the brain in most insects, the corpora allata,
turned the attention of workers to these interesting organs, but
more recently the nervous system has been reconsidered.12' 1 It
has been suggested that the ventral glands and pericardial glands
of Dixippus may have an endocrine function.10 An as yet un-
verified report from Japan that the prothoracic glands of Lepi-
doptera are also a source of hormones,6 together with work on
the corpora cardiaca, will serve to show how little we know even
about the morphology of the endocrine glands. It has been
shown that the enigmatic ring gland of Diptera is the combined
corpus allatum and corpora cardiaca,5 but a more recent note
from China is not quite in agreement with these results.15
Something is known of the sequence of cytological changes in
the neurosecretory cells of cockroaches,12 but complex cytologi-
cal changes in the corpora cardiaca, though observed, have yet
to be carefully studied. Nothing is yet known regarding the
chemical nature of insect hormones.

The classical endocrinological methods of extirpation and
transplantation, in spite of the small size of insects, have yielded
valuable results. An interesting series of papers by Vogt 13 has
suggested that the ring gland plays a fundamental role in the
maturation of the ovaries in Drosophila. If larval ovaries from
one species are transplanted into the body cavity of another
they will not develop unless a ring gland from the first species
is transplanted simultaneously. Among vertebrates hormones
have generally been thought to be non-specific, even between

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 77

Classes. But it appears that in Drosophila the hormone may
actually be specific to the species. The relation between the
development of larval salivary glands and ring gland secretion
has been investigated by Bodenstein.2 If larval salivary glands
were transplanted into the body cavity of adult male Drosophila,
they ceased to grow. If ring glands from the larvae were trans-
planted simultaneously, however, the salivary glands developed
and finally underwent metamorphosis. The ring gland factor
is in this case not species specific. In fact, specificity may be
the exception, for the corpora cardiaca of the cockroach have
been shown to contain comparatively large amounts of a hor-
mone affecting the red chromatophores of the crayfish.3 While
extirpation of the ring gland of flies 4 and the corpus allatum of
grasshoppers 9 prevents the development of eggs, it has been
suggested that the action is not the result of a sex hormone, but
through general metabolic processes.4 There is nevertheless a
close relationship between the ovaries and the corpora allata, as
is shown by several reports of hypertrophy of the latter gland
after castration.4' 9 However, insects appear to live normally
after the corpus allatum has been removed.

Another phenomenon formerly attributed to hormones is
found in the development of castes of the primitive California
termite, Zootennopsis. Light 8 has shown that if soldiers are
removed, new soldiers develop from nymphs which would never
had become nymphs if the original soldiers had been permitted
to remain in the colony. Neoteinic reproductives develop after
removal of the true king and/or queen. These observations,
and others, suggest that a direct inhibitive action is exerted by
these castes. While there is as yet no proof of the existence of
"ectohormones" formerly invoked to explain this inhibition, an
alternative explanation has yet to be found.

It will be seen from this brief review of a few recent de-
velopments that many significant biological principles may still
be expected to be discovered as a result of studies in the field of
insect hormones. M. F. DAY.

78 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '45

1 Bodenstein, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quart. Biol. 10: 17-26,
1942.

2 Bodenstein, Biol. Bull., 84 : 13-33, 1943.

3 Brown and Meglitsch, Biol. Bull., 79 : 409-418, 1940.

4 Day, Biol. Bull., 84: 127-140, 1943.

5 Day, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 36 : 1-10, 1943.

6 Fukuda, Proc. Imp. Acad. Tokyo, 16 : 414-420, 1940.
• Kopec, Biol. Bull., 42 : 324-342, 1922.

slight, Quart. Rev. Biol., 17: 312-326, 1942; Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.,
43 : 413-454, 1944.

9 Pfeiffer, Anat. Rec., 78 : 39, 1940 ; Anat. Rec., 81 : 57, 1940.

™ Pflugfelder, Z. wiss. Zool., 149: 477-512, 1937; ibid., 151: 149-191,
1938; ibid., 153: 108-135, 1940.

11 Scharrer, Phys. Rev., 21 : 383-409, 1941.

12 Scharrer, J. Comp. Neur., 74: 93-108, 1941.

« Vogt, Biol. Zbl., 60: 479-484, 1940; ibid., 61 : 148-158, 1941.

14 Wigglesworth, J. Exp. Biol., 17: 201-222, 1940; Naturwiss., 29: 80-
81, 1941.

15 Zee and Pai, Amer. Nat., 78 : 472-477, 1944.

Types from the New England Museum of Natural

History

The types of insects formerly at the New England Museum
of Natural History (The Boston Society of Natural History)
have been transferred to and are now part of the collections of
the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts. NATHAN BANKS.

THE GENUS CONOTRACHELUS DEJEAN (CoLEOPTERA, ClJR-

CULIONIDAE) IN THE NORTH CENTRAL UNITED STATES. By
Herbert F. Schoof. Illinois Biological Monographs. Vol. 19,
No. 3, 170 pages including 9 plates with 109 figures.

While this monograph, which appeared in Dec. 1942. is con-
fined to those species of Conotrachelus occurring in Illinois,
Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Kentucky and Indiana, because of
the nature of some of the material presented and of the general
distribution of the species treated in the eastern half of the
United States, it will be of interest and use to a much wider
field.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 79

The author defines as his objectives : the preparation of work-
able keys to and the adequate descriptions of the species of the
area under study, the study of the morphology of the male
genitalia and the determination of their taxonomic significance,
and finally the evaluation of the morphological characters used
in the past and the indication of additional ones.

There is a review of the taxonomic literature followed by a
chapter on materials and methods used including an account of
the author's technique in the removal, study and preservation of
the male genitalia.

The next chapter is devoted to a discussion of the morphologi-
cal characters of taxonomic importance and is divided into four
sections: 1. Body regions and their appendages; 2. Colora-
tion and vestiture ; 3. Characters for sex determination ; 4. The
male genitalia with a full discussion of the male genitalia of C.
nenuphar (Hbst.) and the relative taxonomic value of the vari-
ous parts.

In treating the genus four groups are designated with a key
to these groups. Under each group there is a key to the species
of the group. The external morphological structures and the
male genitalia of each species is then described in detail, special
characters being given as diagnostic. Each description is fol-
lowed by a brief discussion of the distribution, biology, phy-
logeny or nomenclature of the species treated. Approximately
two to five pages are devoted to each species. Twenty-eight
species are covered, of which five are new.

A glossary, list of literature cited, nine excellent plates and
an index conclude this well-organized and executed piece of
work. E. J. F. MARX.

Current Entomological Literature

COMPILED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF.

Under the above head it is intended to note papers received at the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, pertaining to the Entomology
of the Americas (North and South), including Arachnida ana Myriopoda. Articles irrele-
vant to American entomology will not be noted; but contributions to anatomy, physiology
and embryology of insects, however, whether relating to American or exotic species will
be recorded.

80 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '45

This list gives references of the current or preceding year unless otherwise noted.
Continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installment.

For records of Economic Literature, see the Experiment Station Record, Office ol Ex-
periment Stations, Washington. Also Review of Applied Entomology, Series A, London.
For records of papers on Medical Entomology, see Review of Applied Entomology,

NOTE: The figures within brackets [ ] refer to the journal in which the paper ap-
peared, as numbered in the List of Journals given at the end of the literature. The num-
ber of the volume, and in some cases, the part, heft, &c. is followed by a colon (:).
References to papers containing new forms or names not so stated in titles are followed
by (•); if containing keys are followed by (k); papers pertaining exclusively to Neo-
tropical species, and not so indicated in the title, have the symbol (S).

Papers published in ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS are not listed.

GENERAL — Bitancourt, A. A. — Distribuicao teorica de
lesoes em folhas ou frutas, causadas por insetos e outros
animais ou por agentes infecciosos transmit idos por ve-
tores. [14] 14: 243-52. 1943 [with English abst.]. Bru-
ner, Lawrence. — Biographical note. [104] 12: 222-226, ill.
Burmeister, German. — Biographical note. [104] 12: 159-
65, ill. Carpenter, G. D. H.— Birds and butterflies. [31]
154 (3905) : 304. Chambers, V. H. — British bees and wind-
borne pollen. [31] 155: 145. Dowdy, W. W.— A prelim-
inary report on the Arthropoda of the oak-hickory forest
of Missouri with special reference to stratification (abst.).
[Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer.] 25 (3) : 20. Fisher, R. C— Wood-
boring insects in beech furniture. [31] 155: 116. Flint,
W. P.— Obituary. [59] 37: 130-31, port, da Fonseca,
filho.— Arthur Neiva. [15] 16 (2) : 153-62. Mello & Cuo-
colo. — Alguns aspetos das relacoes do Habronema muscae
(Carter, 1861) com a mosca domestica. [14] 14: 227-34,
ill. 1943 [with English abst.]. Metcalf, Z. P.— The cen-
ter of origin theory and its importance to ecology (abst.).
[Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer.] 25 (3) : 19. Miles, H. W.— Wire-
worms and food production. [31] 155: 136-38. Travas-
sos, L. — Atuacao cientifica de Arthur Neiva no campo da
biologia. [Ill] 40 (1) : i-vi, portrait. 1944.

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, MEDICAL— Balch &
Bird. — Disease of the European spruce sawfly, Gilpinia
hercyniae, and its place in natural control. [Sci. Agricul-
ture] 25 : 65-80. Chapman, R. K. — Interesting occurrence
of Musca domestica larvae in infant bedding. [4] 76:
230-32. Cook, E. F. — Morphology of the larval heads of
certain Culicidae. Morphology of the larval head of a sp.
of Chironomus. [117] 9: 38-68, 69-77, ill. Crombie, A. C.
— Sensillae of the adults and larvae of the beetle Rhizo-
pertha dominica. [107] 19: 131-32. Crowson, R. A. —
Further studies on the metendosternite in Coleoptera.
[36] 94: 273-310, ill. Fedotov, D. M— On the 2 types of

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 81

regress of organs in the ontogenesis of insects. [99] 44:
123-25. Ferris, G. F. — On certain evolutionary tendencies
in the head of insects. [117] 9: 78-84, ill. Ford, E. B.-
(See under Lepidoptera.) Jackson, H. W. — Method for
observing and staining live insect blood under oil immer-
sion. [Turtox News] 23: 12-14, ill. Keene & Light.-
Results of feeding ether extracts of male supplementary
reproductives to groups of nymphal termites. [Calif.
Univ. Pub. Zool.] 49: 283-90. Milne & Milne.— Selection
of colored lights by night-flying insects. [70] 24: 21-86.
Mohammed, A. H. — Notes on the toxins of Egyptian scor-
pions. [Biochem. Jour.] 38: 284-85. Oliver & Anderson.
— Effect of rematings on the fecundity of an infertile fe-
male. [90] 79 : 89-94. Thorpe, Crombie, Hill & Darrah.
—Food finding of wireworms (Agriotes spp.). [68] 155:
46-47. Wellington, W. G. — Effect of ground temperature
inversions upon the flight-activity of Culex sp. [4] 76:
223. Zee & Pai. — Corpus allatum and corpus adiacum in
Chironomus sp. [90] 78 (778) : 472-77, ill.

ARACHNIDA AND MYRIOPODA— Baker, E. W.-

Five mites of the family Ereynetidae from Mexico. [91]
35: 16-19, ill. (*). Hoff, C. C.— Notes on 3 pseudo-scor-
pions from Illinois. [59] 37: 123-28. Hoffmann, A. — Los
ectoparasites de los murcielagos Mexicanos. [Univ. Nac.
Mexico, Fac. Cien. Dept. Biol.] 150 pp., ill. (*). Un nuevo
acaro parasite de murcielagos. [112] 15: 185-89, ill. (S).
Mohammed, A. H. — (See under Physiology.) Stebbins,
R. C.— Lizards killed by a millipede. [119] 32: 777-78.
Williams, R. W. — Bibliography pertaining to the mite fam.
Trombidiidae. [119] 32: 699-712.

THE SMALLER ORDERS— Auguston, G. F.— Further
report on a chigoe-like flea from California with a discus-
sion of the true chigoe, Tunga penetrans. [38] 43: 119-21,
ill. Castle, G. B. — Termites in Montana. [Northwest
Sci.] 18: 64. Klots, E. B. — Notes on the Protodonata and
Protozygoptera of the Lower Permian of Kansas. Gom-
phus consanguis. Notes on the Gomphinae with descr. of
n. sps. (Odonata). [40] nos. 1258, 1259, 1260. Lima, A.
da C. — Insetos do Brasil. IV. Panorpatos Suctorios, Neu-
ropteros, Trichopteros. 141 pp., ill. Sweetman, H. L.—
Ecology of the silverfish, Lepisma saccharina L., molting
among the Thysanura (absts.). [Bull. Ecol. Soc. Amer.]
25 (3) : 29.

82 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '45

ORTHOPTERA— Drake, Decker & Tauber.— Observa-
tions on oviposition and adult survival of some grasshop-
pers of economic importance. [81] 19: 207-23. Piran, A.
A. — Catalogo sistematico y zoogeografico de Tettigoni-
oideos Argentines. [104] '12: 190-95. Teale, E. Way.-
Insect appetite Number One [Mantis]. [Fauna] 6 (3):
73-76, ill. from photos. Uvarov, B. P. — New name in Acri-
didae. [108] 13: 144.

HEMIPTERA— Beamer, R. H— New sp. of Dorydiella
from Kansas (Cicadell). [103] 18: 48. Bergamin, J.—
Metodos de laboratorio para observacao e criacao de Dia-
traea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) a broca da cana. [14]
14: 351-54, ill. 1943. Caldwell, J. S.— Notes on some less
common gen. of tropical Cixiidae. [43] 44: 252-54 (*).
Hawboldt, L. S. — History of spread of the beech scale,
Cryptococcus fagi, an insect introduced into the maritime
provinces. [Acadian Nat.] 1: 137-46, ill. Knull, D. J.-
Descr. of 6 Typhlocybas from U. S. [43] 44: 269-72, ill.
(*). Knowlton, G. F. — Observations on the feeding of
some predacious hemipfera. [Proc. Utah Acad. Sci. A. &
L.] 21 : 57-59. Lepage, H. S. — A escama vermelha dos
citrus em Sao Paulo, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Coc-
coidea). [14] 14: 311-30, ill. 1943 [very brief English
abst.]. Lepage & Giannotti. — Notas coccidologicas (with
English abst.). [14] 14: 331-50, ill. 1943. Monte, O.-
Tingitideos americanos (S*). [14] 14: 263-72, ill. 1943.
Morrison, H. — Mealy bug gen. Heterococcus and some of
its relatives (Coccid). [91] 35: 38-55, ill. (*k). Penner,
L. R.— Genus Laccocera (Delphac). [103] 18: 30-47, ill.
(*). Russell, L. M. — New gen. and 12 n. sps. of Neotropi-
cal white flies (Heyrod). [91] 35: 55-65, ill. (*k). Snow,
W. E.— Pictinus aurivillii. [59] 37: 129. Trautman, M.
A. — Ovipositor studies of the leafhopper gen. Erythroneura
(Cicadell). [43] 44: 265-68, ill. Tuthill, L. D.— Contri-
butions to the knowledge of the Psyllidae of Mexico.
[103] 18: 1-29, ill. (*k).

LEPIDOPTERA — Blevins, H. M. — Some butterflies of
Sequoia Nat. Park. [38] 43: 122-23. Bourquin, F.-
Metamorfosis de Perizoma impromissata (Geomet). [104]
12: 166-72, ill. Carpenter, G. D. H.— (See General.)
Chermock, F. H. — Some new N. Amer. Lycaenidae. [4]
76: 213-16. Comstock & Dammers. — Brief notes on the
early stages of 3 California moths. [38] 43: 113-18, ill.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 83

Dethier, V. G. — Observations on the life history of Apamea
velata. [4] 76: 223-25, ill. Ford, E. B.— Studies on the
chemistry of pigments in the Lepidoptera, with reference
to their bearing on systematics. 4. Classification of the
Papilionidae. [36] 94: 201-23. Hayward, K. J.— Hes-
peroidea Argentina XIV. [104] 12: 173-80. Sauer, H. F.
G. — Notas sobre a biologia de Ecpautheria hambletoni
Schaus. (Arctiidae). [14] 14: 73-80, figs. 1943 [with Eng-
lish abst.J.Trehan, K. N. & Bagal, S. R.— Life-history and
bionomics of potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella
Z., Gelechiidae). [Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.] 19 (5) : 176-87,
ill. Venables, E. P. — Identity of a borer attacking peach
trees in the Okanagan Valley of Brit. Col. [4] 76: 232.

DIPTERA — Alexander, C. P. — New nearctic crane-flies.
Part XXII. [4] 76: 217-22. New sp. of crane flies from
the U. S. and Canada. [13] 36: 89-94. Callan, E. McC.-
(See under Hymenoptera.) Collin, J. E. — Notes on some
recent work on the Pipunculidae. [8] 81 : 1-6. Cook, E.
F. — (See under Anatomy.) Correa & Ramos. — Os anofe-
linos de Ilha de Santo Amaro. [94] 9: 9-16, ill. Dickin-
son, W. E. — Mosquitoes of Wisconsin. [Bull. Pub. Mus.
Milwaukee] 8: 269-305, ill. Goffe, E. R. — Generic names
of Meigen 1800 and the genotype of Zelima (Syrph). [8]
80: 284-86. Hardy, D. E. — New Asilidae and Mydaidae
in the Snow collection. [4] 76: 226-30, ill. Matheson, R.
— Mosquitoes of No. Amer. Their structure and habits :
study and identification : how they carry disease : methods
of control. 2d edition. 313 pp., ill. Mello & Cuocolo.—
(See General.) Smart, J. — Notes on Simulidae II. [108]
13: 131-36 (*). Vargas, L. — Culicoides diabolicus en Me-
xico, caracteres del macho. [56] 5 : 163-70, ill. Zee &
Pai. — (See Anatomy.)

COLEOPTERA— Bergamin, J. — Contribuicao para o
conhecimento da biologia da broca do cafe H^pothenemus
hampei (Ferrari, 1867) (Ipidae). [14] 14: 31-72, figs.
1943 [with English abst.]. Bosq, J. M. — Sobre interesan-
tes longicornios del Alto Parana colectados por los Padres
Bridarolli y Williner. [104] 12: 196-202. Bryant, G. E.-
New sps. of So. Amer. Chrysomelidae (Halticinae). [75]
11: 648-55, 698-704, cont, ill. Crowson, R. A.— (See un-
der Anatomy.) Fisher, R. C. — (See under General.) Hin-
ton, H. E. — Some general remarks on sub-social beetles
with notes on the biology of the Staphylinid Platystethus

84 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '45

arenarius. [107] 19: 115-28, ill. Johnson, J. P.— Im-
ported long-horned weevil (Calomycterus setarius).
[Conn. Ag. Exp. Sta., Bull.] no. 479: 121-42, ill. Martinez,
A. — Insectos nuevos o poco conocidos (Scarabaeid). [104]
12: 184-89, ill. (S). Miles, H. W.— (See under General.)
Monros, F. — Archiopactus bruchi = A. niveopectus. Nota
sinonimica. [104] 12: 181-83, ill. Van Dyke, E. C.— Re-
view of the N. Amer. sp. of the genus Carabus. [70] 24:
87-137, ill. (k). Wittmer, W.— Catalogue des Drilidae
(Malacodermata). [104] 12: 203-21.

HYMENOPTERA— Callan, E. McC.— Wasp preying on
house-flies and stable-flies. [31] 155: 146. Donnell, F. O.

—Cell-building by a mason wasp (Eumenes latreilli).
[Victorian Naturalist] 61 (4) : 67-68. Epple, P. — Biologia
de la Apis mellifica. [58] 5: 536-40, ill. Fournier, O.-
Les fourmis. [Les Carnets Quebec] 4 (3) : 51-55, ill.
Lima, A. da C. — Terceira and quarta contribucao ao con-
hecimento da biologia do Telenomus polymorphus (Sceli-
onidae). [15] 16 (2) : 73-78, 123-124, ill. Schneirla, T. C.

—Results of the Archbold Exped. no. 51. Behavior and
ecological notes on some ants from South-central Florida.
[40] no. 1261. Teale, E. W.— Wasps (Polistes). [Cana-
dian Nature] 6 (4) : 120-25, ill. from photos.

LIST OF JOURNALS CITED

4. — Canadian Entomol. 8. — Entom. Monthly Mag. 13.
—Jour. Entom. & Zool. 14. — Arch. Inst. BioL, S. Paulo.
15. — Anais Acad. Brasil. Cien., Rio. 31. — Nature, London.
36. — Trans. R. Entom. Soc. London. 38. — Bull. So. Calif.
Acad. Sci. 40. — Amer. Museum Novitates. 43. — Ohio
Jour. Sciences. 56. — Rev. Inst. Salub. y Enfer. Tropic.
Mex. 58.— Rev. Acad. Colombia, Bogota. 59.— Trans. Il-
linois Sta. Acad. Sci. 68. — Science, New York. 75. — An-
nals & Mag. Nat. Hist. 78.— Arqu. Zool. Est. Sao Paulo.
81. — Iowa Sta. Coll. Jour. Science. 90. — American Nat.
91. — Jour. Washington Acad. Sci. 94. — Arq. Hig. Saude
Pub., S .Paulo. 99.— C. R. (Doklady), Acad. Sci. URSS.
(N. Ser.). 103. — Jour. Kansas Entom. Soc. 104. — Revista
Soc. Ent. Argentina. 107. — Proc. R. Entom. Soc. London.
108.— Proc. R. Entom. Soc. London (B). 111.— Mem. Inst.
Oswaldo Cruz. 112. — Anals Inst. Biol. Mexico. 117.—
Microentom., Stanford Univ. 119. — Amer. Midland Nat.

Literature for sale: Fifty years accumulation of Smithsonian,
National and other museum, societies and other publication, in-
cluding insects. Large library of books on travel, exploration,
big game hunting, much natural history, in many lands. Price
lists on request. J. Alclen Loring. Box E-X, Owego, X. V.

EXCHANGES

This column is intended only for wants and exchanges, not for

advertisements of goods for sale or services rendered. Notices

not exceeding three lines free to subscribers.

These notices are continued as long as our limited space will allow;
the new ones are added at the end of the column, and, only when
necessary those at the top (being longest in) are discontinued.

Coleoptera — Will exchange mounted and labeled specimens from
North America. All groups except Rhynchophora. G. P. Mac-
kenzie, 1284 Sherwood Road, San Marino, Calif.

Lepidoptera — Should like to hear from collectors interested in
species from central Alberta and Saskatchewan. Would collect other
Orders. Paul F. Bruggemann, R. R. 1, Furness, Sask., Canada.

Lampyridae of U. S. and Canada wanted from the South and West,
especially Photinus and Pyractomena for revisional study. Buy or
exchange. J. W. Green, R. D. 2, Easton, Pa.

Lepidoptera — Would like to exchange Californian butterflies, noc-
tuids, geometrids, etc. for eastern specimens. Glenn E. Pollard, 500
Clark Drive, San Mateo, Calif.

Lepidoptera — Am still collecting here and have only fine specimens
for exchange. H. W. Eustis, Woodbine Rd., Augusta, Ga.

Wanted — Viennese Entomological Printing Press, for printing 3,
3% and 4 type data labels. Kent H. Wilson, 430 Ridgewood Road,
Fort Worth 7, Texas.

Wanted — Heteroptera from all parts of the world, all families ex-
cept Miridae. Will buy, exchange or determine. S. and C. Amer.
species esp. desired. John C. Lutz, 6623 Lansdowne Ave., Philadel-
phia 31, Pa.

Wanted — Mosquitoes for determination, or exchange for S. E.
specimens. Particularly desire larvae. H. R. Dodge, Box 1095.
Macon, Ga.

JUST PUBLISHED

A CATALOGUE AND RECLASSIFICATION OF THE
NEARCTIC ICHNEUMONIDAE

(HYMENOPTERA)

By HENRY K. TOWNES, JR.

(Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, Number 11)

Important Mosquito Works

MOSQUITO ATLAS. Part I. The Nearctic Anopheles, important

malarial vectors of the Americas, and Aedes aegypti

and Culex quinquefasciata

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tors of the Old World: Europe, Asia, Africa
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For sale by the American Entomological Society, 1900 Race Street,
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

UIV. I"3.

APRIL 1945 ° S

Vol. LVI No. 4

CONTENTS

Strickland — Could widespread use of DDT be disaster? 85

Darlington — Notes on some Microlepidoptera 89

Stabler — Light-trap versus bait for mosquitoes 93

Another European Entomologist Safe — M. Stempffer 99

Steyskal — Nomenclature and semantics 100

Freeman — Notes on Hesperiidae with new records for U. S 102

Frost — Spurious veins in Exoprosopa 104

A Change in Editorship 106

Notes and News in Entomology 107

Current Entomological Literature 109

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LVI APRIL, 1945 No. 4

Could the Widespread Use of DDT be a Disaster? l

By E. H. STRICKLAND. University of Alberta

•/ V

By popular report, the potentialities of DDT as an insecticide
are so great that it is postulated that its employment may result
in the termination of most of our insect tribulations. Such sci-
entific investigations as have as yet been possible hardly support
the sweeping claims of the popular articles, but they do point to
a very real danger, if the reported results of one moderately
large "field" experiment approach accuracy.

It has been stated that, in Pennsylvania, the treatment of a
20-acre tract of forest-land with DDT resulted in the almost to-
tal destruction of many forms of insect life in this area. If there
is any truth to this statement, it would appear to be most for-
tunate that the experiment was limited to 20 acres.

The factors which maintain the equilibrium between the abun-
dance of the vast majority of plant-feeding insects and their
predatory and parasitic insect enemies are so delicately, and yet
so satisfactorily, adjusted that man is in serious danger of pro-
ducing disastrous consequences for himself if he attempts to
interfere, other than to a very limited extent, with the "centre
of balance." If he succeeds in deflecting it seriously, the "re-
bound" is liable to be very unpleasant, if not disastrous, for him
during the next few years.

In this connection, it must be constantly borne in mind that
the correct density in population, both of host and of parasite,
is as rigid a requirement of a stable equilibrium as is their rela-
tive abundance.

1 See Conant, No Joy in an Insect-Free World. Ent. News, 55 : 258-
259, 1944.

(85)

86 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '45

Fortunately, the occasions on which man has found it to be
necessary for him to make widespread and intensive attempts to
assume the role of nature in maintaining some kind of an equi-
librium normally occur only when vagaries in the weather have
permitted a temporary swing towards the super-abundance of
some particular insect which is detrimental to his interests.

Such attempts as he then makes to reduce the surplus are all
to the good since, to a certain extent, he is assisting in the re-
establishment of a normal density of population among the host
insects in addition to affecting a better ratio between their num-
bers and those of its enemies. Even at such times, however, it
is owing to the fact that he has been only partially successful in
exterminating the pest that its all-important enemies retain their
ability to increase once more and, ultimately, to re-gain their
ascendancy over it.

It is the unremitting decimation, by their enemies, of the
hnnclred-and-one foliage feeding insects which inhabit every
wood-lot that prevents each of them from becoming a pest of
similar magnitude to other insects, such as the gypsy moth,
whose only crime against the residents of America is the fact
that it arrived in this Country minus its own complement of
special enemies. Every native foliage feeder possesses just
about the same potentialities for increase and destructive ability
when it is given an opportunity to escape from the attentions of
its ever-present enemies.

Fortunately, the complete elimination of any plant-feeding in-
sect, by control measures, from small, more or less scattered,
areas has little effect upon their subsequent abundance. Such
small vacua are qui<?kly re-invaded, not only by the plant-feeder
itself but also by its enemies, and the slight "jolt" which may
have been given to equilibrium in such areas is hardly appre-
ciable.

Suppose, however, that the application of DDT to fairly large
areas, such as several square miles, in connection with the con-
trol of some particularly injurious insect which was, at the time,
occurring in outbreak numbers did result in the elimination of,

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 87

let us say, a dozen additional plant-feeders, all of which, when
in a state of equilibrium with their enemies, are to all intents and
purposes innocuous. It would matter little whether, at the same
time, it directly killed their parasites as well as themselves. The
elimination of their hosts for a single season would assure, in
addition, as complete an elimination of the parasites unless some
alternative host of sufficient similarity to their normal one to
meet their requirements had somehow escaped the general dev-
astation among the plant-feeders.

It could, however, be but a matter of a few years thereafter
that the flying adults of one or more of these evicted natives,
aided possibly by favourable winds at the time of their flight,
reinvaded the cleared area from surrounding unaffected terri-
tory. It is almost impossible to visualize the possibility that a
suitable number of their parasites, since they are on the wing at
entirely different seasons of the year, will accompany them and
thus be capable of re-establishing equilibrium without delay.
Any which were unfortunate enough to re-enter the area at any
time before the return of their hosts would, of course, "die with-
out issue."

For this reason, any efforts which were made to eliminate a
really injurious pest from a large area could not be relied upon
to give permanent respite from it. Not only might they entail
subsequent ultra-severe infestations from the pest itself but, at
the same time, there is a very real danger that they would in-
augurate temporary outbreaks of many another insect which, in
so far as man is concerned, has always been in a sufficiently
stable state of equilibrium with its parasites never to have oc-
curred in sufficient numbers to constitute a menace of any kind.

Were this to occur, the only method man could adopt, unless
he were prepared to accept and to live through the "outbreaks"
which he had brought on himself, would be to repeat the treat-
ment every few years thereafter. He would, thus, assume the
laborious and expensive task of an annual reduction in the popu-
lation of many an insect which, but for his interference, would
have been assured, free of cost and human labour, by natural
equilibria.

88 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '45

The regularly recurring outbreaks of the Forest Tent Cater-
pillar are due largely to the fact that, by the end of all such out-
breaks, their parasites have become so excessively abundant
that, in the year following the last in which the "outbreak" oc-
curred, they caused a 100% mortality among the few survivors
and, in consequence, they themselves are eliminated from vast
areas. It is only in some subsequent year, when, from some
area beyond the limits of the earlier outbreak, and where nor-
mal equilibrium has been maintained, some of the moths fly, or
are carried by high winds, back into the freed area that we real-
ize the tragedy of the fact that the earlier complete elimination
of the pest resulted in an inevitable disappearance of its enemies.
Very soon thereafter the caterpillar population has been built up
to outbreak proportions and it is usually only after about three
years of almost complete defoliation of the trees that the para-
sites, which are now able to reinvade the territory successfully,
finally bring them once more under subjection.

In the meantime, to the obvious damage to the trees must be
added the human discomfort of armies of countless hungry cater-
pillars which swarm over the countryside and are no respecters
of houses, inside as well as out, in their search for food.

How much more severe troubles may man be storing up for
himself if he employs DDT on a widespread scale and it ap-
proaches in effectiveness the claims which are made for it ?

The place for its invaluable employment is surely confined to
relatively small areas, such as the inside of 'planes or buildings
or in gardens and orchards in which its use can not seriously
affect the "balance of nature" throughout large tracts of land.
It is somewhat gratifying to realize that its efficiency as a uni-
versal exterminator of insect life may prove to be somewhat less
pronounced than many people believed it might be but, should
it even approach its claimed toxicity to plant-feeding insects in
general, its widespread employment over large connected areas
might constitute an entomological disaster of the first magnitude.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 89

Notes on Some Microlepidoptera

By EMLEN P. DARLINGTON, New Lisbon, Burlington
County, New Jersey

(Continued from page 74}

Tortricidae
Peronea trisignana Robinson

Larva dull green ; head and cervical shield black ; black warts
on prothorax; fore legs black. Skeletonizing leaves of white
birch (Be tula populifolia), also reared on river birch (B. nigra).
The larva generally folds a white birch leaf at the midrib and
feeds under this fastened down protection. It also feeds be-
tween two firmly attached leaves. Pupa in the area of last feed-
ing, usually near the base of the leaf and attached by a few
silken threads at the caudal end, otherwise naked. Naked pupae
also in the trash of fallen leaves. Pupation in October. Images,
October 25 to November 17.

Robinson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., II, 1869, p. 282.

McDunnough, Can. Jour, of Research, II, 1934, p. 314.

Forbes, Memoirs 68, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1923, p. 483.

Gelechiidae
Recurvaria robiniella Fitch

Larva between two leaflets of locust (Robinia pseudacacia) .
"Fitch collected his leaves in the autumn." It is best to delay
gathering them until late in October, when they are about ready
to fall; even then some larvae will be immature. It is well to
remember that a locust branch sheds its leaves readily when
caged. Pupation is between two leaflets, in a slight silken web,
or in tightly curled dead leaves, naked, or surrounded by a
loose web of silk and soil. Images, June 1 to July 16.

Busck, Proc. U. S. N. M. XXV, 1903, p. 812.

90 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '45

Gelechia argentipunctetta Ely

Larva from Beltsville, Md., feeding on arbutus leaf. Pupa
in folded over leaf. Imago, April 28.

Stegasta bosquella Chambers

Food plant recorded as Cassia chamaecrista robusta, a large
flowered sensitive pea or Prairie Senna. A sizable series was
reared by L. J. Bottimer at Lake Alfred, Florida, feeding in the
flower heads of Kuhnistera pinnata. Images in November. I
did not see the larvae but the images check with 6*. bosquella.

Busck, Proc. U. S. N. M. XXV, 1903, p. 864.

Anacampsis agrimoniella Clemens, Anacampsis lupinella Busck,
and Anacampsis tristrigclla Walsingham

Very likely but food variants of the same species. I have
reared on Baptisia tinctoria four specimens, combining the char-
acteristics of A. agrimoniella and A. lupinella. They have the
dark bronze coloring, the reddish eyes, the needle-like palpi, the
annulate antenna, and one has the white fascia as in A. agri-
moniella, but less clearly defined ; it also has the three brown
spots that are sometimes seen on A. agrimoniella, one near the
base, one in the fold and one at end of cell. In another speci-
men the fascia is absent as in reared specimens of A. lupinella.
The other two have fascias indicated and incomplete. 14 mm.
The larva has a pale brown head and cervical shield and very
black tubercles. Food, Baptisia tinctoria at Hicksville, Long
Island. Larvae taken by L. J. Bottimer. Images, June 20.

I can see no justification for the erection of a new species,
based solely on the discovery of a new food plant.

Busck, Proc. U. S. N. M. XXV, 1903, p. 850.

Forbes, Memoir 68, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1924, p. 279.

Compsolechia kearjottella Busck

In the Academy collection is a specimen of Compsolechia (or
Anacampsis) kearjottella Busck, reared by F. M. Jones on
Azalea viscosa.

Busck, Proc. U. S. N. M. XXV, 1903, p. 842.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 91

Dichomeris bipunctellus Walsingham

As no food plant has been recorded I will mention that I have
reared it on sweet fern (Comptonia asplenifolia) , the larva in a
webbed nest in the tips. Images, July 3 to 9.

Walsingham, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., X, 1882, p. 186.

GracUlariidae

Lithocolletis trinotella Braun

An underside miner on red, norway, and possibly other spe-
cies of maple. The larva is active in the small oval mine until
late in October. Pupation in the puckered mine. Imagos, May
15 to June 1. They can be taken on the wing by May 1. Braun
says, "In the apical portion (of fore wing) there are two costal
white wedge-shaped streaks and a similar dorsal one just before
the tornus, opposite the first costal streak." Forbes says, "there
are three white costal streaks and two dorsal streaks," and ac-
cording to my reared material this is correct. Distinguished
from L. quercialbclla Fitch, by rearing.

Braun, Ent. News, XIX, 1908, p. 99.

Forbes, Memoir 68, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1923, p. 189.

Lithocolletis crataegella Clemens

Have reared it as an underside miner on apple. Mine near
base, along midrib and confined between two lateral veins.
Larva hibernates for a time in the brown puckered mine. Pupa-
tion late in November under a silken cover in the mine. Frass
in a ball in center of mine. Imagos, early May and on. Clem-
ens observed that the larva would desert one mine and form an-
other. I have observed the same behavior.

Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1859, p. 324 ; 1860, p. 208.
Braun, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XXXIV, 1908, p. 301.

Gracillaria packardella Chambers

As stated by Chambers, "the larva soon leaves it [the mine]
(which is hardly noticeable) to feed on the under side of the

92 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '45

leaf." It pupates, usually in the trash on the ground; in the
rearing cage, on a leaf or on sleeve of cage. I have reared it
on sugar and Norway maple.

Imagos, early May into June. On the wing all summer.

Parasite, Zootrephes scapulatus Davis.

Chambers, Can. Ent., IV, 1872, p. 27 ; Cin. Quart. Jn. Sci., II, 1875, p. 227.

Phyllocnistis liriodendronella Clemens and Phyllocnistis mag-
noliella Chambers

I have specimens reared on Liriodendron titlipifera and on
Magnolia virginiana and cannot distinguish between them.
Their larval work and method of pupation is the same. The
mine is a long, tortuous tract, on the under side of the tender
leaves of tulip poplar and magnolia, "starting near the outer
margin and continuing until a large portion of the under epi-
dermis is detached, giving the area a bluish-white cast." Pupa-
tion is naked in a small pocket-like case, made by turning under
the edge of a leaf for not more than 10 mm., and fastening the
flap loosely. It is usually on the edge of the leaf furthest from
the mine. Pupae are plentiful on Magnolia virginiana. but on
Liriodendron tulipifera the pupal cases are usually empty, giving
rise to the belief that magnolia is the natural food and that eggs
are deposited on Liriodendron leaves by moths matured on Mag-
nolia.

Similar mining was observed on sweet gum (Liquidambar) .
Pupal cases were made but never occupied. I have never found
them again on sweet gum.

Clemens, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., II, 1863, p. 13.
Chambers, Can. Ent, III, 1871, pp. 185, 206.

Pyralidae
Phlyctaenia tertialis Guenee

Merely to call attention to the records that would indicate it
to be a general feeder.

Larvae taken in webbed leaves of elder (Sambucus) October

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 93

25, hibernated in any sheltered area until June 10. Images,
June 22 to 26, all dark form.

Balduf, W. V., Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXXII, 1930, pp. 31, 36.

Pyrausta pertextalis Lederer

Seems to be a general feeder. F. M. Jones reared it at
Martha's Vineyard, Mass, on Clethra alnijolia, the moths emerg-
ing July 27 to Aug. 11. At New Lisbon, N. J., I reared it
webbing the terminal shoots of Chenopodium album (lamb's
quarters), the moths emerging Aug. 10.

New Jersey Light-trap Versus Human Bait as a

Mosquito Sampler

By ROBERT M. STABLER, Department of Zoology, University of

Pennsylvania and Delaware County (Pa.) Mosquito

Extermination Commission

INTRODUCTION

Those interested in determining the extent and variety of an
adult mosquito population in a given area have long sought
sampling methods which would give an accurate cross section
of the insect concentration. Inspection of diurnal rests and
baiting with horses, cattle, goats, chickens and rabbits, are
among the methods tried with varying success. The fact that
many insects are attracted to light was the basis for the develop-
ment of the New Jersey mosquito trap, which was devised in
an effort to establish a sampling device free from the many ob-
jectionable features inherent in some of the other procedures.

The New Jersey trap has been a boon to mosquito workers.
It has not proven a panacea, however, and its catches are still
being contrasted with those obtained by the other methods, in
an effort toward further evaluation. Although Carpenter
(1942) felt that the trap compared favorably with hand collec-
tion methods for measuring imago densities of Anopheles qnad-
riwaculatiis, Huffaker and Back (1943) concluded that this
method did not serve as a good indicator of concentrations of

94 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '45

this species. They state further that they are convinced that
the New Jersey trap does not catch a representative sample of
a mixed mosquito population.

In order to secure data which might further elucidate the
bait-versus-trap controversy, the writer spent considerable time
during July and August of 1944 allowing himself to be bitten,
as a control on a New Jersey trap which was operating a short
distance from his bite site. The results are given below.

METHOD

On 22 occasions in July and 23 in August, the light trapping
and baiting were done on the same evenings. Each location
was at a fixed spot, 82 feet apart. The light trap was in plain
view of the baiting site.

The baiting costume was designed for the greatest collecting
efficiency. A coat prevented biting on areas which were diffi-
cult to reach, and the wearing of shorts insured a generous
feeding area. Sitting on a low stump, the baiting was begun
at approximately 8 :45 P.M., Eastern War Time, and continued
for 30 minutes. At this time of day the light had faded to a
point where it was just possible at the beginning of operations
to catch the first few mosquitoes with the unaided eye. A flash
light, shaded so that it gave only very weak illumination, was
used as darkness increased.

A vial, with chloroform as the killing agent, was placed over
each feeding mosquito until she was immobilized. It is the
writer's belief that practically every individual which alighted
to feed during the whole 1,350 minutes of baiting was success-
fully taken. On rare occasions, when feeding was heaviest, a
female would engorge and fly off before she could be caught.

The light trap, operating with a 25 watt, white frosted bulb,
was turned on as baiting commenced, and continued to run
throughout the night. It was switched off at about 7:00 A.M.

Only female mosquitoes are considered in these analyses.
Also, whereas it is known that several species of Culex were
taken (C. pipiens, C. salinarius, C. apicalis, and probably C.
restuans), these are lumped together in the computations be-

lvi/45]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

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96 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '45

cause of the difficulty in satisfactorily separating the females of
these species.

OBSERVATIONS

On examining the table it is seen that a total of 1571 mos-
quitoes was taken, 476 (29.7 per cent) by trap, and 1104 (70.3
per cent) by bait. It is noted at once that, at least with the par-
ticular bait individual employed, baiting was numerically con-
siderably more efficient as a mosquito attractant than was a 25
watt lamp. The 1104 specimens caught feeding means that a
mosquito was taken for each 1.2 minutes of the entire 1350
minute bait period.

Briefly considering the bait collection alone (1104 females),
we find that most of the mosquitoes were Culex (888 speci-
mens), with Aedcs vexans next in order (102 specimens).
These, then, comprised nearly 90 per cent of all biters. Aedes
cantator, a fierce biter, was represented by 60 individuals (5.4
per cent), while Anopheles punctipennis, which bred generally
in the area, accounted for 47 (4.3 per cent).

Compared with these data, the light trap catch (467 females)
likewise had Culex (318 individuals) and A. vexans (94 indi-
viduals) constituting nearly 90 per cent of the total. The trap
attracted A. punctipennis in about the same percentage (5.7 per
cent; 27 individuals) as did the bait, but was strikingly inef-
fective for Aedes cantator (2 specimens; 0.43 per cent). The
other species listed were taken by one method or the other in
numbers too small to warrant comparison.

Even more interesting are the figures obtained when both
attraction methods are considered together. The general supe-
riority of the human bait over white light (25 watt) has already
been noted. Baiting is obviously of no value, however, where
males and non-biting species are concerned. Of 1205 Culex
mosquitoes caught, almost three-quarters of these purely pest
types responded to bait (73.6 per cent). Aedes vexans, the
other pest species present in fair numbers (196 females), was
taken approximately equally by both methods. The anopheline,
A. punctipennis, found bait more attractive than light by a ratio
of somewhat less than two to one.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 97

The greatest divergence was again noted for Aedes cantator.
Of the 62 females taken, 60 were biters, only 2 (3.2 per cent)
going into the trap.

DISCUSSION

In the survey reported here there are a number of points to
be noted. First, the two attraction sites were not very far apart
(82 feet). In a study made in Puerto Rico, Pritchard and
Pratt (1944) found that bait (horse, calf) near a light attracted
abnormally high numbers of anophelines. When moved to a
position 200 feet from the light there was a sharp decline in the
baited catch. What the baiting results would have been in the
present experiment, had the bait site been further removed from
the trap, we of course do not know.

Also, there is known to be a marked difference in attracta-
bility among human beings. Weathersbee (1944), in testing
this point on Puerto Rican Anopheles albimanus, found horses
over twenty times more efficient than men, with individual
equines being relatively uniform in attractiveness, while differ-
ent human beings varied considerably in this respect. Although
not tested in this experiment, the writer knows from past ex-
perience that among human beings he appears to be a better
than average attraction. It is possible, therefore, that had a
different bait-subject similarly exposed himself to the ravages
of these insects, the attraction rates might have varied from the
present figures.

The baited catches in the present report were made during
the 30 minute period beginning at dusk. For most local forms
this is certainly the time of greatest activity and food-seeking,
a fact which was fully appreciated by the baitee. In this con-
nection, it was pointed out by Huffaker and Back (1943) that
from an activity peak reached at dusk, most species of mos-
quitoes decline in this respect during the first three hours there-
after. The decline in activity was most noticeable after the
first hour. Anopheles quadrimaciilatns, on the other hand, they
found to be an exception, since there was an increase in its
activity until midnight at least.

98 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '45

From the above discussion it can be seen that the light trap
catch may have suffered somewhat, first by its nearness to the
bait station, second by the fact that baiting was done during a
period of great mosquito activity, when food seeking was at its
height, and possibly also because an apparently attractive indi-
vidual did the baiting. On the other hand, the baiting lasted
only 30 minutes, whereas the light trap ran all night, thus be-
ing in operation during the dawn period of revived activity.
The trap partly compensated, too, by taking numerous engorged
mosquitoes.

There is also the question as to whether or not the New Jer-
sey trap catches a representative sample of a mixed mosquito
population. Huffaker and Back (1943) felt that it did not.
Because of the smallness of the present totals, the data are
hardly more than suggestive. However, it appears that, for
the few species with sufficient numbers for comparison, the trap
attracted roughly the same percentage as the bait. The striking
exception was the exceedingly homophilous Aedes cantator.

Finally, from the point of view of overall efficiency, this par-
ticular bait certainly eclipsed the light trap by about 2.5 to 1.
If this ratio were adjusted to compensate for the great discrep-
ancy between the operating times of the respective attracting
forces, the difference would be still greater. As compared with
the trap catches, the bait take for Culex (mainly pipiens and
salinarius) was almost 3 to 1, for Anopheles punctipennis it was
something less than 2 to 1, for Aedes vexans about 1 to 1, and
for Aedes cantator just short of 100 per cent.

Summary and Conclusions

1. For 45 nights during July and August (1944) the writer
exposed himself to the bites of mosquitoes for 30 minutes, be-
ginning at dusk (approximately 8:45 to 9:15 E.W.T.).

2. A New Jersey light trap (25 watt, white frosted lamp)
was operated during the baiting period and throughout the
night. The sites were 82 feet apart.

3. A total of 1571 mosquitoes was caught (females only are
included). 70.3 per cent were attracted to the bait, 29.7 went
to the trap.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 99

4. Individually, the Citlex species (1206) preferred the bait
(73.6 per cent) to the trap (26.4 per cent) ; Acdes vexans was
about equally attracted ; of 74 Anopheles punctipennis, 27 went
to the light while 47 bit; and Aedes cant at or was quite blood-
thirsty, for of 62 taken, 60 were caught feeding. Several other
species were taken in numbers too small for comparison.

5. Roughly speaking, the human bait and light trap attracted
about equal percentages of the more numerous types of mos-
quitoes (Aedes cant at or was the exception). For sheer num-
bers, on the other hand, the particular bait individual used
proved a much better attractant than the 25 watt lamp.

LITERATURE CITED

CARPENTER, S. J. Mosquito studies in military establishments in the
Seventh Corps area during 1941. Journ. Econ. Ent., 35 (4) : 558-
561, 1942.

HUFFAKER, C. B. ; BACK, R. C. A study of methods of sampling mos-
quito populations. Journ. Econ. Ent., 36 (4) : 561-569, 1943.

PRITCHARD, A. E. ; PRATT, H. D. I. A comparison of light trap and ani-
mal bait trap anopheline mosquito collections in Puerto Rico. II.
A list of the mosquitoes of Puerto Rico. Pub. Health Reports,
59 (7) : 221-233, 1944.

WEATHERSBEE, A. A- Observations on the relative attractiveness of man
and horse for Anopheles albimanus Weideman. Amer. Journ.
Trop. Med., 24 (1) : 25-28, 1944.

Another European Entomologist Safe

Mr. H. E. Woodcock of Chicago writes that M. Stempffer
of Paris has recently written him. M. Stempffer is one of
the best-known Lepidopterists in France, being particularly in-
terested in the little blues of the genus Lycaena. A veteran of
the first World War, he volunteered again but was held at his
position in the Bank of Paris until the Germans took that city.
He had joined the Free French and so had to flee, but he man-
aged to return to Paris in 1940 and from then on played a
role in the propaganda against the invaders of his country. Be-
ing fortunate enough to escape detection he is now free and
apparently trying to renew his old entomological friendships.

100 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '45

Nomenclature and Semantics

By GEORGE STEYSKAL, Detroit, Michigan

The publication of Mayr's recent book x has more sharply
brought out the need for the universal recognition of the sub-
species. Mayr has adequately denned the category and shown
the need for codical regulation concerning it. Linsley's article
in this journal 2 outlines what to my belief is a thoroughly de-
sirable solution of the problem and further stresses the point
that the subspecies, altogether similar to the species nomen-
clatorially, is the only infraspecific 3 category that should receive
names of codical status.

It is my intention here to point out the help that the relatively
new science of semantics or semasiology, the study of the "mean-
ing of words," can contribute to biological nomenclature. Much
is said in nomenclatorial discussions about "concepts," but little
about "referents." It is a clear understanding of the relation-
ship of the concept to its referent (its basis in the external
world) and its reference (name), which is of value both to the
biologist and to the semasiologist, to the former in providing
knowledge of the nature and "life-history" of concepts and the
handles they bear called names and to the latter in providing
source material for the study of the most orderly and deliberate
method man has devised for making contact with the "outside
world." A sound and at the same time interesting approach to
semantics may be made with Chase,4 Ogden and Richards,5 and
Hayakawa,6 at least one of which should be required reading for
any biologist, whether or not he is interested in nomenclature.

1 Mayr, E. 1942. Systematics and the origin of species. Columbia
Univ. Press, N. Y.

2 Vol. LV (no. 9) : 225-232, Nov., 1944.

3 The hyphen after infra- is unnecessary, v. dictionaries.

4 Chase, Stuart. 1938. The Tyranny of Words. Harcourt, Brace
and Co., N. Y.

5 Ogden, C. K., and Richards, I. A. 1936, rev. ed. The Meaning of
Meaning. Harcourt, Brace and Co., N. Y.

6 Hayakawa, S. I. 1939. Language in Action. Harcourt, Brace and
Co., N. Y.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 101

The frequent use of the term "changing concepts" in regard
to organisms which are named suggests an erroneous conception
of the relationship between concept and referent. The concept
of a species (or subspecies or lower category) does not change
from the time of its original description (possibly based on a
referent consisting in a single poor specimen) but rather grozvs
as more is learnt concerning it and other members of the group
of individuals comprising the whole referent. The name (ref-
erence) remains fixed, the referent remains fixed except for
evolutionary changes, but the concept grows as the combined
human mind through investigation and publication acquires
knowledge concerning the referent. It is inherent in the scien-
tific method that reservations as to the completeness of new
concepts are held, that the definiteness of the concepts is in di-
rect proportion to the knowledge available concerning the refer-
ents. To cite a hypothetical example : Alpha beta Smith 1944,
known from a single incomplete female, is the reference to a
very vague concept, while Alpha alpha J. Doe 1864, known from
thousands of specimens, considerable observation, some experi-
mentation, and the subject of many pages of print, is immensely
more definite and "grown-up" as a concept. The concept will
continue to grow as long as mankind studies its referent, but
the reference, its name, will remain identical once the prior one
is established. The independence of phonetic and emotional
considerations and the universality of biological names make
them practically unique from a semantic point of view.

On the other hand, a concept can also die. Alpha gamma,
described as a species, may later be proven to be no more than
a phenotypical variation of Alpha alpha. The concept there-
fore is erroneous, has no referent, and dies. It becomes part of
another concept, that of "phenotypical variation of Alpha alpha."

Names of organisms cannot express or even imply any other
relations beyond that of the subspecies to the species and the
species to the genus. There is nothing in the name of the genus
(except the familiotype 7) which has anything to do with the

7 There is a need for a term analogous to genotype (generitype) for the
genus upon which a family name is based. I propose the term "familio-
type" (from Latin familia +

102 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '45

family or any other supergeneric category. There is an ex-
tremely large number of groupings, super- and infraspecific, and
it should be obvious that inclusion of them into nomenclature is
highly impractical. They are the subject of synopses, phyletic
charts, tables, and more extended discussion. The fluidity of
these group concepts, the difficulty or even impossibility of ac-
quiring real knowledge concerning their referents (which in-
clude a time factor) precludes such simple reference to them as
names.

Because a species may be named Alpha gammoides implies no
more relationship to an organism or group named gamma than
one named Alpha mohawkana would have to a Mohawk Indian.
Probably the coined names, arbitrary combinations of letters,
are best.

Notes on Some Hesperiidae, with New Records for
the United States (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera)

By H. A. FREEMAN, Pharr, Texas

Aguna asander (Hew.)

While examining some specimens collected by Mrs. E. J.
Kelso at Pharr, Texas, a fresh male asander (Hew.) was found.
There was no date on this specimen and the only information
imparted to the writer by the collector was that the specimen
was collected in her yard at Pharr. This is the first record of
this tropical American species having been collected in the
United States. Previous records reveal this species to occur
from Mexico to southern Brasil and at least in some of the West
Indies.

Astraptes hopfferi (Ploetz)

There seems to be considerable uncertainty as to the exact
relationship existing between creteus (Cramer) and hopfferi
(Ploetz), as some students of the hesperioidea consider hopfferi
to be a form of creteus. Mr. E. L. Bell believes that hopfferi is
sufficiently distinct superficially to be kept apart for the present,
at least.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 103

The writer collected a female hopfferi, October 21, 1944, at
Pharr, Texas. This is the first time that this species has been
recorded for the United States. This specimen was visiting
jasmine blossoms along with Astraptes jnlgerator (Walsh),
which occurs commonly at Pharr, during October, November
and December.

Spathilepia clonius (Cramer)

This tropical American species occurs over a comparatively
wide range south of the border of the United States. A male
specimen was collected at Pharr, Texas, November 12, 1944, by
the writer. It was feeding on zinnias in one of the flower gar-
dens in the city limits. This is the first time that this species
has turned up in the United States.

Lerodca cdata (Ploetz)

Information received from Mr. E. L. Bell reveals that this
species previously was found from Mexico to Venezuela and
Guiana. The writer collected 2 males and 8 females of this spe-
cies, at Brownsville and Pharr, Texas, during May, August,
September, November, December and January 1944-45. About
half of the specimens were very fresh indicating that this species
is breeding in this section of Texas. This is the first record of
this species occurring in the United States. Mr. Bell kindly
compared two of my specimens with those in the American Mu-
seum of Natural History and informed me that they were the
same as specimens they have under the name edata (Ploetz).
There is considerable variation exhibited among my ten speci-
mens as to size and number of spots on the primaries. The
writer has seen several specimens from various localities in
Mexico and the same variability was present in all of these.

God mania inalitiosa (H-S.)

Two males of this species were collected at Pharr, Texas, one
specimen, October 14, 1944 and the other October 15, 1944, by
the writer. This is the first time that this species has been col-
lected in the United States, or any member of the genus God-
mania Skin. & Rams., for that matter.

104 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '45

The writer sent one of the specimens to Mr. Bell for ex-
amination and he said it compared fairly well with Cuban speci-
mens (type locality) of malitiosa but differed from Godman's
figure of that species. Godman records malitiosa from Mexico
to Costa Rica but apparently he was as confused and uncertain
about his identifications in this genus as most everybody else is
at the present time. Mr. Bell states that it is very difficult to
get sufficient material in this genus to do scientific revisional
work. Apparently specimens of all of the species are subject
to considerable variation.

Perichares phocion dolores (Reakirt)

Since recording this species for the United States,1 based on
a specimen collected by Mrs. E. J. Kelso, at Pharr, Texas, the
writer has collected a fresh male specimen at Pharr, December
9, 1944. This specimen was feeding on petunias around 5 :30
P.M.

Spurious Veins in the Wings of Exoprosopa
fasciata Macq. (Diptera)

By S. W. FROST, The Pennsylvania State College

It is well known that the number and position of the veins of
the wings of insects generally are constant for a species. Sel-
dom is the contrary true. Upon this fact the nomenclature of
wing veins has been based. At most, the degree of divergence
of veins or the position of certain of these may vary slightly.
In the more specialized Diptera such as the Muscidae, Tachini-
dae, etc. these variations are exceedingly slight and venation is
considered a constant character. The venation of Exoprosopa
fasciata Macq. shows quite a different situation with remarkable
variation in the number and position of extra veins.

Sixty specimens of Exoprosopa fasciata Macq., collected in
the vicinity of State College, Pa., were examined. Only 22 of

1 Ent. News, vol. 56, p. 5, Jan. 1945.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 105

these * show what might be considered normal venation. More
than fourteen distinct variations are described.

Those who have studied the Bombyliidae realize that they
generally show numerous spurious veins. Exoprosopa fasciata
Macq. is probably more variable than other species. Some
variations might be expected, for the Bombyliidae are primitive
Diptera with a rather well developed system of wing veins.
This could be said of other families such as the Asilidae.

Some of the variations do not show in the table. The base of
R2 + 3 may be gently curved or distinctly angulate. The same
is true of the median cross vein and of R4. Often spurs are
present when the veins are angulate at these points. The spurs

1A CU2

Figure 1. Composite wing of Exoprosopa fasciata Macq. showing the
variation in the position of the base of R2 + 3 and the spurious veins.

from the angle of the median cross vein may extend basad or
cephalad. Generally the position of the base of R2 + 3 is the
same in both wings but in five specimens this is not so, the base
of R2 + 3 being distad or opposite the radio-median cross vein
in one wing and basad or opposite in the other. In one speci-
men it is distad in one wing and basad in the other.

There is some variation in the color of the wings. In a few
cases the wing veins are more broadly darkened. The clear
area at the forking of Ml + 2 from M3 is usually confined to
the distal end of cell M but often extends into the basal corner
of the distal cell.

* Although 33 specimens show the normal position of the base of
R2 + 3, 11 of these show other variations.

106

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Apr., '45

Most of the variations occur in both wings, that is the wings
with such variations are symmetrical. This is particularly true
of the position of the base of R2 + 3 and the branching of R4
at its tip. As indicated in the figure and in the table, R2 + 3
usually arises basad of the radio-median cross vein and this is
taken to be the normal type of venation. It is interesting to
note that most of the variations occur near the center of the
wings.

Summary of spurious veins in Exoprosopa fasciata Macq.

Character

Base of R2 + 3 basad of r — m

Base of R2 + 3 distad of r — m

Base of R2 + 3 opposite r — m

Vein R4 branched at tip

Cu2 and 1 A converging at margin of wing

Vein M2 incomplete

2 r — m cross veins

Extra vein between R2 + 3 and R5

Cell R4 divided by extra vein

Cell Ml divided by extra vein

Cell 2M2 divided by extra vein

Spur from angle of m into discal cell

Spur from angle of m into 2M2

Spur at base of R2 + 3

Spur from R4 into cell R4

Total Variations

Present

in both

wings

33
14

Present

in right

wings

1
1
3

1
3
6
1
1
1

28*

Present
in left
wings

1
1
1
1
1

7
3
1
1

* Not including 33 specimens with base of R2 + 3 basad of r — m
which is taken to be the normal condition.

Changes in Editorship

Various events are forcing changes in the editorial staff.
Authors are requested to note that Dr. R. G. Schmieder is
assuming managing editorship beginning now, and all manu-
scripts and communications pertaining thereto should be ad-
dressed to him at the address given on the inside of the front
cover.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 107

Notes and News in Entomology

Under this heading we present, from time to time, notes, news, and
comments. Contributions from readers are earnestly solicited and will
be acknowledged when used.

A peculiarity of many insects is that they regularly possess
certain bacterial symbionts which live inside the cells of their
body. Usually these intracellular bacteria are found in only
certain tissues and cells and have a rigid cycle of development
and definite mode of transmission through the egg. For in-
stance, in a cockroach (Blatella germanica) they are found in
all eggs in a definite position ; as the egg develops into an em-
bryo the symbionts migrate along definite paths to definite parts
of the eggs ; and finally at the end of a complicated route they
become localized in the adipose (fat) tissue and ovaries. In
some cases (certain beetles) they are not inherited through the
eggs but occur on the outside of the egg and infect the larva
when it hatches. Bacteria, symbiotic or otherwise, have been
reported from the tissues of many insects : e.g. cockroaches, var-
ious bugs, aphids, coccids, beetles, lice, mosquitoes and ants.
The specific identity of the bacteria, or bacteroids as they are
sometimes called, is uncertain. Attempts to culture them for
study have given controversial results and some authors do not
think anyone has been really successful with the truly intra-
cellular forms.1

Numerous speculations have been made concerning the pos-
sible role of these microorganisms. One of these suggestions
has been that the bacteroids play some role in nutrition, possibly
furnishing some growth factors. It is well-known that insects
commonly require vitamins of the B group and sterols related
to vitamin D.2 Recently it has been possible to prove that at
least some of these bacterial symbionts furnish B vitamin to their
insect hosts. Fraenkel and Blewett 3 first pointed out that those

1 Gier, Biol. Bull., 71 : 433-452, 1936.

2 See e.g. Fraenkel, Reid & Blewett, Biochem. Jour., 35 : 712-720, 1941 ;
Wigglesworth, Principles of Insect Physiology, 1937 ; Heilbrunn, An Out-
line of General Physiology, 1943.

3 Biochem. Jour., 37 : 692, 1943.

108 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '45

species of grain beetles that have such symbionts have lower B
vitamin requirements than those which do not. Then they suc-
ceeded in proving this correlation by eliminating the symbionts
and showing that the B vitamin requirements increased and in-
deed that the deflorated beetles needed types of B vitamins that
were completely superfluous to infested beetles.4

Tribolium confusum and Ptinus tectus lack intracellular sym-
bionts and require thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine
and pantothenic acid. Lasioderma serncorne, Sitodrepa pani-
cea and Silvanus surinamensis possess bacterial symbionts and
have lower B vitamin requirements. Normal Lasioderma re-
quires no B vitamins, normal Sitodrepa needs only thiamin, but
normal Silvanus requires riboflavin, nicotinic and pantothenic
acids. Deflorated specimens of these species require all five of
the B vitamins, i.e. have the same requirements as the species
that normally lack these symbionts. Since it was possible to
show that the B vitamins requirements are the same for all of
these species and that the seeming differences are due to the
symbionts, it follows that the symbionts of different insect spe-
cies furnish different fractions of the insect's needs. Some of
the bacterial symbionts furnish all of the insect's B vitamin re-
quirements ; others are less efficient in this respect and furnish
only some of those needed.

Obtaining deflorated beetles for verification of the hypothesis
was relatively easy since in these cases the bacteroids are on
the outside of the egg and contaminate the larva at the time of
hatching. The eggs were simply sterilized by immersion for
two minutes in 5% chloramine in 70% alcohol, and thereafter
handled with precautions to prevent recontamination. Deflora-
tion would be difficult (impossible?) in insects which have the
symbionts inside the egg.

Although the symbionts play this big role in furnishing B
vitamins, they seemingly contribute nothing usable for the in-
sects' sterol ("vitamin D") requirements.

A. G. RICHARDS, JR.

* Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 132B : 212-221, 1944.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 109

Current Entomological Literature

COMPILED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF

This list gives references of the current or preceding year unless otherwise noted.
Continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installment.

Papers published in ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS are not listed.

GENERAL— Carpenter, M. M.— Bibliography of biog-
raphies of entomologists. [119] 33 (1) : 1-116. IJavid, W.
A. L. — Insecticidal sprays and flying insects. [31] 155:
204-205, ill. Hemming, F. — Recent work by the Inter-
national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. [4]
76: 189. Henderson, William Williams. — Obituary note.
[120] 5: 23-24, port. bibl. Rohwer, S. A.— Post-war ento-
mological problems. [12]: 37: 830-35. Sanborn, Charles
Emerson, 1877-1944— Obituary. [12] 37: 857-58, photo.
Sanderson, Dwight, 1878-1944— Obituary. [12] 37: 858-
59, photo. Weiss, H. B. — Thomas Jefferson and economic
entomology. [12] 37: 836-41.

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, MEDICAL— Ahmad, M.

—Morphology and biology of Rhogas testaceus, a braconid
internal parasite of spotted bollworms of cotton. [123] 5:
189-205, ill., 1943. Coon, B. F.— Effects of paralytic in-
secticides on heart pulsations and blood circulation in the
American cockroach as determined with a fluorescein in-
dicator. [12] 37: 785-89. Crowson, R. A.— (See under
Coleoptera.) Deoras, P. J. — On the comparative mor-
phology and evolution of adult Trichoptera. [123] 5: 177-
88, ill., 1943. Flanders, S. E. — Bisexuality of uniparental
hymenoptera, a function of the environment. [90] 79: 122-
41. Ford, E. B. — (See under Lepidoptera.) Frings, H.—
Loci of the olfactory end-organs in the honey bee, Apis

110 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '45

mellifera. [42] 97: 123-34. Gustatory rejection thresholds
for the larvae of the cecropia moth, Samia cecropia. [92]
88: 37-43. Hovanitz, W. — Physiological behavior and
geography in control of the alfalfa butterfly. [12] 37:
740-45. Husain, Lahore & Mathur. — Influence of tempera-
ture on the growth in weight and size of the hopper (Schis-
tocerca gregaria). [123] 5: 107-16, 1943. Kvicala, B-
Selective power in virus transmission exhibited by an aphis.
[31] 155 : 174-75. Mathur, C. B. — Site of the absorption of
water by the egg of the desert locust. [123] 5 : 35-40, 1943.
Mukerji & Chaudhuri. — On the anatomy of the alimentary
system of the termite T. redemanni. [123] 5: 59-88, ill.,
1943. Park, Ginsberg & Horwitz — Gene affecting body-
color and fecundity of Tribolium confusum. [23] 18: 35-
51. Pradhan & Aren. — Anatomy and musculature of the
mouth-parts of Scirpophaga nivella (Pyralidae), with a dis-
cussion on the coiling and uncoiling mechanisms of the
proboscis in Lepidoptera. [123] 3: 179-95, ill., 1941. Rak-
shpal, R. — On the structure and development of the male
genital organs of Tetrastichus pyrillae (Chalcid). [123]
5 : 143-50, ill, 1943. Rosenstiel, Ferguson & Mote. — Some
ecological relationships of Cnephasia longana. [12] 37:
814-17. Russell, Knipe, Rao & Putnam. — Some experi-
ments on flight range of Anopheles culicifacies. [42] 97 :
135-64. Sen, S. K. — Method of cutting sections of ticks
and insects. [123] 3: 51-54, 1941. Shrader, F— Regular
occurrence of heteroploidy in a group of Pentatomidae.
[92] 88 : 63-70. Smith, K. M.— Transmission by insects of
a plant virus complex. [31] 155: 174. Zukel, J. W. —
Some effects of phenothiazine, phenothiozone and thionol
on Periplaneta americana. [12] 37: 796-808.

ARACHNIDA AND MYRIOPODA— Baker, E. W.—

Mites of the gen. Tenuipalpus (Trichadenid). [10] 47: 33-
38, ill. (*). Chamberlin, R. V.— Two millipeds from S.
California. [95] 57: 113-16, ill. Ewing, H. E.— Notes on
the taxonomy of the trombiculid mites. [95] 57: 101-104.
Hofr, C. C. — New pseudoscorpions of the subf. Lampro-
chernetinae. [40] 1271: 12 pp., ill. (S). Hesperochernes
canadensis, a new chernetid pseudoscorpion from Canada.
[40] 1273 : 4 pp., ill. Pseudoscorpion gen. Albiorix. [40]
1277: 12 pp., ill. (Sk). Thorp & Woodson.— Black widow,
America's most poisonous spider. [Univ. N. Carolina
Press] 222 pp., ill.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 111

THE SMALLER ORDERS— Eichler, W.— Mallopha-
gen-synopsis, III. Gen. Laemobothrion. [100] 137: 52-
63. Holland, G. P. — Notes on some northern Canadian
Siphonaptera, with the descr. of a n. sp. [4] 76: 242-46, ill.
Ricker, W. E. — Some Plecoptera from the far north. [4]
76: 174-85, ill. Walker, E. M.— Nymphs of Enallagma
calusum and E. boreale. [4] 76: 233-37, ill.

ORTHOPTERA— Ander, K.— Revision der Orthopte-
rensammlungen Zetterstedts. [Lunds Univ. Arssk.] N. F.,
Av. 2, Bd. 38 (7): 23 pp. (1942). Barnes, O. L.— Time
schedules of grasshopper surveys in Arizona. [12] 37:
789-95. Deoras, P. J. — Internal anatomy and descr. of
Hemimerus deceptus v. ovatus, with remarks on the sys-
tematic position of Hemimeridae. [123] 3: 321-33, ill..
1941. Henderson, W. W. — Four devastating melanopli
found in Utah. [120] 5: 1-22, ill. Tanner, V. S.— Euro-
pean earwig found in Provo, Utah. [120] 5: 22.

HEMIPTERA— Fennah, R. G.— New Neotropical Ful-
goroidea. [40] 1265 : 9 pp., ill. New Dictyopharidae from
the New World (Fulgorid). [95] 57: 77-94, ill. (k).
Plummer, C. C. — New Membracidae from Central Amer.
[10] 47: 39-44, ill. Rakshpal, R.— On the post-embryonic
development of the male genital organs in Aleurodidae.
[123] 3: 1-12, ill., 1941.

LEPIDOPTERA— Bowman, K. Additions and correc-
tions to the check-list of the macrolepidoptera of Alberta.
[4] 76: 191-92. Ford, E. B.— Studies on the chemistry of
pigments in the Lepidoptera, with reference to their bear-
ing on systematics. 4. The classification of the Papili-
onidae. [36] 94: 201-23. Freeman, T. N.— New psychid
from Quebec. [4] 76: 186-7, ill. Hovanitz, W.— (See
under physiology.) McDunnough, J. — New Arizona Hy-
driomena. [4] 76: 173-4. Two new races of Theclinae
from south. Brit. Columbia. [4] 76: 190-91. Notes on
Chambers' coleophorid types in the Museum of Comp. Zool.
Cambridge. Mass. [4] 76: 237-41. Rosenstiel, Ferguson
& Mote. — (See under physiology.) Travassos, L. — Ctenu-
chidae de Monte Alegre. Interessante anomalia em um
Cosmosoma teuthras. [77] 4: 29-36; 17: 187-96, ill. (S).

DIPTERA — Olson & Keegan — The mosquito collecting
program of the seventh service command. [12] 37: 780-
85. Fluke, C. L. — Melanostomini of the Neotropical Re-

112 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '45

gion (Syrphid). [40] 1272: 29 pp., ill. (*k). Pennak, R.
W. — Notes on mountain midges (Deuterophlebiidae) with
a descr. of the immature stages of a n.sp. from Colorado.
[40] 1276: 10 pp., ill. Stone, A. — Mosquito synonym.
[10] 47 : 38-39. Cooper & Rapp.— Check list of the Dixidae
of the World. [4] 76 : 247-52.

COLEOPTERA— Bernhauer, M.— Neue Staphyliniden
aus Kostarika. [100] 138: 1-27 (1942). Blake, D. H.—
Five new flea beetles from the West Indies. [91] 35: 89-
92, ill. Brundin, L. — Zur Kenntnis einiger in die Atheta-
untergat. Metaxya gestellten Arten (Staphylid). [Lunds
Univ. Arssk.] N. F. Av. 2, Bd. 39, (4) : 37 pp., ill. (1943).
Crowson, R. A. — Further studies on the metendosternites in
Coleoptera. [36] 94: 273-310, ill. Fiedler, C.— Sudameri-
kanischen Arten der gat. Gasterocerus (Curculion). [100]
140: 221-47 (*). Neue Arten der gen. Acalles u. Rhys-
somatus aus Sudamerika (Curculion). [100] 140: 203-19
(1942). Hatch & Fender — Notes on Zacotus matthewsii.
[4] 76: 188. Strohecker, H. F.— New sps. of Endomy-
chidae. [40] 1275: 3 pp., ill. (S).

HYMENOPTERA— Bohart, R. M.— New sp. and subsp.
of Rygchium from N. Amer. (Vespid). [10] 47: 45-49, ill.

LIST OF JOURNALS CITED

4. — Canadian Entomol. 10. — Proc. Entom. Soc. Wash-
ington. 12. — Journal Economic Ent. 31. — Nature, Lon-
don. 36. — Trans. R. Entom. Soc. London. 40. — Amer.
Museum Novitates. 42. — Jour. Experimental Zool. 77. —
Papeis Avul. Dept. Zool. Secret. Agr., S. Paulo. 90. —
American Nat. 91. — Jour. Washington Acad. Sci. 93. —
Biological Bulletin. Proc. Biolog. Soc. Wash. 100.—
Zoolog. Anzeiger (Reproduced by Alien Prop. Custodian).
119.— Amer. Midland Nat. 120.— Great Basin Nat., Provo.
Utah. 123. — Indian Jour. Entom.

Continue to Collect Insects
But Buy War Bonds Too

EXCHANGES

This column is intended only for wants and exchanges, not for

advertisements of goods for sale or services rendered. Notices

not exceeding three lines free to subscribers.

These notices are continued as long as our limited space will allow;
the new ones are added at the end of the column, and, only when
necessary those at the top (being longest in) are discontinued.

Coleoptera — Will exchange mounted and labeled specimens from
North America. All groups except Rhynchophora. G. P. Mac-
kenzie, 1284 Sherwood Road, San Marino, Calif.

Lepidoptera — Should like to hear from collectors interested in
species from central Alberta and Saskatchewan. Would collect other
Orders. Paul F. Bruggemann, R. R. 1, Furness, Sask., Canada.

Lampyridae of U. S. and Canada wanted from the South and West,
especially Photinus and Pyractomena for revisional study. Buy or
exchange. J. W. Green, R. D. 2, Easton, Pa.

Lepidoptera — Would like to exchange Californian butterflies, noc-
tuids, geometrids, etc. for eastern specimens. Glenn E. Pollard, 500
Clark Drive, San Mateo, Calif.

Lepidoptera — Am still collecting here and have only fine specimens
for exchange. H. W. Eustis, Woodbine Rd., Augusta, Ga.

Wanted — Viennese Entomological Printing Press, for printing 3,
3% and 4 type data labels. Kent H. Wilson, 430 Ridgewood Road,
Fort Worth 7, Texas.

Wanted — Mosquitoes for determination, or exchange for S. E.
specimens. Particularly desire larvae. H. R. Dodge, Box 1095,
Macon, Ga.

JUST PUBLISHED

A CATALOGUE AND RECLASSIFICATION OF THE
NEARCTIC ICHNEUMONIDAE

(HYMENOPTERA)

By HENRY K. TOWNES, JR.
(Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, Number 11)

The parasitic habits of this group of insects render them of great economic importance and
biological interest, but because of the handicaps of an extremely scattered literature and confused
taxonomy, a vast amount of preparation is required of the prospective worker, if his results are
to be of lasting value.

The author has made the Ichneumonidae his major study, and also made extensive collections of
this family in various parts of North America, and in the preparation of the present catalogue,
has examined nearly all the types of the American species in this country.

This catalogue is a coherent guide to the published information and thereby opens the field to
more and a better class of research. It gives a more natural systematic arrangement than has
previously been available, and complete bibliographical references for each species of the described
ichneumon-flies which occur in America, north of Mexico, complete through the year 1940. Also
included is a list of the known hosts and parasites of the species. An index to the genera and
species and their synonyms; and to the hosts and parasites concludes the work.

The price of this work, in two parts, totalling 925 pages, is $15.00 U. S. Cur-
rency, postpaid, on receipt of price. Remittance should accompany the order
to insure prompt attention.

Address, and remit to, the American Entomological Society, 1900 Race
Street, Philadelphia 3, Pa., U. S. A.

Important Mosquito Works

MOSQUITO ATLAS. Part I. The Nearctic Anopheles, important

malarial vectors of the Americas, and Aedes aegypti

and Culex quinquefasciata

MOSQUITO ATLAS. Part II. The more important malaria vec-
tors of the Old World: Europe, Asia, Africa
and South Pacific region

By Edward S. Ross and H. Radclyffe Roberts

Price, 60 cents each (U. S. Currency) with order, postpaid within
the United States; 65 cents, foreign.

KEYS TO THE ANOPHELINE MOSQUITOES
OF THE WORLD

With notes on their Identification, Distribution, Biology and Rela-
tion to Malaria. By Paul F. Russell, Lloyd E. Rozeboom

and Alan Stone

Mailed on receipt of price, $2.00 U. S. Currency. Foreign delivery
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For sale by the American Entomological Society, 1900 Race Street,
Philadelphia 3, Pa., U. S. A.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

MAY 1945

Vol. LVI

CIV. IfJS.
U.S. KATL.

No. 5

CONTENTS

Calvert — Notes on Ecology of Odonate Larvae

Rapp — Neopaniasis, New Name

Rau — Behavior of Certain Ants 118

Muma and Muma — Biology of Atypus bicolor 122

Alexander — Undescribed Crane-Flies, Part III 126

Rehn — Status of Stals Oedipoda venusta 132

Richards — Review of Simpson's Evolution 134

Current Entomological Literature 135

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LVI MAY, 1945 No. 5

Supplemental Notes on the Ecology of
Odonate Larvae

By PHILIP P. CALVERT, Cheyney, Pennsylvania

I. KELLICOTT'S ODONATE NYMPH FROM A THERMAL SPRING

In the compilation x of a summary of physical, chemical and
biological features of waters of the world in which Odonate lar-
vae have been found, the late D. S. Kellicott's article,2 bearing
the title quoted above, was studied. In it are described four
larvae "from a hot spring, forty-three miles west of Reno, Nev.,
in Lassen County, Cal." They were not identified farther than
the "Family Libellulidae."

Although this article has been quoted by a number of authors,3
it does not appear, from the literature, that the further identi-
fication of the larvae has been attempted. A final note to Kelli-
cott's article, states that "The type specimens are preserved in
the Museum of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, be-
ing entered in the Accession Catalogue as Nos. 9315 and 9316.
J. L." [Probably Dr. Joshua Lindahl, who sent the larvae to
Kellicott, as mentioned in the first line of the article, and who
was director of the Museum at Cincinnati 1895-1906, according
to Who Was Who in America 1 : 731, 1943.] In reply to an
inquiry as to the existence of these specimens, Mr. Ralph Dury,

1 Limnological Society of America, Research in progress by members,
List 1, May, 1944. Mimeographed, p. 1.

2 Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. 19 (2) : 63-65, 2 figs., March 24,
1897.

3 E.g., Abstract in Journ. R. Micr. Soc. Lond. 1897: 280. Issel, R.
Atti Soc. Ligustica Sci. Nat. geog. (Geneva) 17: 6-8, 1906. Tillyard,
R. J. Biology of Dragonflies, Cambridge, Engld. : 367, 1917. Brues,
C. T. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. 59 (15) : 411, Nov. 1924.

(113)

114 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '45

Director of the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History, wrote
to me, on September 5, 1944 : "I have been with the Museum for
26 years and have gone over all the collections in that time. I
have not found the specimens in question. Most of our alco-
holic specimens were dried up when I became director."

Erythemis simplicicollis (known also as Mesothemis simplici-
collis) has been reported as associated with, or in, warm to hot
water in the Western United States.4 The records naturally
suggested the idea that Kellicott's larvae might be simplicicollis
and a comparison of his description with known exuviae and
larvae of this species supports this identification. The dimen-
sions given by Kellicott are larger than those of my alcoholic
larvae, but not larger than those given by Needham 5 and by
Bick in his recent study of the life history of this dragonfly.6
Kellicott says that the "wing-covers reach the ninth abdominal
ring." Carman 7 notes that this is the case in alcoholics, but
that in older specimens the wing-cases reach to the middle of
the seventh segment, which is the case in larvae from North
Carolina and Pennsylvania which I examined ; Bick 8 reports
them as extending to the sixth abdominal segment in the last
larval instar. The feature in Kellicott's description which is
most characteristic for simplicicollis is : "the lower laterals [ab-
dominal appendages] are broad, with stout decurved apex" ; his
only negative datum is : "upper margin of prothorax quite deeply
bilobed," which I do not find in simplicicollis.

4 Kennedy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 52 (2192) : 600-601, 623, 1917, near
Calistoga, Napa County, California, and Golconda, Nevada. Brues, C. T.
Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. 63 (4) : 170, 1928, nymphs at Hot Springs,
New Mexico, Convict Lake, California and Denio, Oregon. Op. cit. 67
(7) : 234, 1932, Yellowstone Park, five localities in Nevada and Hansen,
California. The range of water temperatures for this species as meas-
ured by Brues is 30.8°-43.0° C. Notice also his interesting remark:
"Nymphs of the widespread Mesothemis simplicicollis invade water of
43°, which seems to be the highest record not open to suspicion for any
dragonfly." IV Internat. Congr. Ent. 2: 239, 1929.

s Bull. N. Y. St. Mus. 47 : 527, 1901.

e Annals Ent. Soc. Amer. 34 (1) : 220, 1941.

? Bull. Conn. St. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv. 39 : 265, 1927.

s Annals Ent. Soc. Amer. 34 (1) : 227, 1941.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 115

Kellicott's description, as far as it goes, runs to Erythemis in
the recent keys to larvae by Byers,9 Needham & Fisher,10 and
Wright & Petersen.11

It is possible that Kellicott's larvae may have been collocata
Hagen, placed as a subspecies of simplicicolUs Say by Calvert,12
Ris,13 and Whitehouse,14 but which Williamson,15 Kennedy,16
and Walker 17 regarded as a distinct species, all these opinions
being based on imaginal characters only. I am not aware that
any attempt to distinguish simplicicolUs from collocata larvae
has appeared in print.

II. PROFESSOR PEARSE'S ODONATA FROM BEAUFORT,
NORTH CAROLINA

In 1936 Prof. A. S. Pearse published a paper on the Estu-
arine Animals at Beaufort, North Carolina.18 For the identi-
fication of the Odonata included therein I am responsible. On
comparing the list of species which I furnished to Prof. Pearse
with his printed text, I find that the latter has indicated
"nymph" for only one species, Anax junius (p. 200). After
deducting two duplications (Agrion niaculatum Beauvois for
Calopteryx maculata Beauvois and Pachydiplax longipennis,
entered twice) and Anthax [sic] sinuosa Wied. [Anthrax sinu-
osa Wied.?, a Bombyliid fly], not an Odonate, and adding one
species, Tramea Carolina or T. lacerata, omitted from his paper,
there remain 20 other Odonata. According to my memoranda,
only the following 7 species, in the sequence of his list, were
represented by larvae examined by me:

9 Ent. News 47 : 60-64, 1936.

10 Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 62: 113-114, 1935.
" Ohio Jour. Sci. 44 (4) : 151-166, 1944.
"Biol. Centr.-Amer. Neur. : 332, 1907; 409, 1908.

13 Coll. Zool. Selys-Longch. 13: 600, 1911.

14 Amer. Midi. Nat. 26 (3) : 544, 1941.

15 Misc. Publ. Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool. 11 : 10, 1923.
"Ibid.: 21.

" Bull. Provinc. Mus. Nat. Hist. Victoria, Brit. Col. : 13, 1927.
18 Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 52 (2) : 174-222.

116 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '45

*Ischnura posita (Hagen), Open Ground Ditch, June 20,
July 2.

*/. ramburii (Selys), Mullet Pond, April 30, July 11.

*/. verticalis (Say), Open Ground Ditch, June 20.

*Erythemis simplicicollis (Say), Mullet Pond, April 30,
June 18.

*Pachydiplax longipennis (Burm), Mullet Pond, April 30;
Open Ground Ditch, June 20.

Tramea (Trapesostigma) Carolina or T. lacerata, Core Creek,
July 20.

Coryphaeschna ingens (Ramb.), Carteret Lodge Pond, June
20. Locality omitted in the printed list.

With Anax junius, mentioned above, this gives 8 species.

Species starred here were represented also by images, seen
by me. Twelve of Prof. Pearse's species were represented by
images only and these are in my memoranda. The first of his
list, "Enallagma sp., juv.," is not in my memoranda.

Summing up the Beaufort list in another way: images taken
17 spp., larvae taken (including Enallagma) 9? spp., both
images and larvae 5 spp.

I have thought it worth while to separate these records of
larval and imaginal occurrence, while the data are accessible,
because one is not justified in assuming that the presence of
imago dragonflies at a given body of water indicates that their
corresponding larvae live in the same body of water. The
larvae, to be sure, may exist there, but they are more difficult
to find and until they are found the assumption is not proof.
This has been emphasized in different ways by the writer,19
Geijske,20 Geissbiihler,21 and doubtless others.

Consider, in this connection, the case of Walnut Lake, Michi-
gan, as reported by Hankinson 22 and by Needham.23 Hankin-

i9 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1908 : 460.
2°Tijdschrift v. Ent. 78 (3/4) : 266, 1935.

21 Mitt. Thurgau. Naturf. Ges. 31 : 34-35, 1938. I shall be glad to re-
ceive additional references on this topic. P. P. C.

22 Kept. State Board Geol. Surv. Mich. 1907 : 233-234, 1908.

23 Ibid., 263-265.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 117

son writes : "While adults of many species of these graceful and
showy insects [Odonata] were numerous about the margins of
the lake, larvae were never found abundant. The few speci-
mens of the latter collected came chiefly from the muddy bot-
toms in shallow water, as at stations 7 and 41. The larvae,
however, were often found in the stomachs of rock bass and
blue-spotted sunfish, less frequently in those of the common
sunfish."

Needham, listing the Odonata of this same survey, enumer-
ates 34 species of imagos and perhaps 17 species of larvae or
exuviae. The proportions of imago-species to larva-species
here is very nearly the same as in the Beaufort list, 2:1.

Neopaniasis, New Name for Paniasis Druce 1890

(Lepidoptera)

By WILLIAM F. RAPP, JR.

Recently the author found that Paniasis Druce (Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 1890, p. 500) is a homonym of Paniasis Champion
(Biol. Centr. Amer., Zool., Col., vol. 4 (pt. 1), p. 208, 1886).
Therefore, the new name Neopaniasis is proposed to replace
Paniasis Druce, 1890. When Druce erected this genus on a
new species aleoptera, he placed it in the family Melameridae,
which is now included in the family Dioptidae. However, in
a personal communication from Mr. Hahn W. Capps of the
Division of Insect Identification, U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture, the author learned that the species aleoptera is not a di-
optid, but a Geometrid.

Type: Eupaniasis aleoptera (Druce).

Type Locality: Interior of Colombia.

At present there are two species included in this genus. The
type and E. tritoniaria (Schause) which was originally placed
in the genus Melanchroia by Dr. Schause.

I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. Hahn W.
Capps for the great amount of help he has given me.

118 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '45

Notes on the Behavior of Certain Ants *

By PHIL RAU, Kirkwood, Mo.

Camponotus herculeanus subsp. pennsylvanicus DeGeer. I was
amazed to see several ants of this species carry away piece-
meal, several newly dead black widow spiders, Latrodectus mac-
tans, which I had thrown out of the window. These spiders are
regarded as poisonous, and one wonders what effect they might
have on the young ants when used as food. An undetermined
red ant was likewise carrying away bits of this plunder.

This ant also likes to attack living cockroaches, and once a
cockroach trap in the laboratory with several Blatta oricntalis
unintentionally served as bait for the ants and caught about fifty
of them. This seemed to be a natural experiment in the power
of communication in ants, or the lack of it, for obviously, when
an ant became prisoner, it could not communicate the where-
abouts of food stores to its companions at home. Therefore,
one can safely conclude that the fifty odd ants so caught found
and entered the trap by means other than that of communica-
tion, perhaps that of odor.

Some years ago I recorded (Trans. Acad. Sci., St. Louis, 28:
207-215, 1934) the war-like behavior of these ants to members
of their own species, but probably from rival colonies. The
war took place on the floor of my laboratory, July 10, 1926.
This "civil-war" behavior probably occurs frequently among
members of this species, for the identical behavior was again
observed on the cement walk under the window of the same
laboratory on August 21, 1943.

Camponotus castaneus Latr. About a dozen winged ants of
this species were taken at the lights at Kirkwood, October 26,
1940.

Formica fusca var. subscrica Say. Among the various items of
food of this omnivorous ant are ants of other species. On May
23, 1935, I found an ant of this species making off with a living

* All of the ants mentioned in this paper were kindly identified by Mr.
M. R. Smith.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 119

ant of the species Lasius umbratus mixtus var. aphidicola
Walsh, which in turn had in its own mouth a living Lasius niger
var. americana Emery ant. Other insects are also carried into
the nest. I once saw several ants in concerted action drag into
the nest a dead housefly. They also like to store seed-pods of
the American Elm. Every year in early May there is a verita-
ble shower of seed-pods in our yard, and thousands of ants may
then be seen conspicuously transporting them to the nests.

Lasius (Acanthomyops) claviger Roger. Several winged ants
of this species taken at the lights at Kirkwood, Mo., July 21,
1934.

Prenolepsis imparis var. testacea Emery. A hundred or more
of these ants were shaken out of a fungus plant, Russula sp. at
Ranken, Missouri, on September 24, 1934. The ants entered
the cap by two small openings in the hollow stem, which they
themselves evidently had made.

Prcnolepsis imparis Say. A winged queen of this species was
seen at Kirkwood, April 30, 1940, and also a dozen winged indi-
viduals were picked off the automobile windows at Ranken,
Missouri, April 6, 1941.

* Tetramorium cespitmn L. Hundreds and hundreds of piles
which looked very much like very fine coffee grounds were ob-
served in a fifty acre plot in the central part of St. Louis.
Close inspection proved them to be piles of dead ants, which
later were identified by Mr. M. R. Smith as T. cespitum. The
ants had evidently died in the nests during the winter and were
later carried out by the workers. Portions of this field are
used as a neighborhood dumping ground, and many piles of
the dead ants were found on top of pieces of rusty tin or other
refuse, but most of them were found on small patches of barren
ground, with, however, a sprinkling in the short grass. There
were from 500 to 1200 dead ants in each pile, and the number
of piles was enormous — far beyond my ability to even estimate
them. I never before saw so many ants in any one place. I
am at a loss to offer an explanation for this enormous mortality.
The date when the observations were made is June 20, 1939.

120 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '45

Leptothorax curvispinosus Mayr. A nest of this ant contain-
ing only larvae was found in a hollow stem of the trumpet-vine
at Kirkwood, Missouri, May 12, 1935.

Pogonomyrmex occidentalis Cress. The most conspicuous ob-
jects of the landscape in the semi-arid regions of Kansas are the
large gravel covered mounds of the harvester ant, P. occiden-
talis. In motoring through the state, the temptation is great
to stop sufficiently long to study the habits of this ant. How-
ever, only a few desultory notes were made at a few points —
near Kanopolis, Dodge City and Salina.

The mounds are large, they appear to be abundant, and are
usually made up of small bits of gravel; a large space around
each nest is always clean and is kept clear of vegetation. It
was at first thought that the gravel was brought from below in
the course of mining operations, but close observation proved
that the ants picked up the bits from the surface elsewhere and
deposited them on the mound. The gravel seemed to be of a
very uniform size, and this was probably due to the fact that an
ant brought in only such bits as she could conveniently carry.
They not only brought in gravel, but in one mound they were
seen bringing in shiny bits of broken glass, and in a nest in the
yard of a schoolhouse, they were bringing in bits of black coal
which they picked up in the shed twenty feet away.

In one mound, when I scratched away the surface on July 5,
1942, I found many winged ants. In a nest later, I found sev-
eral ants carrying out the shedding skins of an unknown larval
insect.

While P. occidentalis are regarded as harvesters, I found sev-
eral of them bringing in insects, two of which were identified
as the adult beetle, Calendra parvulus Gyle (det. L. L. Buchan-
nan), and the adult wasp, Lyroda subita Say (det. H. K.
Townes).

Pogonomyrmex barbatus var. molefaciens Buckley. Ants of
this species are found in the same regions of Kansas as P. occi-
dentalis, but the nests are not quite so abundant, at least not

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 121

along the highway. Their mounds are also composed of tiny
bits of gravel. Neither are the mounds so conical, being much
flatter than those of P. accident alis. These ants and their
mounds were also seen along the highway on a trip to Mexico
in July 1940. At Waco, Texas, some were seen carrying out
soil from a nest, while others were carrying in small seeds of
grass.

At McAlaster, Oklahoma, winged adults would often come to
the openings of the nests but never flew into the air ; a few days
later, however (July 11, 1940), at Iguala, Gro., Mexico, winged
individuals were often seen in flight. The ground around these
nests is almost always clean and barren, but at Teothuacan,
Mexico, there were very distinct runways in the grass around
the nests.

This ant is a desert loving creature, and the mounds were
abundant in the desert country of Mexico along the highway
from Renosa to Monterey.

Crematogaster laeviuscula var. clara Mayr. An old mud-daub-
er's nest harbored a colony of this ant at Corliss, Kansas. The
nest was on a shelf in a small, very dark out-building, and when
taken on July 4, 1942, had about 250 adults and larvae plus only
a few pupae. There were no eggs. According to Wheeler
(Ants, p. 209, 1910), these ants often occupy old woody galls
on oaks.

This species also abounds on my premises at Kirkwood and
one summer caused me much annoyance by destroying the
larvae of Polistes wasps in unguarded orphan nests, upon which
I was carrying out experiments.

Solenopsis molesta Say. Three newly dead mining bees, An-
thophora abrupta, at the foot of a clay bank at Kirkwood, were
entirely covered with hundreds of this tiny thief ant on June
12, 1935.

Monomorium minimum Buckley. Many of these ants came to
the saucers of honey I had placed in the grass for bees in the
latter part of June.

122 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '45

Biological Notes on Atypus Bicolor Lucas
(Arachnida) *

By MARTIN H. and KATHARINE E. MUMA

Tarantulas of the genus Atypus Latreille are known com-
monly as purseweb spiders. Several workers including F.
Knock,1 H. C. McCook 2 and M. Ehlers 3 have studied the
habits of different members of the genus. However, a search
of literature showed that there was no published information
on the biology of Atypus bicolor Lucas, a species living on the
eastern sea coast of the United States. The following notes on
this species have been collected during the past several years
through observation and experimentation on three colonies lo-
cated at College Park and Berwyn, Maryland. Thirty-three
webs were located and utilized during the study.

The Web. This tarantula builds a leathery, tubular web placed
nearly upright or perpendicular against a tree, stone or bank.
Occasionally the web is suspended from a clump of tall grass
or weeds. About sixty percent of the length of the tube is situ-
ated below the surface of the ground. Webs of adult females
measure one to one and one-quarter inches in diameter and vary
from fifteen to twenty inches in length. All of the webs located
in this study were in low, more or less sandy, situations. Sev-
enty percent of the webs studied had a southern exposure. No
other striking preference for placement of the web was noted.

In building the web the spider first builds a short, horizontal,
irregular tube on the surface of the ground. Working from the
inside of this web she then builds a small section of the upright
aerial portion of the typical tube. Next she begins excavating
and building the subterranean part of the web. Soil excavated
is formed into pellets a quarter of an inch in diameter which
are carried by the spider in her front legs up into the aerial part
of the web and pushed out through a slit that is almost always
present near the top. The spider by-passes obstacles such as
roots or stones encountered during excavation by extending the

* Contribution No. 1968 of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion. Miscellaneous Periodical No. 33. (Department of Entomology.)

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 123

web laterally for a short distance before continuing downward.
Working alternately on the upper and lower portions the spider
continues building until the web is complete. Under natural
conditions particles of soil and bits of debris are incorporated
with the web causing its color to blend with that of the tree or
bank by which it is supported. In white sand under laboratory
conditions particles of sand were used. Single strands of silk
attach the web to the support. Webs are constantly under re-
pair during the summer months. With the exception of the
natural opening near the top of the web all holes or slits are
patched with a fresh layer of silk. Patches often do not contain
the foreign matter incorporated in the original web. When the
aerial part of the web is torn down by wind, rain or other forces
the spider rebuilds by cutting through one side of the old web
at ground level and spinning a new upright. Webs in the field
often exhibit two or three tabs of old web. In the laboratory,
webs that did not reach to the bottom of holes provided in plas-
ter molds were extended to do so.

The Egg and Young. Eggs were found in only one instance.
They were in a spherical, loosely spun egg case suspended on
the inside, near the bottom, of a web taken on June 30, 1942.
The eggs remained in good condition until August 1 when they
began to decompose. As young have been found in the webs
in the late fall it is probable that eggs laid in the summer do not
hatch until early fall. The eggs were spherical, about one-
eighth of an inch in diameter, and pale yellow in color. The
case contained approximately two hundred eggs.

Five tubes collected in the early winter contained newly
hatched spiderlings. In each case the spiderlings were clus-
tered around the mother on the inside walls at the base of the
tube. Counts were made on two of the groups of spiderlings ;
one totalled 163, the other 278. Under laboratory conditions
the young emerge from the webs at or near the top, climb up-
ward "following the leader" and develop heavy bands and
threads of silk with their drag lines. Dispersal is accomplished
by the young spiders ballooning on strands of silk. Emergence

124 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '45

of spiderlings from each of two confined webs took place on two
separate occasions; part of them leaving in January, the re-
mainder in February. Under natural conditions the silken
trails have been observed late in March and early in April.
All attempts at rearing the newly hatched spiderlings were un-
successful. On one occasion tubes a half inch in length were
built by three spiderlings before they died. Although diligent
search has been made none of these tiny webs has been located
in the field. The smallest web seen under natural conditions
was a quarter of an inch in diameter, and the aerial part meas-
ured two inches in length.

The Adult Female. In the field the female apparently spends
her entire life within the web. At no time during the study,
day or night, was a female observed outside of the web. The
longevity of these spiders was not determined in this study.
However, since webs of adult females have been kept under ob-
servation for three years, it seems likely that the life cycle is of
considerable length. Laboratory observations were made on
seven mature females. Two of the confined females were re-
moved from their webs for study. The remaining five were
left in the tubes and used for observation and test purposes.
Mature females are reluctant to leave the web, clinging to it
even while feigning death. After removal the spider continues
to "pkav 'possum" if not disturbed and often remains quiescent
for several minutes. If irritated by tapping with a teasing
needle or similar object the spider will attempt to avoid trouble
by moving away. The walking gait is clumsy, due apparently
to the short legs, heavy body and unaccustomed horizontal posi-
tion. Repeated tapping or prodding is necessary to induce the
spider to bite. The bite, or more correctly strike, is accom-
plished with lightning speed. On the first strike the fangs are
clamped tightly around the teasing instrument for several sec-
onds. Succeeding strikes by the same individual are not as
swift and release of the instrument is immediate. As this taran-
tula is sedentary, remaining within its web at all times, and as it
is reluctant to bite outside of the web no attempt was made to
determine the toxicity of its venom.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 125

Inside the web the female remains at or just below the surface
of the ground while waiting for prey. At the first sign of an
approaching meal she stalks cautiously into the aerial part of the
tube. In this advance she faces outward away from the sup-
port and in a position to strike. Signal of the presence of pros-
pective food seems in some cases to be telegraphed by the sup-
port lines or guys that extend an inch or more from the tube
on each side. When the prey climbs over the surface of the
tube the spider makes a final rush, striking through the web.
She then pulls the prey into the web, repairs the damage and
retires below the surface of the ground to eat. After feeding
she takes the remains of her prey to the top of the web and
fastens it there. An analysis of these remains shows the spider
to be a general feeder on ground inhabiting fauna. In collec-
tions from five different webs in the late summer, parts of
ground beetles (Coleoptera), crickets and cockroaches (Orthop-
tera), true bugs (Hemiptera) and millepedes (Diplopoda) were
found. Fecal matter is ejected through the opening at the top
of the web with force enough to carry it three to four inches.
The spider is well adapted to its precarious existence since it
can survive starvation periods of one to two months.

The cocoon of a large hymenopterous parasite was taken from
one web. An attempt to rear the insect failed due, it is believed,
to the inability to maintain proper humidity.

Three females retained in their webs moulted after producing
eggs and young.

The Male. Traps were set and many hours of search were
made but no males were found. As males of this species have
been found wandering in the open by other workers it appears
that young males, upon moulting to maturity, leave their webs
in search of females with whom to mate.

LITERATURE CITED

1. KNOCK, F. 1885. The Life History of Atypus piccus (Sulz.).

Trans. Ent. Soc. London. 389-420.

2. McCooK, H. C. 1888. Nesting Habits of the American Purseweb

Spider. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 203-220.

126 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '45

3. EHLERS, M. 1937. Neues iiber Vorkommen und Lebensweise der
markischen "Vogelspinne," Atypus affinis Eichw., und iiber die
Unterscheidung der deutschen Atypus — Arten. "Markische Tier-
welt." Bd. 2, Heft. 4. Berlin pp. 257-276.

Undescribed Species of Crane-Flies from the

Western United States and Canada

(Dipt.: Tipulidae). Part III

By CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, Massachusetts State College,
Arnherst, Massachusetts

The preceding part under the above title was published in
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, 54: 253-258; 1943. At this time I
wish to define three further species of the genus Tipula Lin-
naeus from Idaho, Washington and California, based on mate-
rials taken by Dr. A. L. Melander and by Mr. Anthony Downs.
Except where indicated to the contrary in the text, the types of
the novelties are preserved in my collection of Tipulidae. I am
very deeply indebted to both collectors for their kindness in per-
mitting me to examine large series of these flies in their pos-
session.

Tipula (Bellardina) sacajawea n. sp.

Belongs to the subcinerea group ; male hypopygium with the
arm of the basistyle uniformly yellow, including the denticles ;
outer dististyle narrow, the apical yellow setae relatively long;
inner dististyle only moderately dilated, at its apex with a group
of at least twenty large blackened spines.

cf . Length about 16-17 mm. ; wing 19-20 mm. ; antenna
about 3.4-3.5 mm.

Frontal prolongation of head dark brown, gray pruinose
above; nasus elongate; palpi dark brown, the third segment a
trifle paler. Antennae with scape and pedicel brownish yel-
low, flagellum dark brown ; verticils long and conspicuous.
Head light gray, patterned with dark brown, including a cen-

^vi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 127

tral vitta on vertex and more or less distinct lateral lines border-
ing the gray posterior orbits, the whole darkening more or less
interconnected to form a trident.

Pronotum gray, with three brown spots. Mesonotal praescu-
tum conspicuously patterned with light brown, black and gray,
the disk chiefly occupied by light brown and gray stripes with
broad brownish black centers ; ground color of interspaces
brownish black, more pruinose near suture; intermediate black
stripes narrow, their pale lateral borders broader, the narrow
median vitta gray pruinose; lateral stripes brownish gray with
black centers; humeral and lateral portions of praescutum light
gray pruinose ; posterior sclerites of notum gray, patterned with
dark brown, including areas on scutal lobes, a capillary dark
line on scutellum, and three darkenings on mediotergite. Pleura
and pleurotergite gray, with a very conspicuous dark brown
dorsal stripe extending from the cervical region across the
propleura and bases of fore coxae, the broad anepisternum to
the wing-root, slightly involving the dorsal pteropleurite ; a
smaller dark spot on dorsal sternopleurite ; metapleura chiefly
pale yellow. Halteres black, the base of stem restrictedly yel-
low, with a small black spot on membrane at its base. Legs
with coxae light gray, the bases of the fore and hind pairs nar-
rowly infuscated; trochanters brown, light gray pruinose;
femora and tibiae fulvous, the tips narrowly blackened, espe-
cially on the latter; basitarsi passing into black; claws (male)
with a small obtuse tooth. Wings relatively narrow, heavily
patterned with light and darker brown on a cream-colored
ground ; the dark pattern exceeds in area the pale markings ex-
cept on proximal third of wing ; the darkest pattern includes the
stigma with a confluent seam over the cord and smaller spots be-
yond arculus and over origin of Rs; dark marginal spots at ends
of outer veins, alternating with cream-colored marginal spots in
the centers of the cells ; the paler brown pattern involves most
of the remaining cells, alternating with ground areas of about
the same size; veins brown, paler in the more yellowed costal
field. Venation: Rs a little more than twice tn-cu; R1 + 2 entire;
cell 1st M2 relatively small, narrowed at outer end; m-cu on Mt
shortly beyond base.

128 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '45

Abdomen with basal tergite dark brown, bordered by light
gray; succeeding tergites broadly orange medially, with con-
spicuous brown sublateral stripes, the lateral borders broadly
gray, widest on the more proximal sclerites, the posterior mar-
gins more narrowly pale ; sternites obscure fulvous, more or less
pruinose, especially on the basal segment, the outer segments
with broad paler margins; hypopygium chiefly brownish black,
the lobe of the basistyle and the outer dististyle paler. Male
hypopygium with the caudal margin of the ninth tergite sub-
transverse, the rounded median lobe small and dark; sublateral
points small, conical. Basistyle produced caudad into a long
arm, as in the group, this provided with a few teeth or points on
the mesal face. Outer dististyle a little shorter than the arm of
the basistyle, relatively narrow, the greatest width not exceed-
ing one-fourth the length, at its tip with a few long yellow setae.
Inner dististyle only moderately dilated as compared with allied
forms ; apex with a group of at least twenty conspicuous black-
ened spinous points.

Holotype: <$; Moscow Mountain, Idaho, June 26, 1920
(Melander) ; in Melander Collection. Paratopotypes: 4 $<$,
June 24, 1919; June 26, 1920 (Melander). Dr. Melander has
supplied me with detailed notes on the type locality, of which
the following is a digest. "Moscow Mountain, altitude about
4500 feet, is indicated on the maps as 'Cedar Mountain of the
Thatuna Hills.' The north side is cool, with large cedar trees
on the slope, toward the top the vegetation becoming dense, in-
cluding mountain ash and alder, with patches of Veratrum. A
favorite collecting ground of the entomologists from Pullman,
Washington, and Moscow, Idaho, including Aldrich and Mel-
ander."

Named for Sacajawea, "The Bird Woman," Shoshone Indian,
wife of the French trader Charbonneau, who, in 1805-1806,
guided Lewis and Clark across the Rockies and beyond to the
Pacific Ocean. Her papoose, Baptiste Charbonneau, was born
on the expedition, February 11, 1805. Sacajawea died on April
9, 1884, at the age of nearly 100 years and is buried in the Sho-
shone Reservation cemetery near Fort Washakie, in the eastern
foothills of the Wind River Range, Wyoming.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 129

The species is well distinguished from the other members of
the group, T. (B.) subcinerea Doane and T. (B.) rastristyla
n. sp., by the hypopygial structure, as above described. In sub-
cinerea, the median tergal lobe is yellow and conspicuous, the
arm of the basistyle provided with blackened teeth and long yel-
low setae, and the inner dististyle is unusually flattened and ex-
panded, the apical spinous points so reduced in size as to be
visible only under relatively high magnification.

Tipula (Bellardina) rastristyla n. sp.

<^. Length about 18 mm.; wing 20 mm.; antenna about 3.1
mm.

Characters generally as in sacajawea n. sp., as described.

Frontal prolongation of head dark brown on either side, the
middorsal line gray. Antennae relatively short. Posterior ver-
tex with the median dark brown line but without lateral infusca-
tions. Thoracic pattern virtually identical in both species.
Wings a trifle wider, with cell 1st M2 larger, subequal in length
to cell M^

Abdominal tergites with a very conspicuous yellow or orange-
yellow median stripe, the sublateral portions dark brown or
brownish black, the yellow becoming obsolete on tergite six;
tergites seven to nine black, the eighth concealed beneath the
seventh; lateral tergal borders broadly, the posterior margins
very narrowly, grayish white ; sternites chiefly obscure orange,
gray pruinose, the outer segments more heavily pruinose and
with yellow posterior borders, this coloration extending through
segment eight ; sternite nine uniformly blackened except for the
lobe of the basistyle and the dististyles which are obscure yellow.
Male hypopygium generally as in sacajawea but with all details
quite distinct. Ninth tergite with the median region between
the sublateral lobes more evidently emarginate ; median tubercle
conspicuous, low and broad, with abundant setae. Basistyle
with the most proximal point a long fingerlike tubercle. Outer
dististyle narrow, its width across midlength approximately one-
fifth the total length; setae at apex unusually short and incon-

130 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '45

spicuous for a member of the subcinerea group, continued down
the inner edge of style. Inner dististyle narrowed just beyond
base, widely expanded outwardly, the spines large, black and
very conspicuous, forming a compact group on the margin at the
most expanded portion of the blade, about three of these spines
larger and more powerful.

Holotype: <$; Snoqualmie Pass, between King and Kittitas
Counties, Washington, June 29, 1924 (Melander) ; Alexander
Collection, through courtesy of Doctor Melander.

Tipula (Lunatipula) cladacantha n. sp.

Allied to bifalcata; general coloration of thorax yellow, the
praescutal stripes scarcely defined ; nasus lacking ; antennae
black, the scape, pedicel and most of the first flagellar segment
yellow; male hypopygium with the beak of the inner dististyle
obtuse ; posterior spinous appendage stout, terminating in a long
spine, with a second smaller spine a short distance back from
the tip.

($. Length about 17-18 mm. ; wing 19-20 mm. ; antenna
about 5-5.2 mm.

Frontal prolongation of head light yellow, without nasus, the
dorsal surface weakly pruinose ; palpi with basal three segments
yellow, terminal segment blackened. Antennae with scape,
pedicel and proximal two-thirds of first flagellar segment yellow,
the remainder of flagellum black; segments moderately incised,
a little exceeding their longest verticils. Head above yellow,
sparsely pruinose, with a capillary dark median vitta.

Thorax chiefly yellow, the praescutal stripes ill-defined, some-
what clearer yellow than the ground. Pleura yellow, very
sparsely pruinose ; dorsopleural membrane clearer yellow. Hal-
teres with stem obscure yellow, clearer yellow at base, knob
brownish black. Legs with coxae light yellow; remainder of
legs yellow, the tips of the femora, tibiae and basitarsi narrowly
infuscated; outer tarsal segments more darkened; claws (male)
toothed. Wings with a strong yellowish brown tinge, clearer
yellow on basal half, particularly in the prearcular and costal

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 131

fields ; stigma very small and inconspicuous, pale brown ; ob-
literative area before cord moderately conspicuous, especially
across cell 1st M2, barely entering cell M3; veins brown, more
brownish yellow in the brightened fields. Venation : Rs some-
what less than twice m-cu; petiole of cell M: subequal to or a
little exceeding m.

Abdomen yellow, clearest on the basal segments, becoming
more obscure outwardly, on the outer segments with indications
of a very slightly darker sublateral stripe ; lateral borders and
the very narrow posterior margins paler; hypopygium castane-
ous. Male hypopygium with the ninth tergite transverse, the
dorsal surface with a deep median furrow ; caudal margin with
a narrow median notch, on either side of which is an obliquely
truncated lobe, the latter more or less sclerotized but not black-
ened, the margin of the truncated edge microscopically crenu-
lated. Ninth sternite with the appendage large, the convex
upper portion with a dense fringe of long yellow setae, the lower
end produced into a smaller lobule that bears a pencil of very
long reddish setae. Basistyle entire, not produced. Outer
dististyle expanded on more than the outer half, the latter more
or less bent backward, as in bijalcata. Inner dististyle complex,
the main body with the rostrum obtuse, the dorsal crest tri-
angularly produced backward, the face of the crest above the
beak with very conspicuous, parallel ribs ; lower beak blackened,
its tip narrowly obtuse to subacute ; outer basal lobe a flattened
foot-shaped lobe; at base of last with a still further arm, as in
bijalcata and allied forms, this appearing as a flattened blade or
rod, its tip extended into a long reddish spine, on outer margin
before apex with a smaller similar spine ; the entire arm but
especially the outer margin and apex with very long yellow
setae. Phallosome including two sets of paired blades, one pair
short, terminating in small curved hooks, the second pair long
and slender. Eighth sternite sheathing, the apical lobes sepa-
rated from the body of sclerite by pale membrane ; the lobes in-
clude elongate lateral structures, their inner margins fringed
with long setae from strong tubercles, two near the apex very
large and powerful, fasciculate, bent strongly mesad just beyond

132 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '45

their base, decussate at median line; a low depressed median
cushion is similarly fringed with long yellow setae.

Holotype: J*; Wawona, Mariposa County, California, altitude
5000 feet, June 6, 1939 (A. Downes). Paratopotypes, 4 <&?.

Although evidently allied to both Tipiila (Lunatipula)
biarmata Doane and T. (L.) bifalcata Doane by the structure
of the male hypopygium, the present fly is well distinguished by
the lack of the nasus and in various details of structure of the
male hypopygium, particularly of the inner dististyle, as the
obtuse beak and the very stout, branched posterior arm. The
affinities of this particular group of flies remain somewhat ob-
scure. The presence of a third lobe or spine on the inner
dististyle, additional to the apparent outer basal lobe, sets these
flies off as somewhat distinct. It should be noted that within
this subgroup some species have the nasus whereas in the pres-
ent fly it is quite lacking.

The Status of Stal's Oedipoda venusta, 1861
(Orthoptera, Acrididae, Oedipodinae)

By JAMES A. G. REHN, The Academy of Natural Sciences

of Philadelphia

In 1861 the Swedish orthopterist Carl Stal described an
oedipodid locust from San Francisco, California as Oedipoda
venusta.'1 This species is a well-known form of the Pacific
area, which has variously been referred to the genera Sphara-
gemon and Dissosteira, but under present concepts properly
should be placed in the latter. Unfortunately eight years
earlier Fieber used the conbination Oedipoda venusta for a spe-
cies then described by him from Greece,2 and in consequence
Stal's specific name is preoccupied and must fall. Both species
have, of course, long been removed from the old blanket genus

1 Kongl. Svenska Freg. Eugenics Resa, Zool. 5, p. 344.

2 Lotos, III, p. 123, (1853).

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 133

Oedipoda, Fieber's species having been placed in Scintharista
by Saussure in 1884, and finally in Mioscirtits by the same
author in 1888.

The next name which is available for the Californian species
is Dissosteira pictipennis Bruner, described from a single fe-
male said to have been taken in "California, probably in the
vicinity of Indio." 3 The unique type of this species in the
Hebard Collection ex Bruner is now before me. The differ-
ences given by Bruner in his key to the species of Dissosteira in
the Biologia, to separate pictipennis from Stal's venusta, are
seen to be of no value when a series of the species from a con-
siderable number of localities is examined. With such a rep-
resentation before me it can also be stated that Bruner's as-
sumption that the type of pictipennis came from the Indio area
is unwarranted.

The species for which the name pictipennis must be used is a
coastal and west slope Sierran type, and it does not occur any-
where in the Colorado or Mohave Deserts, and definitely is not
found about Indio, where I have collected Orthoptera on a
number of occasions between 1907 and 1937. While pictipen-
nis can be found in the west slope of the San Gorgonio Pass,
but a few dozen miles west of Indio, it, and a number of other
Orthoptera similarly distributed, most certainly does not inhabit
the pronounced Colorado Desert environment about Indio.
When the relatively small type specimen of pictipennis is com-
pared with a series of some hundreds of individuals from over
the entire known range of the species, it is found to agree fully
in a number of local characteristics, of which size is one, with
material taken in the Monterey peninsula area, and from cor-
related and confirmatory evidence of other material similarly
labelled, and taken by the same collector (Leon La Forge), I
feel that general region is the one in which the type of pictipen-
nis was collected. The type specimen, while faded and bleached,
still shows the characteristic rose colored disk of the wings.

»Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., II, pp. 162, 163, (1905).

134 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '45

Tempo and Mode in Evolution, by George Gaylord Simp-
son, New York, Columbia University Press, 1944, pp. xviii,
237, $3.50. In recent years renewed interest has developed in
the subject of evolution due at least in part to the development
of a new subdivision of genetics, population genetics, which
permits of an experimental attack in a field which heretofore
has been largely based on logical deductions from observable
facts. This new book represents a survey of these modern
theories by a paleontologist. Accepting and applying the mathe-
matical and experimental analyses of population genetics to
paleontological data, the author finds that insofar as the data
from the two fields can be compared paleontological history can
be made consistent with interpretation by population genetics.
Some of the book is speculative but the author distinguishes
clearly between facts and interpretations and between probable
truths and guesses. Unfortunately for the layman, the book
seems to be a treatise for specialists. It presupposes consider-
able familiarity with scientific names, terms and thought. For
ready reading it should be preceded by at least some knowledge
of elementary statistics, paleontology, general zoology, genetics
and population genetics. Of course a serious novice could read
it with profit but it is not easy reading even for one fairly
familiar with the subject.

The author discusses in sequence the rates of evolution, de-
terminants, micro-, macro- and mega-evolution, low rate versus
high rate lines, inertia, trends, momentum, the environment and
finally modes. In his last chapter he summarizes his views on
evolution through the ages :

"The same general forces are operative throughout the whole
of evolution, and they bring about similar processes and se-
quences wherever and whenever they occur. Their predomi-
nance, balance, and interaction do, nevertheless, vary greatly,
and quite different sorts of evolutionary patterns may result.
These patterns are protean. Their seemingly infinite variety is
so bewildering that generalization appears impossible at first.
Yet through them all there run three major styles, the basic

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 135

modes of evolution." These modes he terms speciation, phy-
letic evolution and quantum evolution.

Speciation is given as the local differentiation of two or more
groups within a more widespread population following means
worked out by population genetics. Speciation is shifting, er-
ratic, not typically either linear or adaptive, and is greatly influ-
enced by the size of the interbreeding population (moderate,
not large, size most favorable). Phyletic evolution is the term
applied to slow, sustained, directional shifts of the average char-
acters of an entire population. Phyletic evolution is highly
adaptive and is represented by the common paleontological se-
ries (e.g. horses). Quantum evolution is the term applied to
the relatively rapid shift of a population to one or more new
lines. Quantum evolution involves loss of genetic equilibrium,
a preadaptive shift and then establishment of an entirely new
equilibrium. Paleontological evidence suggests that quantum
evolution accounts for major changes (phyla, etc.) and that
these occur rapidly ; population genetics offers a possible mecha-
nism. Each of these three modes may occur at any evolutionary
level and may occur in combination but the tendency is for lower
taxonomic categories (species, etc.) to arise by speciation, in-
termediate categories by phyletic evolution (genera, families,
etc.), and higher categories by quantum evolution (phyla).

The evidence presented is cogent and the book one to be
recommended as presenting material and ideas not available
elsewhere. A. G. RICHARDS, JR.

Current Entomological Literature

COMPILED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF.

Under the above head it is intended to note papers received at the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, pertaining to the Entomology
of the Americas (North and South), including Arachnida ana Myriopoda. Articles irrele-
vant to American entomology will not be noted; but contributions to anatomy, physiology
and embryology of insects, however, whether relating to American or exotic species will
be recorded.

This list gives references of the current or preceding year unless otherwise noted.
Continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installment.

For records of Ecenomic Literature, see the Experiment Station Record, Office of Ex-
periment Stations, Washington. Also Review of Applied Entomology, Series A, London.
For records of papers on Medical Entomology, see Review of Applied Entomology,
Series B.

136 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '45

NOTE: The figures within brackets [ ] refer to the journal in which the paper ap-

E eared, as numbered in the List of Journals given at the end of the literature. The num-
er of the volume, and in some cases, the part, heft, &c. is followed by a colon (:).
References to papers containing new forms or names not so stated in titles are followed
by (*); if containing keys are followed by (k); papers pertaining exclusively to Neo-
tropical species, and not so indicated in the title, have the symbol (S).
Papers published in ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS are not listed.

GENERAL— Bethune-Baker, G. T.— Obituary. [21]
57 : 35-36. Bridarolli, A. — Excursion al Ignazu, Argentina.
[101] 2: 50-62, ill. Dallas, Ernesto D.— Bibliografia del.
[101] 2: 15-20. Hincks, W. D.— Problem of a changing
nomenclature. [8] 71 : 40-42. Poulton, Edward Bagnall.
-Obituary. [Obit. Note. Fellows R. Soc. Lond.] 4: 655-
80, bibl., port. Stewart, M. A. — Professional training in
entomology. [55] 21 : 1-10. Wainwright, C. J. — Nomen-
clature again (Diptera). [8] 71 : 39-40. Williams, C. B.—
An insect-catching grass. [9] 78: 37-38.

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, MEDICAL— Andre-
wartha, H. G. — Some differences in the physiology and
ecology of locusts and grasshoppers. [22] 35 : 379-89.
Autrum, H. — Uber kleinste Reize bei Sinnesorganen (Or-
thop.). [110] 63: 209-36 (1943). Begg & Sang— Time of
action of the gene antennaless and its effect on the develop-
ment of the cephalic index of Drosophila melanogaster.
[33] 21 : 1-4. Blair, K. G. — Notes on the economy of the
rose gall formed by Rhodites (Hymen.). [107] 20: 26-31.
Butler, C. G. — Influence of the various physical and biologi-
cal factors of the environment on honeybee activity. An
examination of the relationship between activity and nectar
concentration and abundance. [33] 21 : 5-12. Collenette,
C. L. — Orientation experiments on larvae of Pieris bras-
sicae. [9] 78: 33-36. Danneel, R.— Melaninbildende Fer-
mente bei Drosophila melanogaster. [110] 63: 377-94
(1943). Edney, E. B. — Laboratory studies on the bionom-
ics of the rat fleas, Xenopsylla braziliensis and X. cheopis.

I Certain effects of light, temperature and humidity on the
rate of development and the adult longevity. [22] 35 :
399-416. Oxygen consumption of prepupae of Drosophila
melanogaster in relation to the surface area of the puparium.
[33] 21 : 39-45. Empirical formulae and the surface area
of puparia of Drosophila melanogaster. [42] 98: 23-34.
Ephrussi & Herold — Studies of eye pigments of Drosophila.

II Effect of temperature on the red and brown pigment in
the mutant blood (wbl). Ill The heterogeneity of the "red
pigment" as revealed by the effects of the "white" alleles
and by color changes during development. [Genetics] 30:

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 137

62-70. Ewing, H. E. — Trombiculid mites (chigger mites)
and their relation to disease. [17] 30: 339-65. ill. Eyles,
E. D.— "How does a fly land on the ceiling?" [107] 20:
14-15. Falconer, D. S. — On the behavior of wireworms of
the genus Agriotes in relation to temperature. On the
movement of wireworms on the surface of the soil and their
sensitivity to light. [33] 21: 17-32; 33-38. Goldschmidt,
R., et al. — A study of spontaneous mutation. [Univ. Cal.
Publ. in Zool.] 49 (10) : 291-550. Henry, G. M.— Reflex
bleeding in Sathrophylla rugosa (Orthoptera). [Ceylon J.
Sci.] B, 22: 187-88, ill. Hoist, E. von— Untersuchungen
iiber Flugbiophysik. I Messungen zur Aerodynamik
kleiner schwingender Fliigel. [110] 63: 289-326 (1943).
v. Jascke, P. — Bemerkungen zum Ban der alokosternalen
Cicindelinenelytren. [100] 141 : 231-34, ill., 1943. Kinder
& Siiffert — liber den Feinbau schillernder Schmetterlings-
schuppen vom Morpho-Typ. [110] 63: 268-88 (1943).
Kiihn & Engelhardt — Uber zwei melanistische Mutationen
(At und ni) von Ptychopoda seriata. [110] 63: 251-67
(1943). MacGill, E. I.— On the biology of Dysdercus
howardi. Ill The effect of temperature and humidity on
the life cycle. [22] 35: 301-08. Ulrich, H.— Uber den
Einfluss verschiedener, den Ernahrungsgrad bestimmender
Kulturbedingungen auf Entwicklungsgeschwindigkeit,
Wachstum und Nachkommenschaft der lebendgebarenden
Larven von Oligarces paradoxus (Cecid., Dipt.). [110] 63:
109-42 (1943). Vargas, L.— Accion del DDT sobre algu-
nos arthropodos domesticos. [35] 5: 229-35. Vogt, M. —
Zur Produktion und Bedeutung metamorphosefordernder
Hormone wahrend der Larvenent\vicklung von Drosophila.
[110] 63: 395^46 (1943). Weiser, J.— Zur Kenntnis der
mikrosporidien aus Chironomiden Larven. II. [100] 141:
255-64, ill., 1943. Williams, C. B.— Notes on the fat con-
tents of two British migrant moths. [107] 20: 6-13.
Wundsch, H. W. — Metamorphose von Demeijerea rufipes
(Tendip.). [100] 141 : 27-32, ill., 1943.

ARACHNIDA AND MYRIOPODA— Ewing, H. E.—

Two new trombiculid mite larvae (chiggers) from Burma.
[10] 47: 63-65, ill. (See also under physiology.) Hoff,
C. C. — New sp. and records of preudoscorpions from Ar-
kansas. [89] 64: 34-57, ill. Lundblad, O.— Hydracarinen-
fauna Sudbrasiliens u. Paraguays. Teil 2-5. [K. Svens.
Vet.-Akad. Handl.] (2) 20: nos. 2, 5, 8, 13, 1942-44 (k).
Newell, I. M. — Status of Thalassarachne verrilli. halacarus

138 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '45

and copipognathtis. [89] 64: 58-62. Semans, F. M. —
Black widow spider distribution in Ohio. [43] 45 : 28.
Williams, R. W. — A bibliography pertaining to the mite
family Trombidiidae. [119] 32: 699-712.

THE SMALLER ORDERS — Augustson, G. F. — New

mouse flea, Pleochaetoides bullisi, from Texas. [17] 30:
(k to larvae). Williner, G. J. — Un Psocotero critico.
[101] 2: 41-44, ill. Wygodzinsky, P. — Contribuicao ao
conhecimento da familia Campodeidae do Mexico. [102]
3: 367-404, ill. (*).

ORTHOPTERA— Andrewartha, H. G.— (See under
physiology.) Liebermann, J. — Alotipo hembra de Neu-
quenia fictor (Cyrthacant.). [101] 2: 65-71, ill. Callono-
tacris caeruleipennis nuevo Romaleino del Brasil (Acrid.).
[Acta Zool. Lilliana] 2: 247-53, ill. Piran, A. A. — Con-
tribucion al conocimiento de los tettigonioideos de la
Mesopotamia Argentina. II. [Acta Zool. Lilloana] 2: 5-
7, ill. Rehn, J. A. G. — Three n. sps. of the reticulosa group
of the blattid gen. Cariblatta. [Notulae Nat.] no. 149, 15
pp., ill. New gen. & sps. of Phaneropterinae from Eastern
Peru (Tettigon). [Notulae Nat.] no. 150, 7 pp., ill. Roon-
wall, M. L. — New hypothesis for prediction of the swarm-
ing of the desert locust. [22] 35 : 391-93.

HEMIPTERA— Blanchard, E. E. — Descr. y anotaciones
de afidoideos Argentinos. [Acta Zool. Lilloana] 2: 15-62,
ill. (*). Caldwell, J. S. — Notes on some less common
genera of tropical Cixiidae. [43] 44: 252-54, ill. (*). Gen.
Cedusa in Mexico & C. Amer. (Fulgorid). [102] 3: 445-
62, ill. (*). DeLong, D. M. — Nomenclatorial notes on
Cicadellidae. [43] 44: 272. Some n. sp. of Cloanthanus
(Cicadel) from the U. S. [43] 45: 22-28, ill. Hsiao, Tsai-
Yu — New plant bug from Peru with a note on a new genus
from N. Amer. [10] 47: 24-27, ill. Knull, D. J.— De-
scriptions of six Typhlocybas from the U. S. (Cicadel).
[43] 44: 269-71, ill. MacGill, E. I.— (See under physiol-
ogy.) Metcalf, Z. P. — Bibliography of the Homoptera
Auchenorhyncha. Vol. 1 & 2. [N. Carolina State Coll.]
Author list, 888 pp., Journals & topical index, 186 pp.
Sampson, W. W. — Additions to the Aleyrodidae of Mexico.
[102] 3: 437-44, ill. (*). Trautman, M. A.— Ovipositor
studies of the leaf hopper genus Erythroneura (Cicadel).
[43] 44: 265-68.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 139

LEPIDOPTERA— Bayne, A. F. — Ejemplar anormal de
Colias lesbia. [101] 2: 63, ill. Bourquin, F. — Observa-
ciones complementarias sobre la metamorfosis de Eurota
igniventris (Euchromiid). [101] 2: 27-30, ill. Breyer, A.
— Algunas observaciones de migraciones de lepidopteros en
la Rep. Argentina durante la primavera de 1943 y verano de
1944. Ejemplar anormal de Eurota jorgenseni. [101] 2:
45-49, ill. ; 64, ill. Bridarolli, A. — Lepidopteros anormales.
[101] 2: 31-33, ill. Dillon & Dillon— Giant moths of Berks
County, Penna. (Saturnid). [Lean. Mengel Nat. Hist.
Soc.] no. 2: 12 pp., ill. Lange, W. H. — Autographa egena,
a periodic pest of beans in Calif. [55] 21 : 13. Schade,
F. H. — Tres. nuevas Nymphalidae del Paraguay. [Rev.
Soc. Cien. Paraguay] 6: 3-4. Stehr, W. C. — Notes and
records of lepidoptera in Ohio. [43] 45 : 18. Tilden, J. W.
— Notes on some moths of the fam. Saturniidae. [55] 21 :
32-33. Williams & Hayward — Hesperiidarum rei publicae
aequatoris catalogus. [Acta Zool. Lilliana] 2: 63-246.
Wind & Clench — Notes on the gen. Thaumaina (Lycaenid).
[55] 21: 14-16 (*).

DIPTERA— Blanchard, E. E. — Dallasimyia bosqui, n.
gen. y sp. de triquiopodino (Gymnosomatid). [101] 2: 7-
11, ill. (S). Camras, S. — Further notes on some sps. of
Zodion (Conopid). [55] 21: 31. Dampf, A. — Notas sobre
flebotomidos mexicanos. [35] 5: 237-62, ill. (*). Roth,
L. M. — Male and larva of Psorophora horrida and a n. sp.
of Psorophora from the U. S. [10] 47: 1-23, ill. Stone, A.
— A new sp. of Aedes from Saipan and the larva of Aedes
pandani. [10] 47: 65-69, ill. Wainwright, C. J.— (See
under General.)

COLEOPTERA— Blaisdell, F. E. — Synoptic review of
the known sps. of Cryptoglossa with descr. of a n. subsp.
(Tenebr.). [55] 21 : 23-29. Blake, D. H.— Genus Galeruca
in N. Amer. [10] 47: 53-63, ill. (k*). Dallas, E. D.-
Diagnosis proliminar de una nueva var. de Calosoma
retusum. [101] 2: 5-6, ill. (S). Dillon & Dillon— Tribe
Onciderini. Pt. I (Cerambycid). [Sci. Pub. Reading Pub.
Mus. & A. Gal.] no. 5: 186 pp. (*). Fiedler, C.— Neue
Sudamerikanische Cryptorhynchiden (Curcul.). [100] 144:
1-20. Hinton, H. E. — Histeridae associated with stored
products. [22] 35: 309-40, ill. (k to larvae and adults).
Leech, H. B. — On three sps. of Agabus recorded from Mon-
tana (Dytiscid). [55] 21: 16. Manton, S. M. — Larvae of

140 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '45

Ptinidae associated with stored products. [22] 35 : 341-65,
ill. (k). Martinez, A. — Insectos nuevos o poco conocidos.
IT. [101] 2: 34-40 (S). [Descr. Anomiopsis pereirai n.
sp. ; A. bilobum schaefferi var. n.] Prosen, A. F. — Cole-
opteros anormales. [101] 2: 21-26, ill. Reinhard, H. J. —
New muscoid parasite reared from beetles in Calif. [55]
21: 11-13. Schade, F. H. — Colaboracion al conocimiento
de los cicindelidos en el Paraguay-Central. [Rev. Soc.
Cien. Paraguay] 6: 4—6. Stevenin, A. — Calosoma retusum
var. dallasi n. var. y C. argentinense anormal. [101] 2:
12-14, ill. (S). Tilden, J. W. — Notes on redwood ceram-
bycids. [55] 21: 30-31. Van Dyke, E. C.— Two Col. re-
cently established in S. California. [55] 21 : 10.

HYMENOPTERA— Morley, B. D. W.— Observations
on some plesiobiotic colonies of ants, with notes on some
other mixtobiotic colonies. [107] 20: 1-4.

SPECIAL — On the interpretation of the expression "n.
g., n. sp." under Art. 30 (a) of the Interncode, as respects
generic names pub. on, or before, 31 Dec. 1930. [87] 1 :
139-46. Three names in Hymenoptera added to the official
Gen. Names in Zool. On the status of the name Locusta
Linn. On the status of the names Ephialtes Schrank,
Ichneumon Linn., Pimpla Fab. and Ephialtes Gravenh.
(Hymenoptera). [87] 2: 251-62; 263-74; 275-90.

LIST OF JOURNALS CITED

8. — Entom. Monthly Mag. 9. — The Entomologist, Lon-
don. 10. — Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington. 17. Jour, of
Parasitology. 21. — Entom. Record & Jour. Variation. 22.
— Bull. Entom. Research. 33. — Jour. Exper. Biology. 35.
— Rev. Soc. Mexicana Hist. Nat. 42. — Jour. Experiment.
Zool. 43. — Ohio Jour. Sciences. 55. — Pan-Pacific Ento-
mologist. 87. — Opinions and Decl. Internat. Comm. Zool.
Nomenclature. 89. — Trans. Amer. Microscop. Soc. 97. —
Jour. Animal Ecology. 100. — Zoolog. Anzeiger. 101. —
Revista Argentina de Ent. 102. — An. Escol. Nac. Cien.
Biol., Mexico. 107. — Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, A.
110. — Biol. Zentralblatt. 119. — Amer. Midland Nat.

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

DIV.
JUNE 1945 U.S. KAIL. IRS.

Vol. LVI No. 6

CONTENTS

Needham — Tracking dragonfly nymphs 141

Cuthbert & Cuthbert — Cat eats cicadas 143

Rehn — Dermaptera from the Cameroons 144

Wilson-Papilio mylotes

Linsley — Paranomada and Melecta

Chamberlain — A new henicopid centipede
Alexander — Undescribed crane-flies, Part IV

Personals

Notes and News in Entomology

Current Entomological Literature 164

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LVI JUNE, 1945 Xo. 6

Tracking Dragonfly Nymphs
By JAMES G. NEEDHAM, Cornell University

There is a place on the eastern shore of Lake Placid in High-
lands County, Florida, where I like to go collecting for dragon-
flies. It was there that I found the big Didymops floridensis
common, and there that I learned the simple trick of tracking
Progomphus nymphs.

The place is called Bear Point. A low ridge of the land ends
in a jutting cape that curves out and around a little bay. On
the inner side of this cape, sheltered from the waves, are banks
that slope abruptly into deeper water with fringing mats of
tangled floating grasses, where collecting for nymphs is difficult.
But on the outer side, that is fully exposed to a mile-long stretch
of open water, the beach is shelving, and nearly bare, and one
may walk far out on it and collect anywhere. There are alter-
nating stretches of bare sand and patches of stunted bottom-
rooting sedges : sedges whose creeping rootstocks interlace and
hold against the waves.

I first found this collecting ground on March 4th. when Mr.
Richard Archbold of the Archbold Biological Station took me
with a swimming party to this beach. The party swam and
fished; he and I collected dragonfly nymphs.

Cast skins of the big Didymops floridcnsis, left at emergence
by the adults, hanging' to stubby sedge clumps above the water
line, first attracted our attention. Unlike the northern D. trans-
versa, this Didymops climbs the first available support that i-
broad enough to accommodate its flat venter and widely out-
spread legs. It makes use of a tangle of stems or of several
stems that stand close together, and transforms usually within
a foot of the water's surface. It does not go out on land and

(141)

142 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '45

climb trees. We found plenty of exuviae, but no nymphs. Ap-
parently its season of emergence was already passed.

We raked and sifted the sand wherever there was an opening
among the sedges wide enough to permit the use of our rake-net,
and soon were rinding many nymphs of Pragomphus, mostly
less than half grown. Then we began finding their trails on
the surface of the sand, and using them for guidance in our
raking.

Anyone who has collected dragonfly nymphs carefully will
have noticed the winding tracks of these burrowing Gomphine
nymphs — so like clam-trails in miniature. The Progomphus
nymph burrows like a mole spreading the sand to right and left
with inturned fore and middle feet, and lifting the roof with its
head. But unlike the mole, the nymph then cleaves that roof
with his upturned tail and leaves a groove down the middle of it.
The anal respiratory opening at the tip of the tail is thus kept in
contact with clear water.

For some time we found only small nymphs, but just before
leaving Mr. Archbold found near shore a single well-grown
specimen that I conveyed eagerly to a rearing cage. I returned
on March 10th to see if I could not get some more big ones.
This time I began by observing the trails more carefully. In
some of the shore pools, sheltered from wave action, there were
veritable labyrinths of them, winding and twisting, crossing and
recrossing. That they were made by nymphs of different sizes
was evidenced by the unequal width of the trails. I found a
single isolated one that I could follow for a distance of about
thirty feet — the length of burrow, many times that distance—
and lo ! the nymph that made it was still working forward under
the sand at the end of it. This was the clue I needed.

It so happened that on the morning of that March 10th there
was a light on-shore breeze that had erased the old trails, and
fresh ones were being made. What I had to do to find the
well-grown nymphs was to pick out the wider trails and follow
them to the end. The end was easily recognized if it lay in
smooth sand; for there the median groove stopped and the
bordering ridges came to a rounded confluence. Following this

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 143

clue, this hint from nature, I soon had all the big nymphs of
Progomphus that I cared to take away, and that with very little
use of the net. If only the tracking he done understandmgly,
the collecting of these nymphs may be done neatly with a kitchen
strainer big enough to sift a cupful of sand, or even, but more
clumsily, with bare fingers.

A Cat That Eats Cicadas
By NICHOLAS L. CUTHBERT and MABEL J. CUTHBERT

At dusk one hot summer evening (July 8, 1944) in a small
park in Kirksville, Missouri, we witnessed what was to us an
unusual sight. A small house-cat was there catching some-
thing in the grass. We made him spit out the object he had
just taken into his mouth and it proved to be the fully developed
nymph of a cicada Tibicen linuei (S. & G.). We followed the
cat on his hunting expedition through the park and in the next
twenty-eight minutes he caught exactly twenty-eight cicada
nymphs, swallowing each one instantly after a few crunching
bites. As soon as one was finished he was on the alert for an-
other, looking intently in all directions and with his ears pricked
up. Several times he located one about four yards away and
went running for it; at other times he walked deliberately to-
ward his prey. Once he caught a nymph after it had crawled
about two feet up the trunk of a tree. In the dusk we were un-
able to see the cicadas in the grass but the cat evidently made
use of his keen ears and eyes to detect them as they emerged
from the ground. We left the park after about forty minutes
but the cat remained although by this time his search for cicada
nymphs had slackened considerably.

On several other days one of us went at dusk to this same
park. On each occasion the same cat was present and as before
was industriously hunting cicada nymphs. At one time eight
nymphs were located, caught, and eaten in four minutes. In
all, the cat was observed on four different evenings for a total of
seventy-seven minutes and during that time he ate sixty-six
cicada nymphs.

144 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '45

Forficuline Dermaptera from the Southern

Cameroons

By JAMES A. G. REHN, The Academy of Natural Sciences

of Philadelphia

A considerable portion of the insect records from the Cam-
eroons to be found in scientific literature lacks exact geographic
information as to the place of capture of the material on which
they are based.

The marked difference in faunal characteristics which exists
between the northern grassland and savanna portion of the
Cameroons and the southern (Lower Guinea) rain-forest re-
gion makes it desirable, in view of this lack of definiteness in
much of the more historic material, that exact localities be re-
corded whenever available. This is particularly important to
the zoogeographer weighing the very marked contrast and pos-
sibly different derivation of the life of these closely situated but
exceedingly dissimilar areas. Similarly these data are essential
to the specialist in any field studying his problems in a broadly
analytic and evolutionary fashion.

Some years past the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburgh placed
in my hands a small but interesting collection of Dermaptera
from five localities in the present French Cameroons. All the
specimens bore detailed information as to their capture, and the
purpose of the present paper is to place on record for future
usefulness the information on the Forficulina of this series, with
such comments as seem desirable at this time. The material be-
longing to the Hemimerina has already been critically studied in
a recent revision of that suborder.1

For summaries of the distribution of a considerable number
of species of Dermaptera which occur in the Cameroons, ref-
erence should be made to my "Synonymic Catalogue of the
Dermaptera of the Belgian Congo." 2

1 "A Study of the Genus Hemimerus (Dermaptera, Hemimerina, Hemi-
meridae)." By James A. G. Rehn and John W. H. Rehn. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., LXXXVII, pp. 457-508, figs. 1-47, (1936).

2 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, XLIX, pp. 401-413, (1924).

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 145

The series here' listed comprises 127 specimens, representing
nine species, from five localities. All of the latter are in the
Lower Guinea forest area of the southern Cameroons, their ap-
proximate positions being :

Batanga (Great Batanga), on coast about 10 miles south of
Kribi. Approximate position 2° 45' N., 9° 52' E.

Edea, on Sanaga River about 50 miles from its mouth. Ap-
proximate position 3° 42' N., 10° 20' E.

Efulen, inland and due east from Kribi about 25 miles. Ap-
proximate position 2° 45' N., 10° 40' E.

Lolodorf, inland and due east from mouth of Nyong River
about 60 miles. Approximate position 3° 10' N., 10° 50' E.

Metet, a large mission station 200 miles east of Kribi. This
information, kindly furnished by the late Dr. Hugo Kahl, would
place Metet near the upper Ja River, a tributary of the Sanga.

PYGIDICRANIDAE

Dicrana biaffra (Bormans)

Lolodorf; IX, 1926; (A. I. Good); 1 <?. Edea; IX, 1923;
(J. A. Reis) ; 1 ?.

The Edea female fully agrees with a "Cameroons" female in
the Hebard Collection.

Echinosoma afrum (Palisot de Beauvois)

Lolodorf; V, IX and XI 6, 1926; (A. I. Good) ; 6<£ 9 im-
mature individuals.

The immature individuals, which represent the two instars
preceding maturity, are referred to ajrinn with some slight ques-
tion, but the males are fully typical.

Echinosoma occidentale Bormans

Lolodorf ; V and IX, 1926; (A. I. Good) ; 2 J\ 1 immature <?.
Efulen; XI, 1912; (J. A. Reis); 1 J\ Batanga; II and IV,
1914; (F. H. Hope) ; 1 J, 1 immature $.

The Batanga immature female is in the instar preceding ma-
turity.

146 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '45

LABIDURIDAE

Labidura riparia (Pallas)

Lolodorf; II, 1921, V, 1914 and 1925, IX, 1913, XII 23,
1920; (A. I. Good) ; 11 J, 6$, 6 immature individuals.

This series represents both light and dark forms, the bulk of
the material being intermediate in tone. Both sexes show
marked size variation, and one quite small male lacks the usual
internal median tooth on the forceps.

APACHYIDAE

Apachyus murrayi Dohrn

Lolodorf; IX, 1925 and 1926, X 22, 1914; (A. I. Good);
2$, 3$, immature J. Batanga; IV, 1926 and IX, 1913;
(F. H. Hope and A. I. Good) ; 3 $.

LABIIDAE

Labia curvicauda (Motschulsky)

Lolodorf; V, 1923, XI, 1926; (A. I. Good) ; 1 $, 2 $. Ba-
tanga; (A. I. Good) ; 1 J1.

The Lolodorf individuals are uniformly quite small, while the
Batanga male is very appreciably larger (length of body, in-
cluding forceps, 5.62 mm.).

CHELISOCHIDAE

Chelisoches flavipennis (Fabricius)

Lolodorf; I 15 and 30, 1919, II 7, 1918 and III 15, 1919;
(J. A. Reis); 5 J1, 5$: same locality; II, 1914, V, 1923, IX,
1925, X 24, 1922, XI 30, 1913 and XII, 1914; (A. I. Good) ;
4J\ 5$, 3 immature individuals. Edea; IV, 1922; (J. A.
Reis); 1J\ 1$. Efulen; IV, 1921, XI 17. 1922; (H. L.
Weber) ; 1 J1, 1 ?. Batanga; IV 15, 1920 and IX, 1913 ; (A. I.
Good) ; 3 J*, 2 5, 1 immature individual.

This series shows marked size variation in both sexes, in the
Lolodorf series alone the extremes (in millimeters) being as
follows :

Length of

body, with

forceps

16.4

24.9

18.5

22.7

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 147

Length
of

forceps
4

7.1
4.8
7.4

The males in the series show a very considerable range in
forceps development, from a quite marked cyclolabic extreme,
one of which is the minimum for the sex given above, to a dis-
tinctly macrolabic alternative, typical of which is the maximum
here measured. In both types the proximal lamellate section is
similar in size and character, the plasticity being in the degree
of development and relative robustness of the arcuate distal
portion.

The pale antennal band is found on the eleventh or twelfth
article, and may involve one whole segment and halves of the
preceding and following ones.

Euenkrates variegatum (Kirby)

Batanga; IV 15, 1920; 6 J\ 4$. Metet; XII 12, 1919;
(A. I. Good) ; 1 J\

Two Batanga specimens (one of each sex) are depauperate
individuals and quite small, the male with generalized forceps,
yet both with fully developed tegmina and wings. The males
have been compared with a male from Bitje, on the Ja River,
in the southern Cameroons, already recorded.3 The following
measurements (in millimeters) show the range in size seen in
the present series.

Length of Length

body, with of

forceps forceps

c?, Metet 17.2 5.9

d1, Batanga 14.6 5.4

d", Batanga 11.8 3.8

?, Batanga 7 16.8 3.8

9, Batanga 12.6 3.3

3 Rehn, Entpm. News, XXXVIII, p. 149, (1927).

148 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '45

FORFICULIDAE

Diaperasticus erythrocephalus (Olivier)

Edea; IX, IX 4 and X, 1923; (J. A. Reis) ; 5 <?, 4 $.

Lolodorf ; I and III, 1925, IV, 1923, V, 1923, X, 1925 ; (A. I.
Good); 5J\ 4$, 1 immature <j>: same locality; I 30, 1919;
(J. A. Reis, Jr.); 1 d\ 2$. Batanga; II-IV, 1914; (F. H.
Hope) ; 3 $: same locality; IX, 1913; (A. I. Good) ; 1 J\

One female from Batanga and another from Lolodorf have no
evident wings. The Lolodorf specimen is exceedingly small,
measuring but 9.4 mm. in total length, although that from Ba-
tanga is hardly at all under the average dimensions of other
Cameroons females. The Lolodorf female measured is the
smallest specimen of the species in a series of over one hundred
and twenty individuals from a wide range of localities, now
before me in the series of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia.

Papilio mylotes Bates (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

By KENT H. WILSON, Fort Worth, Texas

In the summer of 1937 the author captured a specimen of
Papilio mylotes at his home in Fort Worth, Texas. The speci-
men, however, was destroyed in the author's absence abroad.

The presence of Papilio mylotes in the United States has been
very doubtful in the past. Holland in his The Butterfly Book
stated it as being "extremely doubtful." He failed to find any
"record of its occurrence north of the Rio Grande." McDun-
nough did not mention it in his Check List of the Lepidoptera of
Canada and the United States, 1938. Dr. W. J. Showalter in
Our Friends and Foes and Spiders (excerpts from the National
Geographic Magazine) said, "Occasionally members of the spe-
cies wander as far north as our Gulf coast."

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 149

A New Species of Paranomada with Notes on
Melecta Thoracica Cresson

By E. GORTON LINSLEY, University of California, Berkeley

The following notes are based upon material very kindly
submitted for study by Mr. P. H. Timberlake, of the Citrus
Experiment Station, Riverside, California.

Paranomada californica new species

Female. — Color black, shining; integument almost impunc-
tate; pubescence white. Head with occiput clothed with long,
pale hairs ; upper frons and vertex subglabrous ; antennae with
a rosette of long, plumose, white hairs about bases, scape clothed
with moderately long, white hairs ; clypeus shining, subglabrous,
reddish; abdomen pale reddish at base, apices piceous; maxil-
lary palpi with four free segments. Thorax black, shining;
pronotal collar and tubercles densely clothed with pale hairs;
mesoscutum and mesoscutellum subglabrous; metanotum pu-
bescent, more densely at sides; mesepisterna with vertical face
densely clothed with appressed white hairs; propodeum with
dense patches of white pubescence on lateral margin, over an-
terior angles of triangular area, and on each side of posterior
angle of area; intermediate and posterior coxae broadly lamel-
late ; wings tinted with fuscous, anterior pair with a large pale
area beyond submarginal and discoidal cells ; veins and stigma
dark brown. Abdomen black, shining, with a velvety band of
plumose white pubescence along apical margin of tergites two,
three, and four, band of second tergite broadly, of third tergite
narrowly, interrupted at middle ; pygidial plate elongate, apex
narrowly triangular, emarginate. Length 7 mm., anterior wing
5 mm.

Male. — Form a little more slender than female ; abdominal
bands broadly interrupted on second tergite, successively less
broadly interrupted on tergites three, four, and five; pygidial
plate narrow, apex narrowly rounded; genitalia with sagittae
about as long as stipites, nearly straight externally. Length ',
mm., anterior wing. 5.5 mm.

150 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '45

Holotype female and allotype male (Timberlake Collection),
from Yucca Valley, San Bernardino County, CALIFORNIA, Sep-
tember 28, 1944, collected by Mr. P. H. Timberlake. Both
examples were captured flying close to the ground at flowers of
Gntierresia Incida in company with E.romalopsis verbesinae
Ckll. Mr. Timberlake suggests that E.roinalopsis may be the
host of this genus, calling attention to the fact that the two fly
together and share a striking similarity in general appearance
and sculpture.

This species is closely related to P. vclutina Linsley (Arizona
and Lower California), differing at once from P. nitida Linsley
and Michener (Arizona) in the black color and four-segmented
maxillary palpi. From P. velutina it may be distinguished by
the white rather than ochraceous or golden pubescence, and the
interrupted pubescent bands of the abdomen (in the female,
broadly interrupted on second tergite, narrowly on third ; in
male, very broadly on second tergite, successively more nar-
rowly on third, fourth, and fifth tergites.) The female may be
further distinguished by the more narrowly triangular pygidial
plate, the male also by the narrow pygidial plate which is nar-
rowly rounded at apex, and possibly also by the slightly longer
sagittae of the genitalia. These differences are expressed in
the following key :

Females

1 . Color black ; maxillary palpi with four free segments 2

Color pale reddish-brown ; maxillary palpi with five free seg-
ments ; abdominal tergites two to four with white pubes-
cent bands; wings clouded with pale brownish, veins and
stigma light brown. 7.5 mm. Arizona nitida

2. Pubescent bands of abdominal tergites ochraceous or golden,

entire ; pygidial plate more broadly triangular, apex sub-
truncate. 8.5-11 mm. Arizona and Lower California

velutina

Pubescent bands of abdominal tergites white, broadly inter-
rupted at middle of second tergite, narrowly on third
tergite ; pygidial plate more narrowly triangular, apex
shallowly emarginate. 7 mm. So. California, .colijornica

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 151

Males

1. Pubescent bands of abdominal tergites two to five golden or
ochraceous, entire; pygidial plate broadly subtriangular,
apex broadly truncate. 8.5-10.5 mm. Arizona and

Lower California velutina

Pubescent bands of abdominal tergites two to five white,
widely interrupted at middle on second tergite, succes-
sively more narrowly interrupted on tergites three, four,
and five; pygidial plate narrow* apex narrowly rounded.
7 mm. So. California calif ornica

Figure 1. Melee ta thoracica Cresson, female. Above: basal antennal
segments in dorsal view (upper) and frontal view (lower). Below:
pygidial plate. X 18.

Melecta (Melecta) thoracica Cresson [Fig. 1]

Melecta thoracica Cresson has not been recognized by recent
workers. In my revision of nearctic Melectinae,1 it was placed
in the keys on the basis of the extremely brief original descrip-
tion and the few structural characters subsequently mentioned
by Viereck.- These characters appear, however, to be valid
and definitive, especially the form of the pygidial plate of the

1 Linsley, E. G., 1939, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 32 : 429-468, figs. 1-9.

2 Viereck, H. L.. 1903, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 29: 179.

152 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '45

sixth abdominal tergite of the female and the proportions of the
flagellar segments of the antennae (fig. 1). A fuller descrip-
tion follows :

Female. — Black, pubescence of occiput, dorsum of thorax,
and first abdominal tergite ochraceous to fulvous, remaining
pubescence black. Head densely clothed with long, erect, black
hairs at sides of face and about antennal bases, upper frons and
clypeus thinly pubescent ; .upper frons and vertex closely, mod-
erately coarsely punctate, median ocellus without a shining,
impunctate triangular area in front, a distinct, elevated carina
present between antennal bases and extending to base of clyp-
eus ; antennae piceous, first flagellar segment distinctly longer
than second ; clypeus moderately shining, finely, irregularly
punctate, more coarsely and densely at base on each side of a
smooth, median longitudinal basal line, base thinly clothed
with long, fine, black hairs; mandibles pale, base and apex
piceous. Thorax densely pubescent ; mesoscutum with surface
obscured by the long erect pubescence, surface apparently
closely punctate ; mesoscutellum with dorsal lobes armed with a
spine which is much shorter than, and largely obscured by, the
long erect hairs ; mesepi sterna opaque, coarsely, closely punc-
tured, clothed with black hairs which do not obscure surface ;
wings dark brownish ; legs moderately densely pubescent. Pro-
podeum with enclosure finely punctate, nearly glabrous, other-
wise clothed with long, erect, black hairs. Abdomen dark
brownish or piceous, dull, surface tessellate, finely sparsely
punctate; first tergite clothed with long, depressed or suberect,
ochraceous or fulvous hairs except for a narrow median line
and posterior margin, remaining segments with a few, coarse,
suberect black hairs at sides ; pygidial plate elongate triangular,
flat, sides straight, apex evenly rounded, not liguliform. Length
approximaftely 15 mm.

Described from a female from Buffalo, South Dakota, June
16, 1941 (H. C. Severin).

There is considerable uncertainty about the type of this
species. In his original description, Cresson 3 states, "1 speci-

3 Cresson, E. T., 1875, Wheeler Exp., Zool., 5 : 726.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 153

men; Eastern Nevada; 1872; Dr. H. C. Yarrow," in his cata-
logue of North American Apidae,4 he gives the distribution as
"Colorado and Nevada," and in his list of types,5 he records
the type locality as "Colorado." Mr. E. T. Cresson, Jr., who
very kindly looked into the matter for the writer, reports that
the putative type hears the following labels: (1) "Col," (2)
"?," (3) "Holotype 2286," (4) "M. thoracica." Mr. C. F.
W. Muesebeck, who made a search for the Nevada specimen in
the collections of the United States National Museum, which
contain some of the material from the Wheeler Expedition, was
unable to locate it. It is reasonable to suppose, therefore, that
the Cresson type designation is in error and the type lost.

A New Henicopid Centiped from Utah

By RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN, University of Utah

In a small collection of centipeds and millipeds made by Prof.
C. L. Hayward on the slopes of the Wasatch Mountains east of
Provo, Utah, is a single specimen representing a new genus in
the family Henicopidae. It belongs in the subfamily Zygethobi-
inae, the type of which is Zygethobius, a genus erected by the
author many years ago for another Utah species living at high
elevations in the Uintah and Wasatch Mountains. The present
genus is the second one of the group to be found in which ocelli
are wholly lacking.

Genus Yobius, new

This is a henicopid genus of the Zygethobiinae, a subfamily
characterized by lacking spiracles on the first pediferous seg-
ment. It is like Bncthobius in lacking ocelli, but differs in hav-
ing the tarsi of all legs biarticulate. The key given below will
aid in placing the new genus among those previously known in
the subfamily.

4 Cresson, E. T., 1879, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 7: 218.

5 Cresson, E. T., 1916, Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1 : 132.

154 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS f June, '45

Generotype: Yobins haywardi, new species.
The name Yobins is given in reference to the finding of the
type specimen on what is locally called "Y" Mountain.

Key to the Genera of Zygethobiinae

1. Ocelli absent 2

Ocelli present, one on each side 3

2. Tarsi of all but last two pairs of legs uniarticulate

Buethobius Chamberlin
Tarsi of all legs biarticulate Yobins, new

3. All tarsi simply biarticulate ; pores on last 5 pairs of coxae

Zygethobius Chamberlin

The second article of all tarsi subdivided into two to many
subdivisions ; pores on only the last four pairs of coxae

Esastigmatobins Silvestri

Yobius haywardi, new species

Body with head, antennae and legs yellow throughout.

Antennae moderately long, composed typically of 35 or 36
articles, of which those distad of the second are short; second
article long ; the first short or intermediate.

Prosternal teeth small and pale, 3 + 3, with the median sinus
shallow and U-shaped.

Legs having the usual tibial spur on anterior side of distal
end, otherwise without spines but bearing setae as usual.
Tarsi with three claws, of which the accessory laterals are small.
Tarsi biarticulate in all legs present, including the penult. It
is presumed that the tarsi of the anal legs are similar, but as
these legs are missing from the holotype this point is not wholly
certain. The second tarsal article is relatively short.

Coxal pores circular, 2, 2, 2, 2.

Claw of the gonopods of female entire, relatively short ; basal
spines 2 + 2.

Length, 7.5 mm.

Locality — UTAH : Utah County, on "Y" Mountain, east of
Provo. One female, lacking anal legs taken May 12, 1944, by
C. L. Hayward.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 155

Undescribed Species of Crane-Flies from the

Western United States and Canada

(Dipt.: Tipulidae). Part IV

By CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, Massachusetts State College,
Amherst, Massachusetts

The preceding part under this general title was published in
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, 56: 126-132, 1945. In the present
paper I am describing some additional novelties, almost all from
the extensive Melander Collection, particularly rich in species
from our northwestern states. Where the species are repre-
sented by uniques, Dr. Melander has very generously per-
mitted me to retain the type specimens in my collection of
World Tipulidae, a favor for which I express my deepest thanks.

Limonia (Limonia) yellowstonensis new species

General coloration gray, the mesonotum patterned with dark
brown, including three praescutal stripes ; antennae black, the
bases of the flagellar segments narrowly pale and constricted ;
knobs of halteres dark brown ; legs yellow, the tips of femora
narrowly but conspicuously blackened ; wings unusually nar-
row, especially on proximal half; ground color whitish sub-
hyaline, heavily spotted and dotted with brown ; Scl ending
opposite one-fourth to one-fifth the length of Rs; in-cn before
the fork of M.

5. Length about 6 — 6.5 mm. ; wing 6.2 X 1.35 — 6.8 X 1.45
mm.

Rostrum brownish black, sparsely pruinose ; palpi black. An-
tennae chiefly black, the scape weakly pruinose ; flagellar seg-
ments with their bases narrowly pale, the remainder dark
brown, the basal stems of the outer segments becoming more
constricted ; terminal segment a little longer than the penulti-
mate. Head dark brownish gray, vaguely patterned with
darker.

Pronotum gray, patterned with dark brown. Mesonotum
gray, the praescutum with three conspicuous black stripes, the
median one vaguely split by a capillary paler vitta. this less dis-

156 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '45

tinct in the holotype ; scutal lobes likewise conspicuously black-
ened. Pleura gray; dorsopleural membrane infuscated. Hal-
teres with stem yellow, knob dark brown. Legs with coxae
brownish testaceous, the posterior pair paler; trochanters ob-
scure yellow ; femora light yellow, the tips narrowly but con-
spicuously blackened ; tibiae yellow, the tips very narrowly and
vaguely infuscated ; proximal two tarsal segments yellow, the
tips darker ; outer tarsal segments infuscated. Wings unusu-
ally narrow, especially on more than the proximal half; ground
color whitish subhyaline, heavily spotted and dotted with brown ;
the larger areas include, additional to the uniformly darkened
stigma, a series of three costal areas, these subequal to or more
extensive than the interspaces ; third dark area a common one
over the origin of Rs and fork of Sc ; besides brown seams over
cord, outer end of cell 1st M2 and at ends of the veins, numer-
ous brown dots in the cells, all more or less confluent, in the
outer medial field unusually extensive and suffusing the veins ;
veins yellow, brown in the patterned areas. Venation : Sc
moderately long, ScT ending about opposite one-fourth to one-
fifth the length of Rs, Sc.2 faintly indicated to lacking; cell 1st
M2 nearly as long as vein M1+2 beyond it ; m-cn from about two-
fifths to three-fourths its length before the fork of M.

Abdominal tergites yellowish brown to dark brown, still
darker laterally, the surface more or less pruinose; sternites
obscure brownish yellow to light brown.

Habitat. — WYOMING. Holotype: $, Yellowstone National
Park, August 25, 1934 (C. P. Alexander). Paratopotype: 1 $.

The most similar described species is Limonia (Linwnia)
ncUiana (Alexander) from an unknown station in Colorado.
This is a larger fly, with broader wings and with vein Sc very
short, SC-L ending opposite the origin of Rs. The structure of
the male hypopygium of ncJliana shows that it is quite distinct
from L. (L.) venusta (Bergroth) and allies. The discovery
of the male sex of the present fly will be of much interest.

Erioptera (Ilisia) polycantha new species

Allied to sparsa; general coloration of mesonotum dark gray,

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 157

the posterior sclerites variegated with chestnut brown ; basal
flagellar segments yellow ; legs yellow, the tips of the femora,
tibiae and basitarsi infuscated ; wings yellow, spotted with
brown; male hypopygium with the inner arm of the outer dis-
tistyle terminating in a sharp recurved spine, on outer margin
of base with several acute spinulose points ; phallosome with the
lateral apophyses gradually narrowed to acute points.

d\ Length about 5 mm. ; wing 6 mm.

Rostrum and palpi browTnish black. Antennae with the scape
and pedicel light brown, basal flagellar segments yellow, the
outer ones infuscated; flagellar segments with the longest ver-
ticils unilaterally distributed, exceeding the segments. Head
brownish gray.

Pronotum light brown medially, darker on sides ; scutellum
and pretergites light yellow. Mesonotum chiefly dark gray,
the praescutum with indications of a darker plumbeous gray
central stripe; pseudosutural foveae and tuberculate pits black;
posterior sclerites of notum chiefly dark gray, the posterior
border of scutellum, most of the parascutella, and the broad
lateral borders of the mediotergite more chestnut brown. Pleura
chiefly brownish gray, the propleura extensively obscure yel-
low, concolorous with the dorsopleural membrane. Halteres
uniformly pale yellow. Legs with the coxae and trochanters
brownish yellow ; femora, tibiae and basitarsi yellow, the tips
infuscated, slightly more extensively so on femora ; remainder
of tarsi dark brown. Wings with the ground color yellow,
restrictedly but handsomely patterned with brown, including
spots as follows : At h ; arculus ; origin of Rs ; Sc.2 ; marginal
areas at ends of all longitudinal veins excepting R- and 1st A,
largest at R1+2, R3 and 2nd A ; an oblique seam on anterior cord
from C to r-ni, widest in front; other seams over m-cii, in and
as a spot on basal section of M3; veins yellow, dark brown in
the patterned fields. Venation : Sc.2 about opposite one-third
Rs ; R.2 and R.2+3 subequal ; cell 1st M.2 elongate, the basal sec-
tion of M3 more than twice m; ui-cn transverse, almost its own
length before" the fork of M \ vein 2nd A nearly straight, the
anal veins divergent.

158 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '45

Abdomen, including hypopygium, dark brown. Male hy-
popygium with the dististyles virtually terminal in position, the
mesal portion of basistyle slightly produced beyond their bases.
Outer dististyle profoundly bifid, the outer arm a long brown-
ish yellow, paddle-like blade; inner arm blackened, gradually
narrowed to a sharp recurved spine, on face of style before
midlength with a strong black spine ; besides the above, outer
margin of the basal half with four or five small erect spinulose
points. Inner dististyle relatively narrow, entirely fleshy.
Phallosome with the lateral apophyses appearing as broad black
plates, gradually narrowed to acute points, the outer margin
microscopically serrulate or roughened; inner apophyses ap-
pearing as short slender black spines that are directed strongly
laterad.

Habitat. — WASHINGTON. Holotypc: <$, Quilcene, Jefferson
Co., July 24, 1917 (A. L. Melander).

The most similar species is Erioptera (Ilisia} sparsa Alex-
ander, of California, which has the details of the male hypopy-
gium, particularly the outer dististyle and the phallosome, en-
tirely different. The unusually spinose inner arm of the outer
style is distinctive.

Ormosia (Ormosia) hispa new species

Belongs to the manicata group ; general coloration of mesono-
tum reddish brown, of pleura and abdomen more yellowed ;
wings whitish subhyaline, the stigmal region faintly more dark-
ened ; R2 very oblique ; male hypopygium with the tergal lobes
unusually dilated ; phallosome very large, complex and heavily
sclerotized; furcula widely expanded toward apex, deeply
forked, the arms truncate at tips and provided with numerous
microscopic spinulae ; near midlength of phallosome with a very
high crest or flange.

J1 Length about 4.5 mm. ; wing 5.1 mm. ; antenna about 0.75
mm.

Rostrum brownish yellow ; palpi medium brown. Antennae
short ; scape light brown, pedicel large, pale yellow, flagellum

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 159

brown ; flagellar segments elongate, slightly dilated before mid-
length and here provided with long conspicuous verticils, these
exceeding the segments in length. Head light reddish brown.

Pronotum and pretergites yellow. Mesonotum chiefly red-
dish brown, the surface gray pruinose, especially on the pos-
terior sclerites ; lateral portion of praescutum restrictedly more
yellowed. Pleura chiefly reddish yellow. Halteres relatively
elongate, stem pale yellow, knob weakly more darkened. Legs
with coxae and trochanters yellow; remainder of legs broken.
Wings whitish subhyaline, the prearcular and costal regions
slightly more yellowed ; stigmal region faintly more darkened ;
veins brown, yellow in the brightened fields. Venation : Sc^
ending just before the unusually oblique R2, Sc2 about opposite
one-fifth to one-sixth the length of the long Rs; cell M2 open
by the atrophy of the basal section of M3 ; m-cu close to the fork
of M ; Anal veins divergent.

Abdomen, including hypopygium, chiefly yellow. Male hy-
popygium with the tergal lobes even more dilated than in
man i cat a and allies. Both dististyles unusually narrow, the
outer style arcuated, its distal half with microscopic setulae;
inner style subequal in length, nearly straight, the length about
six times the diameter at midlength, the apex obliquely trun-
cated. Phallosome unusually large, complex and heavily sclero-
tized ; furcula widely expanded at apex, the two arms with
numerous microscopic spinulae, especially along the margins of
the notch, the apices obliquely truncated ; at near midlength of
phallosome with a very high crest or flange ; what appears to
represent the aedeagus originates still more basad, bifurcate
at its tip.

Habitat. — WASHINGTON. Holot\pc: $, Puget, Thurston
Co., July 4, 1925 (A. L. Melander).

Ormosia (Ormosia) liispa is entirely different from the other
species of the inanicata group, especially in the very distinct
phallosome of the male hypopygium. The other species, O.
(O.) inanicata Doane (dcviata Dietz, juscopyga Alexander)
and O. (O.) uwdica Dietz (stylijcr Alexander) of North

160 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [JuilC, '45

America, and O. (O.) subdeviata Alexander, of Japan, are all
much more closely allied among themselves. 0. (O.) pro-
jnnda Alexander, of western North America, is even more
isolated and generalized but from the structure of the phallo-
some I believe should be referred to this group of Ormosia.

Molophilus (Molophilus) distilobatus new species

Belongs to the gracilis group, pnbipennis subgroup; general
coloration of mesonotuni reddish brown, variegated with yel-
low ; antennae short, the more proximal flagellar segments with
very long verticils ; legs yellow, tips of femora and tibiae in-
conspicuously darkened ; wings grayish yellow ; male hypopy-
gium with the basistyle unusually long, the lobes lying far
distad ; mesal lobe with the blackened spinous setae all near
apex of lobe ; a supplementary slender flattened blade at edge of
mesal lobe ; both dististyles pointed at their tips ; phallosome
with long pale setae.

<$. Length about 4.5 mm.; wing 5 mm.; antenna about 1.1
mm.

Rostrum light brown ; palpi black. Antennae short ; basal
segments yellow, outer ones passing into pale brown ; the more
basal segments with unusually long verticils, the longest about
twice the segments, those of the outer segments smaller; re-
maining vestiture of segments abundant but pale and incon-
spicuous. Head above chiefly dark brownish gray, the an-
terior and posterior portions yellowed.

Pronotum yellow, vaguely more darkened medially above;
pretergites yellow. Mesonotum reddish brown, very sparsely
pruinose, the humeral region extensively light yellow, the ex-
treme lateral borders back to the suture very narrowly so ;
scutellum infuscated, its posterior border narrowly obscure
yellow ; postnotum infuscated, the suture between mediotergite
and pleurotergite conspicuously yellow. Pleura chiefly reddish
brown, more heavily darkened on the anepistenmm, the re-
mainder more or less variegated by yellow. Halteres with stem
whitened, its outer portion weakly infuscated, apex of knob

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 161

light yellow. Legs with coxae reddish yellow ; trochanters
yellow; remainder of legs yellow, the tips of the femora some-
what extensively but very vaguely darkened, of the tibiae more
narrowly so ; outer tarsal segments brownish black. Wings
grayish yellow, the prearcular and costal fields clear light yel-
low ; veins brownish yellow, macrotrichia brown. Venation :
R2 virtually in alignment with r-m; petiole of cell M3 about
twice m-cit ; vein 2nd A sinuous, narrowing the cell on outer
half, ending about opposite one-third the length of the petiole
of cell M3.

Abdominal tergites brown, with narrowly pale posterior
borders; sternites more yellowed. Male hypopygium with the
basistyle unusually long, the lobes lying far distad, including
both the ventral and mesal ones, both on the same general level
and terminating before the tips of the dististyles. On edge of
mesal lobe a small and relatively slender flattened lobe, its sur-
face with rather numerous setae on the outer portion, the apex
and inner edge of the blade glabrous; main portion of mesal
lobe broad, with about 18 black spinous setae, all placed near
the apex. Outer dististyle moderately curved, slender, nar-
rowed to the acute tip, the outer margin with a few appressed
spines. Inner dististyle longer, strongly bent beyond mid-
length, narrowed to the long apical spine, the ventral margin
of outer half with coarse conspicuous spines ; face of style near
midlength with a few very long setae. Phallosome broad, sub-
acute at apex, the surface with numerous long pale setae.

Habitat. — OREGON. Holotypc: J\ Viento, Wasco Co., July
1, 1917 (A. L. Melander).

From the other regional members of the pubipennis subgroup
having short antennae in the male sex, the present fly differs
somewhat conspicuously in the structure of the male hypopy-
gium, particularly of the basistyle and its lobes. It is most
similar to Molophilus (Molophilits} spiciilatus Alexander, yet
entirely distinct.

162 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '45

Personals

Dr. Nathan Banks. As of July first. Dr. Banks will re-
tire from the position of Curator of Insects in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts. Dr. Banks will continue his work on the Neurop-
teroids and on the Psammocharids. Personal mail should be
addressed to 103 Norfolk Street, Holliston, Massachusetts.

Dr. A. Glenn Richards, Jr. is relinquishing his Assistant
Professorship of Zoology at the University of Pennsylvania to
become an Associate Professor at Minnesota. He is to inaugu-
rate a graduate course and research in Insect Physiology, to
establish a research laboratory in insect physiology and to con-
tinue the course in Insecticides. His new address, as of July
1st, is: Division of Entomology and Economic Zoology, Uni-
versity of Minnesota, St. Paul 8, Minnesota.

Dr. Richards, since 1942, has also served as the Recording
Secretary of the American Entomological Society, and as Secre-
tary of its Council, and brought to those offices discerning ability
and tactful judgment, for which the thanks of the Society and of
its members follow Dr. Richards to his new post.

For his effective work on ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, — as a
member of its Editorial Staff since 1942, and as Managing
Editor from January 1944 to May 1945, — the NEWS wishes to
express to Dr. Richards its grateful acknowledgement and
thanks. The NEWS extends to him its best wishes for success
and joy in his new field of activity.

Dr. Frank E. Blaisdell, Sr., California's well known Cole-
opterist, has retired and moved away from San Francisco ; also
given up his research studies. His new address is 22 High
Street, Watsonville, California.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 163

Notes and News in Entomology

Under this heading we present, from time to time, notes, news, and
comments. Contributions from readers are earnestly solicited and will
be acknowledged when used.

Typhus in Naples: Typhus is a louse-borne disease which
can be effectively controlled only as lice are exterminated.
Shortly after its capture by the Allies, Naples was threatened
by a serious epidemic. Thousands had lived in bomb-shelters
with inadequate sanitary arrangements and the situation was
ripe for an explosive outburst of the disease. The Rockefeller
Foundation's typhus team, using their new method for applica-
tion of insecticide without removing clothes, undertook the mass
clelousing of the entire population. Forty delousing stations
were established to which the people came by the thousands
and tens of thousands. Men dusters cared for the boys and
men, and a staff of women cared for the girls and women and
the white DDT powder was applied directly by compressed air
guns which swoshed it up trousers and skirts, down sleeves,
into collars, seams, tucks and folds, wherever the insect or its
eggs might cling. More than 1,300,000 were treated in Janu-
ary alone, and Naples has a population of less than 1,000,000,
which shows that some people came for more than one treat-
ment. If well dusted, DDT will protect the body against lice
for four to five weeks. The epidemic in Naples which might
have taken thousands of lives collapsed with astonishing rapidity.

Yellow Fever. Research in vellow fever is now beine*

•• o

carried on by the Rockefeller Foundation in seven localities out-
side the United States, four of them in South America and three
in Africa.

In Villavicencio, Colombia, in an endemic yellow fever region,
more than 2,000 animals have been trapped, ranging all the way
from mice to wildcats and monkeys, and from birds to snakes
and other reptiles. Immunity and inoculation tests gave posi-
tive results in only two species — the monkey and the opossum.
That is, antibodies against yellow fever were found in their
bloodstreams, evidence that at some time past they had been
infected with the virus.

164 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '45

In June 1944, the laboratory at Ilheus, Brazil, trapped a sick
monkey, a marmoset. In its bloodstream were discovered not
antibodies, but the active virus of yellow fever. The animal
was seriously ill and soon died, and exhaustive laboratory tests
showed conclusively that it had died of yellow fever.

This episode is historically interesting, because it is the first
time in any country that a wild animal has been picked up in
its natural habitat suffering from yellow fever. It lends sup-
port to the thesis that yellow fever is primarily a disease of
jungle animals transmitted by jungle mosquitoes. But there
are many questions still to be answered. How is jungle yellow
fever transmitted to man? Where is the reservoir of the virus
during the periods between epidemics? In brief, where does
the sporadic infection come from and what keeps it going?
From : THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION, A REVIEW FOR 1944.

Current Entomological Literature

COMPILED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF

Under the above bead it is intended to note papers received at the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, pertaining to the Entomology
of the Americas (North and South), including Arachnida and Myriopoda. Articles irrele-
vant to American entomology will not be noted; but contributions to anatomy, physiology
and embryology of insects, however, whether relating to American or exotic species will
be recorded.

This list gives references of the current or preceding year unless otherwise noted.
Continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installment.

Papers published in ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS are not listed.

GENERAL— Beebe, W.— Jean Henry Fabre. Tribula-
tions of a naturalist and the courtship of the scorpion.
[Book of Naturalists] pp. 213-33. (See also under Hy-
menoptera and Arachnida.) Carpenter, F. M. — Carboni-
ferous insects from the valley of Mazon Creek, 111. [Illi-
nois Sta. Mus., Sci Pap.] 3: 20 pp., ill. (*). Endicott, A.-
Preliminary survey of insects visiting goldenrod in Itasca

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 165

Park, Minn. [Proc. Minn. Acad. Sci.] 11 : 28. MacCreary,
D. — Some ectoparasites, excluding Ixodoidea, of Delaware
mammals. [12] 38: 126-27. de Oliveira, S. J.— Dicloro-
difenil-tricloroetana (DDT) no combate as brocas de livros :
Dorcatoma bibliophagum e Catorama herbarium (Anob).
[105] 15: 325-28. Reeks & Smith.— List of some forest
insects of Newfoundland. [Scadian Nat., N. Brunswick]
2 (5): 1-17.

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, MEDICAL— Beebe, W.

-Rene Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur. Why ants have
wings. [Book of Naturalists] pp. 39-44. Cragg & Ram-
age. — Chemotropic studies on the blow-flies Lucilia sericata
and L. caesar. [116] 36: 168-75. Day, M. F.— Corpus
allatum of the sheep ked. [5] 50: 1-8 (1943). Gold-
schmidt, R. B. — Podoptera, a homoeotic mutant of Droso-
phila and the origin of the insect wing. [68] 101 : 389-90.
Harrington, C. D. — Biological races of the pea aphid. [12]
38: 12-22. Hartman, C. G. — How Odynerus suspends her
egg- [5] 51: 1-4, 1944. Hartman, C. G., et al.— Notes on
the habits of Osmia georgica as ascertained by tile glass-
tube method. [5] 51: 162-65 (1944). Ludwig, D.— Ef-
fects of atmospheric humidity on animal life. [23] 18: 103-
35. Marvin, P. H. — Effectiveness of macrocentrus ancyli-
vorus reared from strawberry leaf roller in parasitizing
oriental fruit moth. [12] 38: 119. Milne, A. — Ecology of
of the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus. Seasonal activity in
Britain with particular reference to northern England.
Host availability and seasonal activity. [116] 36: 142-52;
153-57. Parman, et al. — Overwintering ecology of the
screw worm, Cochliomyia americana — a symposium (5
papers). [12] 38: 66-9"0. Schneirla, T. C.— Army-ant be-
havior pattern : Nomad-statary relations in the swarmers
and the problem of migration. [92] 88: 166-93. Sommer-
man, K. M. — Bionomics of Ectopsocus pumilis (Corrod.).
[5] 50: 53-64 (1933), ill. Sulkin, S. E.— Recovery of equine
encephalomyelitis virus (Western type) from chicken mites.
[68] 101 : 3*81-83. Tshernov, O.— Biological peculiarities
of nymphs of Ephemeroptera on which sterlets of dvina
feed. [Zool. Jour., Moscow] 23: 216-20. (Russian with
Eng. Sum.) Vellard, J. — Cuatro conferencias sobre ani-
males venenosos. [Inst. Univ. Pas Paris en Buenos Aires]
71 pp. Wellington, W. G. — Conditions governing the dis-
tribution of insects in the free atmosphere. [4] 77: 7-15.

166 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '45

ARACHNIDA & MYRIOPODA— Beebe, W.— (See
under General.) Bishopp & Trembley. — Distribution and
hosts of certain N. Amer. ticks. [17] 31: 1-54. Bryant,
E. B. — Notes on Dictyolathys maculata (Araneae). [5]
50: 83-86 (1943). Three species of Coleosoma from Flor-
ida. [5] 51: 51-58, ill. (1944). Crane, J.— Spiders of the
family Salticidae from Brit. Guinana and Venez. [18] 30:
33-42, ill. (*). Goodnight, C. J. & M. L.— Duas esp. nov. de
opilioes Sul-Americanos. [105] 15: 332-34, ill. Loornis,
H. F. — Millipeds principally collected by Prof. H. E. Shel-
ford in the eastern and southeastern states. [5] 51 : 166-
77, ill. (1944) (*). Milne, A. — (See under physiology.)
Turk, F. A. — Studies of Acari. II. Descr. of new sp. and
notes on established forms of parasitic mites. [116] 36:
133-41, ill.

SMALLER ORDERS AND ORTHOPTERA— Banks,
N. — New Neuroptera and Trichoptera from the U. S. [5]
50: 74-81 (1943). Carpenter, F. M.— Notes on Nearctic
Neuroptera. [5] 49: 49-51 (1942). (See also under Gen-
eral.) da Costa Lima, A. — Sobre dois fosseis da bacia
terciaria de Fonseca (Alvinopolis — Minas Gerais). [15]
16: 291-92, ill. Emerson, A. E. — Kolotermes milleri, n.sp.
of termite from the Florida keys and Jamaica. [5] 50: 18-
22 (1943). Milne & Milne.— Caddis flies (trich.) and
pitcher plants. [5] 51: 179-82 (1944). Prince, F. M.-
Description of three new sp. of Dactylopsylla and one new
subsp. of Foxella, with records of other species and genera
(Siphonaptera). [4] 77: 15-20, ill. Sommerman, K. M. —
(See under physiology.) Strohecker, F. H. — An Ammo-
baenetes from Nevada (Gryllacrid). [5] 51: 147-50, ill.
(1944). Steyskal, G. C. — Notes on Nallachius americanus
(Dilar., Neur.). [5] 51: 183-84 (1944).

HEMIPTERA — Callan, E. McC.— Cacao stink-bugs in
Trinidad (Pentatomid). [105] 15 : 321-24. Drake ^Har-
ris.— New Pheumatobates from Brazil, with a note on R.
imitator (Gerrid). [105] 15: 269-72. ill. Fennah, R. G.-
New species of Bothriocera (Cixiid) from the Lesser An-
tilles. [5] 50: 9-17 (1943). Usinger, R. L.— Annectant
genus of Cimicoidea from Baltic amber. [5] 49: 41-47
(1943). Wygodzinsky, P. — Additional notes on the Bra-
zilian sps. of gen. Aradus. Notas sobre Reduvioidea.
[105] 15: 326-31, ill.; 342-51, ill.

LEPIDOPTERA— Beebe & Fleming.— Sphingidae of
Kartabo, Br. Guiana and Caripito. Venezuela. [18] 30: 1-

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 167

6. Clench, H. K. — Lycaenidae of the Bahama Is. [5] 49:
52-60 (1942). New Calisto from Hispaniola and Cuba.
[5] 50: 23-29 (1943). Notes on Calisto. [5] 50: 115
(1943). Gorham, R. P. — Lepidoptera (moths) taken in
and near Fredericton, N. B. [Acadian Nat. N. Brunswick]
2 (5) : 52-66. Lichy, R. — Documents pour servir a 1'etude
des lepidopteres du Venezuela. 2. Terias gratiosa (Pei-
erid). Documents pour servir a 1'etude des Sphingidae du
Venezuela 6. Madoryx oiclus. [46] 3: 193-94; 195-202,
ill. Loveridge, A. — Wings of the mourning cloak butter-
fly snipped by ant. [5] 51: 178 (1944). Nabokov, V.-
New or little known nearctic Neonympha. [5] 49: 61-80
(1943). Female of Neonympha maniola. [5] 50: 33 (1943).
Nearctic forms of Lycaeides. [5] 50:87-99 (1943). Notes
on the morphology of the genus Lycaeides. [5] 51 : 104-38,
ill. (1944).

DIPTERA — Alexander, C. P. — New Nearctic craneflies.
[4] 77 : 1-6. New or little-known Tipulidae from Vene-
zuela.V. [46] 3 : 171-92. Records & descr. of Brazilian
Tipulidae. XI. Two undescr. sps. of Psychodid diptera
from Tropical Amer. [105] 15: 292-312; 313-17. Records
& descr. of N. Am. crane flies. V. Tipuloidea of Grand
Teton Nat. Park & Teton Nat. Forest, Wyo. [119] 33:
391-439, ill. (*). Baker, E. W.— Studies on the Mexican
fruitfly known as Anastrepha fraterculus. [12] 38: 95-100.
Barnes, R. C. — Anopheles walkeri in diurnal shelters in
Massachusetts. [12] 38: 114. Bequaert, J. — Notes on
Hippoboscidae. 18. The genus Chypteromyia ; with the
descr. of a n.sp. [5] 49: 108-17 (1942). Further studies
of the Tabanidae of Trinidad. [5] 51: 12-21 (k), (1944).
Bromley, S. W. — Bee-killing asilids in N. England. [5]
49: 81-83 (1943). Brues, C. T.— N. Amer. species of
Chaetopleuromorpha (Phorid). [5] 50: 50-52 (1943).
New neotropical Phoridae. [5] 51: 151-61 (1944). Eyles
& Burgess. — Anopheles walkeri in S. Carolina. [12] 38:
115. Hull, F. M. — New species of Syrphidae from the neo-
tropical region. [5] 49: 84-107 (1942). Studies on Syr-
phid flies in the Mus. Comp. Anat. [5] 51: 22-45 (1944).
Revisional study of the fossil Syrphidae. [26] 95: 251-353,
ill. (*). Some n.sps. of genus Salpinogaster (Syrphid).
[46] 3: 165-70 (S). Johannsen, O. A. — Noxious species of
Phlebotomus in the Okefenokee Swamp, Ga. [5] 50: 112-
13 (1943). Lane, J. — As esp. Neotropical do gen. Clino-
helea (Ceratopog.) Zoogeography of Neotropical Ano-

168 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [ June, '45

phelini (Culicid). [105] 15: 249-61; 262-68 (*). Schoof
& Schell. — Survival of anopheline larvae and pupae in
muck. [12] 38: 113-14. Stone, A.— Notes on gen. Tri-
choprosopon (Culicid). [105] 15: 335-41 (S). Thurman,
Ogden & Eyles. — United States record for Culex interroga-
tor. [12] 38: 115.

COLEOPTERA— Monte, O.— Sobre Coleopteros Otido-
cephalinae. [105] 15: 318-20 (*). Patterson & Hatch.-
Annotated list of the Scolytoidea of Washington. [Univ.
Wash. Pub., Biol.] 10: 147-54. Werner, F. G.— Rev. of the
gen. Pleomorpha. Three n.sp. of Cebrio. [5] 50: 30-32,
34—36 (1943). New N. Amer. species of Epicauta. [5]
50: 65-73 (1943).

HYMENOPTERA— Banks, N.— Two new genera in
Psammocharidae. [5] 50:82 (1943). Beebe, W.— Thomas
Belt. Driver ants. [Book of Naturalists] pp. 151-59.
Maurice Maeterlinck. The Swarm. [Book of Naturalists]
pp. 197-212. (See also under Anatomy.) Benson, R. B.

-Blasticotomidae in the miocene of Florissant, Colorado.
[5] 49 : 47^8 (1942). Buren, W. F.— New fungus growing
ant from Mexico. [5] 51: 5-7 (1944). Enzmann, E. V.-
Systematic notes on the genus Pseudomyrma. [5] 51 : 49-
103, ill. (1944), (k*). Haeussler, G. J.— Gambrus stokesii,
an Australian parasite of codling moth and oriental fruit
moth. [12] 38: 103-06. Hartman, C. G.— (See under
Physiology.) Michener, C. D. — New bee of the genus
Heriades from Panama. [5] 50: 109-11 (1943). Moure, J.

— Notas sobre Abelhas da Colecao Zikan. II. (Apoid.)
[105] 15: 273-91 (*). Rau, P.— Appearance of Vespula
squamosa in Missouri. [5] 50: 114 (1943). Wasps feed-
ing on comb honey. [5] 51 : 50 (1944). Schneirla, T. C.-
(See under Physiology.)

LIST OF JOURNALS CITED

4. — Canadian Entom. 5. — Psyche, Jour, of Entom. 12.
-Jour. Economic Entom. 15. — Anais Acad. Brasil. Cien.,
Rio. 17. — Jour. Parasitology. 18. — Zoologica, New York.
23. — Physiological Zool. 26. — Bull. Mus. Comparative
Zool. 46. — Bol. Entom. Venezolana. 68. — Science, New-
York. 92.— Biological Bull. 105.— Rev. Entomol. R. d.
Janeiro. 116. — Parasitology, London. 119. — Amer. Mid-
land Nat.

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

JULY 1945

Vol. LVI

v:. I -.3.
U.S. HATL

No. 7

CONTENTS

Edmunds — Ovoviviparous mayflies of the genus Callibaetis
Chamberlin — Two new centipeds from Trinidad

Hebard — Species and races of Hesperotettix in Utah 175

Rodeck — Two new subgenera of Nomada 1 79

Hull— New syrphid flies 182

Henderson — Additional notes on Papilio ponceana 187

Personals 189

Notes and News in Entomology 189

Entomological Literature 190

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LVI JULY, 1945 No. 7

Ovoviviparous Mayflies of the Genus Callibaetis
(Ephemeroptera: Baetidae)

By GEORGE F. EDMUNDS, JR., University of Utah,
Salt Lake City

Of the several records of the occurrence of ovoviviparity in
the genus Callibaetis, Nedham and Murphy (1924) were first
to record the phenomenon in the species Callibaetis vivipara.
Needham and Murphy of Brazil. Doctor Osgood Smith (Need-
ham, Traver, Hsu, 1935) reported a single female of Callibaetis
sp. as containing well developed nymphs. Berner (1941) de-
scribed this condition in C. floridanus Banks and C. pretiosus
Banks from Florida and Callibaetis sp. from Michigan and gave
an excellent description of the nymph within the chorion and
after its liberation which occurs at approximately the time of
ovopositing. Clocon diptcnnn Linn., the only ovoviviparous
mayfly reported in a genus other than Callibaetis, \vas recorded
by Von Siebold as early as 1837.

The author was first attracted to this study in 1943 when he
noticed how rapidly Callibaetis claudiac Edmunds * established
itself in temporary pools. Several female imagos were dis-
sected and some were found to contain eggs with well developed
nymphs in them. The nymphs wrere carefully studied and
found to agree with Berner's description of the nymph of C.
floridanns Banks. Each specimen was found to contain 400 to
450 eggs. It was noted that the eggs of newly emerged imagos
do not fill the abdominal cavity, thus considerable room is left
for growth.

* This species is in the process of being described by the author. The
description will appear in a future issue of this journal.

(169)

170 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, '45

In Salt Lake City, September 21, 1944, Callibaetis montanus
Eaton was observed ovopositing in puddles of waste sprinkling
water that had accumulated on an asphalt pavement. This
water had been standing only a few hours, yet there were a
number of tiny white nymphs clearly visible against the black
pavement. The eggs hatched within a few minutes after touch-
ing the water and the tiny nymphs began moving about in the
shallow puddle. Several females were collected from the sur-
face of the water at the time. One of these has two eggs con-
taining well developed nymphs still clinging to the egg valve.

The addition of these two species to those previously re-
ported increases the number in the genus known to be ovovivip-
arous to six or possibly seven species, depending on whether
the New York (Smith) and Michigan (Berner) specimens
were of the same or of different species. Thus, Berner's as-
sumption that most if not all of the North American species of
the genus are normally ovoviviparous is strengthened by these
observations.

Berner noted the correlation of ovoviviparity and longevity
in mayflies. He kept a female of Callibaetis floridanus Banks
alive for eight days, and European workers have kept a female
of Cloeon dipterum Linn, for twenty-one days. In June, 1944,
the author kept two females of Callibaetis claudlae Edmunds
alive in a flask for ten days and believes their death to have
been due to desiccation rather than to any other cause. Berner
states, and the author agrees, that this time is more than suf-
ficient for the development of the eggs.

This extended longevity of the females coupled with the com-
paratively short life of the male produces a peculiar sex ratio
in nature. Although the males are by far the most active, field
collecting usually produces an overwhelming majority of fe-
males. Even though the author has made special efforts to
collect male specimens, females are predominant in the collec-
tion at an eight to one ratio. Thus the fact that a considerable
number of species are known only from female specimens seems
to be further evidence of ovoviviparity throughout the genus.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 171

Conclusions

1. It is probable that all species of the genus Callibaetis are
ovoviviparous.

2. Longevity is necessarily correlated with ovoviviparity in
the order Ephemeroptera.

3. The sexual ratio of an ovoviviparous species of Ephemer-
optera is abnormal due to the longevity of the female and the
comparatively short life of the male.

REFERENCES CITED

BERNER, LEWIS. 1941. Ovoviviparous mayflies in Florida. Florida Ent.

24; 2: 32-34.
NEEDHAM, J. G., and MURPHY, H. E. 1924. Neotropical mayflies. Bull.

Lloyd Lib. 24, Ent. ser. 4: 1-79, pis. 1-13.
NEEDHAM, J. G., TRAVER, J. R., and Hsu, Y. 1935. The biology of

mayflies. Comstock Publishing Co., Ithaca, New York.

Two New Centipeds from Trinidad
By RALPH V. CHAM BERLIN, University of Utah

The types of the two new centipeds described in this article
are part of a collection made by A. H. Strickland on Trinidad
in the period from Nov. 23, 1943, to Mar. 1, 1944. This col-
lection was sent for identification by Mr. C. F. W. Muesebeck
of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. The
types of the new species are at present retained by the author.

In addition to the new forms here described there were in the
collection specimens of Lamyctinus coccitlus Brolemann (St.
Augustine), Lamyctcs sp. (St. Augustine), and Itypliilits gni-
anensis Chamberlin (Sangre Grande), and of the millipeds
Siphonotns piirpurcus Pocock and Docodesmus trinidadcnsis
Chamberlin.

Newportia oligopla, new species

Cephalic plate with two fine longitudinal sulci diverging for-

172

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[July, '45

ward from caudal margin as shown in the figure. (Fig. 1.)
Antennae compound of 17 articles; the first two articles and
most of the third sparsely setose, the remaining articles, includ-
ing distal portion of the third, more densely clothed with fine
short hairs.

Basal plate with a transverse semicircular sulcus which is some-
what angled at the middle where there is a pit-like depression.
Paired longitudinal sulci run from the caudal margin forward,
each furcate behind the transverse sulcus at which the branches

Figure 1. Neivportia oligopola.
trinidadense.

Figures 2, 3, 4 and 5. Leucolimim

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 173

end. (See fig. 1.) Paired longitudinal sulci present on ter-
gites from the second to the twenty-second inclusive.

Prosternal margin with a narrow, gently convex rim on each
side, the two halves meeting in an obtuse, reentrant angle at the
middle. A single seta a little caudad of the margin on each side.
Claws of normal size.

Tarsi of anterior legs not divided. Tibiae of anterior legs
with a spine at distal end in anterodorsal position, but with no
ventral spine.

Pseudopleural processes moderately long and slenderly acumi-
nate, each terminating in a single point or spine, and with no
lateral spine. Poriferous area large, reaching to tergite on each
side.

Femur of anal legs with a series of four stout teeth below.
Patella with a single tooth at base on mesal side and a much
smaller one on ventral face distad of middle. Tibia unarmed,
much thicker than first article of tarsus, in length about equal
to the first article of the tarsus. Tarsus clawless, composed of
eleven long articles of which all but the first are subequal in
length, the first decidedly thicker than the others and about
equal in length to two and a half of those following it.

Length of largest specimen, 26 mm.

Locality — TRINIDAD, B. W. I.: St. Augustine, in soil of
Savannah land, taken between 23rd Nov., 1943, and 1st Mar.,
1944.

Distinguished from other species in which the cervical sulcus
is angled and has a pit at middle in having no ventral spine on
anterior tibiae and tarsi and in having four teeth on the femur.

Genus Leucolinum, new

This genus is placed tentatively in the Ballophilidae along
with the apparently related and imperfectly known Taciiioliiiiiin.
occurring on St. Vincent. It agrees with the latter genus in
having the ventral pores diffuse instead of concentrated in a
sharply limited circular or oval area. It is readily distinguished
from Taeniolinum in having the antennae slender and filiform

174 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July< '45

instead of short, thick and attenuated. The Panamican Lep-
tynophilns also agrees with these two genera in having non-
clavate, non-geniculate antennae but differs in having its ventral
pores in a sharply defined elliptic area. Lcucolinuin agrees
with other members of the family in having the labral margin
smooth and wholly lacking teeth over the median arc. Last
ventral plate broad.

Coxopleurae each with a single pore. Anal legs clawless.
Generotypc: Lcucolinuin trinidadense, new species.

Leucolinum trinidadense, new species

This is a pale, almost white, soil-dwelling form.

Head and antennae of forms shown in figs. 2 and 3. No
frontal suture evident. Palpi of second maxillae with claws
reduced as shown in fig. 4.

Prebasal plate not exposed.

Prehensors with joints unarmed; claws rather small, un-
armed, when closed scarcely exceeding the anterior margin of
head. Chitinous lines not apparent on the prosternum.

Dorsal scuta bisulcate.

Ventral plates with not definitely defined porigerous area.

Anal legs clawless ; the articles proportioned as shown in
fig. 5.

Last ventral plate broad. Coxopleurae each apparently with
a single pore of moderate size, the limiting rim of which is not
sharply sclerotized.

Pairs of legs, 37.

Length, 9 mm.

Locality — TRINIDAD: St. Augustine. Several specimens
taken in soil ("detrital silt") from Savannah land between the
23rd of November, 1943, and the first of March, 1944. Col-
lector, A. H. Strickland.

K'i, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 175

The Species and Races of Hesperotettix in Utah
(Orthoptera : Acrididae, Cyrtacanthacridinae)

By MORGAN HEBARD, Research Fellow, Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia

A study of Hesperotettix as found in Utah, based on the col-
lections of the Utah State Agricultural College, has recently
been published by my friend the late Professor W. W. Hender-
son.1 Reliance on past literature, much too often misleading or
actually incorrect, has in that study largely led to a number of
serious errors. Extensive collections made by J. A. G. Rehn
and the author in Utah, and a number of other important though
small series, enable me to list the species and races of the genus
in question, though time at present is not available to revise this
difficult genus and analyze its species and races which occur
west of the Rocky Mountains.

The following alone include parts of Utah in their distribu-
tion.

Hesperotettix viridis viridis (Thomas), 1872.

Synonym established by Hebard 1935, jest ir us Scudder, 1897.

Probably present throughout Utah in better watered areas up
to (rarely above) 6000 feet, but there found in the more arid
environment, usually on Snakeweed, Gutierrczia sp., as ob-
served by Henderson. Usually locally abundant, adults are
taken as early as June 13, but are in greatest numbers after
mid-summer.

The species is highly variable, size, brilliancy and intensity of
marking differing widely, largely if not entirely in keeping with
the luxuriance and green through light yellowish brown to
brown color of the plants in which it lives.

Henderson has recorded viridis viridis from nineteen Utah
counties and has cited much literature, previous records being
erroneous from Iowa, where it is supplanted by viridis prutcnsis
Scudder, and from New Jersey, where the even more distinc-

1 Great Basin Nat., Ill, pp. 9 to 21 (1942).

176 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, '45

tive viridis brevipennis alone occurs. Our Utah material was
taken at elevations between 2500 and 6500 feet, and is from
Logan, Mantua, Box Elder Canyon, Ogden reservoir, Sunset,
Salt Lake City, Maple Peak, Big Cottonwood Canyon, Morris,
Deseret, Leeds, Washington, Middleton, Harrisburg, Santa
Clara, Kanab, Zion Canyon, St. George and the western slope
of the Beaver Dam Mountains. This race is absent from most
of the desert portions of western Utah, where the genus is
rarely encountered, and is known as yet only from the few
widely separated localities here given.

The present race is particularly widespread and abundant as
well as generally distributed over the Great Plains and South-
west. West of Utah different phases occur, apparently at-
tributable to influences on viridis viridis of immediate environ-
ment or even adaptation to certain different types of food plant.
Whether or not some of these warrant description as previously
unrecognized races cannot at present be decided.

Hesperotettix viridis pratensis Scudder, 1897 (atypic to-
ward viridis viridis). Reduced to race of viridis by Hebard
in 1931.

Maple Peak, outlying Wasatch Mountains back of Salt Lake
City, 5000 to 6500 feet, ix, 7, 1909 (Rehn and Hebard), 2^,
4$.

Typical over wide areas of the mid-west and eastern border
of the Great Plains, but often locally distributed even there, this
race occurs even more locally in parts of Wyoming, all but
Western Colorado and New Mexico, southern Idaho " and
southeastern Oregon.- Far distant from its other western
limits, a condition apparently referable to this race, and the only
development of viridis there existing, populates locally the
mountains to the Pacific Coast at the extreme southwestern
portion of California.

Divergence toward or integradation with viridis viridis is
shown by atypic material of viridis pratensis before me from

- But often slightly to definitely atypic there.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 177

southern Saskatchewan and Alberta, narrowly on the Great
Plains where these races meet, in Montana and at some locali-
ties in Wyoming and Colorado, at the locality in Utah here
recorded, and locally on the Pacific Coast from southern British
Columbia to northern California.

Hesperotettix viridis nevadensis Morse, 1903.

Synonym established by Hebard in 1931, gillettei Bruner,
1904, who in 1929 first placed it as a race of nevadensis but
referred it to racial status under viridis in 1931.

As I feared, and as is now seen, the series recorded by Hend-
erson as curtipennis, later sent me through his kind cooperation,
represents viridis nevadensis. His observations, given under
the latter name in the same paper, almost postulated this. Ten
Utah counties are represented.

Widespread and often locally abundant in Utah, this race
often supplants viridis viridis where aridity has become pro-
gressively more decided, and is in turn supplanted by the much
more local and less numerous viridis termius in the extensive
desert areas of large western portions of the State.

My series, taken up to 7750 feet (Red Canyon), is from
Tintic, Orr's Ranch in Skull Valley, Clear Creek divide in
Pavant Range 7250 feet, Dog Valley in Pavant Range at 5900
feet, Marysvale at 6000, Kanosh, Beaver Canyon in Tushar
Range at 6400, Parowan Summit in Iron County, Red Canyon
southeast in Paunsagunt Plateau, Glendale, Bellevue and the
Beaver Dam Mountains at 4650 to 5000 feet.

There is very great variation in degree of reduction of the
organs of flight present in series rather than in individuals of
the same series. The pair from Marysville, Utah, show such
reduction to an extreme degree, the tegmina being small lanceo-
late pads differing from those of viridis termius only in that
their apices are not truncate. Thus strongest convergence
toward that race is indicated.

I have found viridis nevadensis in western Colorado, abundant
from southern Idaho through Utah and Nevada (where it is,

178 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, '45

however, local, often separated by considerable intervals in the
desert areas), very scarce in central-eastern and southeastern
Oregon, and present, but in even less numbers, in southwestern
Oregon east of the Sierras and a small adjacent area in Cali-
fornia.

Intergradation with viridis viridis is particularly indicated in
some series from central southwestern Montana and southern
Idaho.

Hesperotettix viridis termius Hebard, 1917.

Described as a race of nevadensis, I referred it instead to
viridis in 1931.

I have this race only from Milford at 4900 to 5000 feet (type
locality), Pintura, Frisco at 6300, White Sage Valley at 6600
and Marysvale (one female), Utah.

From outside of Utah I have material from very widely
separated localities in arid southern Nevada and California only
as far west as the Argus Range.

The small size and truncate tegmina (usually weakly obtuse-
angulate emarginate at the end of the humeral trunk) are con-
spicuous features.

As Hesperotettix pad fie its Scudder is peculiar to coastal
southern California and so is absent everywhere east of the
Sierra Nevada, it is unfortunate that Henderson reported his
series of viridis termius from Utah as that insect.

I have series of Hesperotettix curtipennis Scudder from
southwestern Colorado, northwestern New Mexico and north-
ern Arizona (where the Grand Canyon is its northern limit).
Though the series so reported by Henderson is all representa-
tive of viridis termius, as I find from examination of that
entire series, it is almost certain that curtipennis will be found
in extreme southeastern Utah.

Thus the Utah forms of Hesperotettix are : viridis viridis,
viridis pratensis, viridis nevadensis, viridis termius, and prob-
ably curtipennis.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 179

Two New Subgenera of Nomada Scopoli
(Hym. : Apoidea) *

HUGO G. RODECK, University of Colorado Museum.f
Boulder, Colorado

Holonomada Robertson 1903, Can. Ent., 35 : 177 (new genus,
type Nomada superba Cresson).

Robertson's Holonomada received its name from the entire
seventh male tergite, and was characterized in addition by the
third antennal segment exceeding the fourth in length. While
snperba was designated as the type, the listed species included
N. vincta Say, which is hereunder designated the type of Pachy-
•nouiada new subgenus, and placida Cresson which is in the
present paper included in Callinomada new subgenus. When
restricted to the snperba type of insect, Holonomada is perfectly
valid as a subgenus, but it cannot at present be considered a
genus by the writer. A synopsis of the subgenus, for compari-
son with the subsequently proposed new subgenera, is as
follows :

Holonomada Robt.

Large (11-15 mm.), vernal (May-July), sexually monomor-
phic species of robust form. Ground color of insects black,
sometimes ferruginous. Eyes considerably convergent below
in facial aspect, more so in females. Both sexes usually with
light facemarks. Punctures of mesonotum moderately coarse,
dense, and subuniform. Dorsum of prothorax rounded-cari-
nate, considerably below level of mesonotum. Sides of pro-
podcum u'ith prominent projecting angles just behind the pro-
podeal spiracle, most readily seen in profile from diagonally
above. Hair of head and thorax moderately long and abund-
ant. Scape of male antennae robust but not globular. Seg-
ment 3 of antennae subequal to or longer than segment 4.

* Extracted from a thesis accepted by the University of Minnesota.
t On leave of absence for military service.

180 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, '45

Basal vein usually slightly to considerably basad of transverse
median, but sometimes somewhat apicad. Anterior coxae
rather broad at apex, without spines. Apex of hind tibiae with
a rather dense fringe of long, slender, usually golden bristles,
similar in both sexes. Impunctate apical margins of abdominal
terga extremely narrow. Seventh tergum of males rather long
and narrow, tapering, apex rounded and entire.

The characters in italics are those by which this subgenus
may be distinguished from Pachynomada.

Pachynomada new subgenus

Type species, Notnada vincta Say 1837, present designation.

Large (10-13 mm.), autumnal (Aug.— Sept.), sexually mono-
morphic species of rather slender form. Ground color of in-
sect usually red. Facial quadrangle nearly equilateral, eyes
only slightly converging below. Females without yellow face-
marks. Punctures of mesonotum fine, very dense and uniform.
Dorsum of prothorax roundcd-carinate, only slightly depressed
medially. Hair very short and sparse, nearly absent on meso-
notum and (except adducta) on sides of propodeum. Scape
of male antennae globular-swollen. Segment 3 of antennae
slightly longer than segment 4. Basal vein interstitial with to
slightly basad of transverse median. Anterior coxae narrow
at apex, often with a low tubercle, but not spined. Apex of
hind tibiae with 4—6 widely-spaced, short, acute spines, heavier
in the female. Impunctate apical margins of abdominal tergites
very narrow. Seventh tergum of males not very broad, taper-
ing, rounded at tip, entire or minutely or very shallowly emargi-
nate.

Apparently allied to CaUinomada, but distinguished by the
characters in italics. For comparison with Holonomada see
italicized characters of that subgenus in the synopsis above.

This subgenus is partially a segregate from Holonomada
Robertson, receiving vincta Say and sebrata Cresson, which
have been included in that group. N. besseyi Swenk belongs

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 181

here, as does addncta Cresson. It has been the good fortune
of the writer to find the male of N. victrLv Cockerell which
likewise belongs in this subgenus, although it has in all the
known specimens of both sexes only two submarginal cells. It
is likely that N. morrisoni Cresson also belongs in this sub-
genus although the writer has not yet had an opportunity to
examine the genitalia. There are undoubtedly other species
which should be included, but which have not yet come to at-
tention.

Callinomada new subgenus

Type species, Nomada antouita Cockerell 1909, present desig-
nation.

Rather small (7-9 mm.), autumnal (Aug.-Sept.), sexually
monomorphic species. Facial quadrangle nearly equilateral, eyes
only slightly converging below. Punctures of mesonotum fine,
very dense and uniform. Dorsnin of prothora.r sharp-carinate,
produced upward at sides and depressed medially, anterior face
more or less concave. Hair very short and sparse, nearly ab-
sent on mesonotum and sides of propodeum. Antcnnal scape
of males obconic, rather slender and curved. Segment 3 of
antennae from about equal to distinctly longer than segment 4.
Basal vein interstitial with to definitely apicad of transverse
median. Anterior coxae with low, rounded or conical spine
rudiments but not actually spined. J/v.r of hind tibiae with
3-5 very short, stunt, acute, straight spines. Impunctate apical
margins of abdominal terga very narrow. Seventh tcrgiim of
males broad, very broadly rounded, entire or minutely or very
shallowly emarginate.

Apparently allied to Paehynomada but distinguished by the
characters in italics. This subgenus contains Nomada snowii
Cresson, aqiiilarnm Cockerell, mutatis Cockerell, plaeida Cres-
son, and verecunda Cresson, as well as the type, anlonita
Cockerell.

182 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, '45

New Syrphid Flies

By F. M. HULL, University of Mississippi

This paper describes the new species and varieties of Syrphid
flies which have accumulated during the last two years.

Cerioides malleus n. sp.

A small species with club shaped abdomen. Wing with a
single brown spot at apex. Face with a thick armed yellow V,
narrowly margined by brown.

Male. Length 10 mm. Head: vertex, except for the area
across and immediately after and before the ocelli and the upper
part of the occiput which is brownish red, light yellow. The
face and front and cheeks are light yellow, marked with brown-
ish red, as follows : a small spot on the eye margin on the pos-
terior part of the cheeks, a broad band from the lowest portion
of the epistoma almost to the eye margins. Also there is an
area reaching from the anterior tip of epistoma in the form of
narrow linear vittae. These two vittae diverge on either side
of the face at the same angle as the band of the lower face
diverges and they continue to widen until they become con-
fluent above with a broad, similarly colored area that occupies
almost exactly one half the width of the face below the antennae,
and which area also extends half the length of the face beneath
the antennae. This upper block of reddish brown encloses the
lower half of the short front; it contains just below its middle
a pair of pale yellow ventrally rounded triangles narrowly
separated from one another. Also the large red brown block
sends a short, sharp, small projection into the yellow of the
lateral portion of the face. Finally the yellow triangle which
remains upon the lower half of the face is narrowly divided
upon its upper portion by a linear brown stripe. The central
area is enclosed by the brown. The cheeks and all of the lower
portion of the face are silvery pubescent; the upper block of
brown has minute brown patches bare of pubescence. The
antennae are missing. The frontal prominence is completely

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 183

lacking in this species. Thorax: brownish red, a little darker
upon the central portion of the mesonotum which, however, is
not black, but is darker due to the very thick accumulation of
microscopic black setae. The lateral half of the transverse
suture is margined with pale yellow which continues down
narrowly upon the posterior part of the mesopleura, across the
middle of the sternopleura almost to touch the arcuate yellow
stripe upon the upper part of sternopleura. There is a wider,
pale yellow stripe across the middle of the metapleura. The
humeri, the narrow subapical margin of the scutellum and a
long slender, narrow margined vitta upon the posterior part
of the mesonotum which runs from the suture slightly obliquely
almost to post calli are pale yellow. The pile of the mesonotum,
though exceedingly short, is all golden and the reddish color is
overlaid especially laterally and particularly upon the pleura
and upon the coxae as well as the legs with quite microscopic,
silvery pubescence. Abdomen: club-shaped, rather short, the
first two segments almost as long as the remaining three and
greatly narrowed. The abdomen is narrowest just before the
middle of the second segment, but the apex of that segment is
considerably wider than its base which in turn is more narrow
than the base of the first segment. The hypopygium is quite
large, protuberant and bluntly rounded and not greatly smaller
than the third segment. The third and fourth segment and the
protuberant hypopygium form a large, oval, broadly rounded
club. The abdomen is reddish brown, a little darker upon the
third segment, its posterior margin laterally and narrowly, the
whole posterior margin of the cylindrical second segment and
the whole wider posterior margin of the third segment pale yel-
low. There is an obscure, transverse, narrow7, dorsal and ven-
tral fascia of yellow across the apical portion of the hypopygium.
Legs: brownish red, the basal sixth of the hind femora and the
basal portion of their tibiae pale yellow. The brown of the
tibiae, however, extends almost to the base ventrally. The
hind tarsi are lacking, the anterior tarsi quite dark reddish
brown, the apical segment very pale, the middle tarsi light

184 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Juty* '45

brown. Wings: hyaline, veins pale brown. There is a sharp,
acute bend in the third vein, somewhat less than a right angle;
it is without spur and all of the remainder of the submarginal
cell, after the completion of the bend, together with most of the
marginal cell above it is light brown in color.

Holotypc: one male. Rikatla, LOURENCO MARQUEZ (H.
Junod) April 1915. In the Cornell University collection.

Mallota separata n. sp.

Flies with the male eyes separated narrowly ; abdomen black
pilose beyond the second segment ; related to ^osticata Fabr.

Male. Length 15 mm. Head: vertex protuberant, shining
black and apparently quite bare. There is no evidence that pile
has been denuded for there is yellow pile on the posterior part
of this prominence and extensive, long, sulphur-yellow pile on
the posterior part of the occiput. There is also a single row of
long black hairs, widespread, nearer the eye margins and upon
the occiput. The lateral half of the front is sparsely white
pubescent with a few long white hairs and more black ones.
The triangular, middle, anterior area of the front is polished,
bare, black and with a linear, median crease on the upper half
and a transverse crease across the lower middle. The eyes are
definitely separated by from two to three times the width of the
anterior ocellus. The face and cheeks are shining black, silver
pubescent with silvery pile. The antennae are dark brown, the
arista pale yellow, black apically, white at apex. Thorax: shin-
ing brownish on the sides and anteriorly, due to pollen, the
mesonotum is broadly black, except on the anterior margin.
The pile of the mesonotum is light sulphur-yellow with only a
few black hairs in the center. The scutellum is light brown
with narrow blackish base, the pile is entirely sulphur-yellow ;
there is similar pile upon the post calli and widely over the
mesopleura, pteropleura and sternopleura. Abdomen: shining
blackish with light yellow pile upon the first segment except its
anterior corners ; the yellow pile is continued upon the base of
the second segment, triangularly, and upon the basal half of
the sides. The remaining pile of the abdomen is thick, long and

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 185

entirely jet-black including that upon the hypopygium. Legs:
all of the femora shining black, the tibiae very dark brown, the
tarsi light reddish-brown. The pile of the hind femora, except
a few inner basal hairs and their tibiae and tarsi, is entirely
black. The femora are considerably thickened and arcuate,
their ventral surface concave with a subapical, ventral pro-
tuberance and black, bristly, tufted pile. The hind tibiae are
flattened and somewhat arcuate, but without the thick, abundant
black pile found in the middle of the ventral surface in posticata
Fabricius. Wings: hyaline with a faint, small brown cloud
near the origin of the second and third veins.

Holotype: a male. Oxford, MISSISSIPPI, May, 1942, (F. M.
Hull).

Mesogramma arethusa n. sp.

A small fly, the abdomen shining light orange brown, the
third and fourth segments with four black vittae. Related to
boscii Macquart.

Male. Length 5.5 mm. Face and front yellow, the cheeks
blackish behind, the vertex coppery red, shading into brassy,
the vertical triangle metallic black. The upper pile of the
vertex is entirely black and the very sparse pile of the front
whitish. The first two antennal segments are pale brown, the
third wholly light orange, the arista brown and rather thickened
at the immediate base. The middle indentation of the occiput
marked ; the occiput is bluish black with silvery pubescence and
pile of which there are several rows. Thorax: blackish and
brassy brown before the scutellum and with some evidence of
similar vittae but the mesonotum is however discolored. The
humeri are dark brown, linearly yellowish behind ; the mesonotal
margin between the humeri and the transverse suture is wholly
black but dull yellowish bro\vn behind the suture and over the
post calli and again upon the margin of the scutellum ; disc of
scutellum greenish black. The upper sternopleura and the
posterior half of the mesopleura is yellow, only the former
white pubescent; propleura black. Abdomen: narrowly oval

186 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, '45

with nearly parallel sides ; shining black. The extreme an-
terior corners of the first segment and a median, medially sub-
interrupted and sublaterally subinterrupted fasciae are orange
in color. Third and fourth segments are shining orange brown;
down the middle run two slender, linear, narrowly separated,
anteriorly divergent vittae reaching the base of the segments.
The posterior corners of these segments are black and from the
medial, anterior angle of this black area a wider vitta reaches
forward the full length of the segment and from the outer
anterior angle of this same black there runs along the margin of
the segment a diminishing extension of the black ending rather
sharply at about one-third of the distance from the base of the
segment. The fifth segment has a slender medial vitta and a
wider sublateral one on either side. The hypopygium is orange
brown with a prominent, sharply delineated, shining black spot
to the right. Legs: pale brownish yellow, the hind femora with
a wide, distinct, black band occupying most of the posterior half
except the apex. The hind tibiae are blackish except the ex-
treme apex and the narrow base, their tarsi dark brown, the
second and third segments barely lighter. Wings: hyaline,
stigmal cell dilute brown.

Female. The front is metallic bluish black, minutely wrinkled
but not striate ; vertex similar to male ; frontal pile blackish, the
margins of the front linearly yellow, face yellowish with a
divergent, obscure brownish stripe beginning just below the
antennae ; third antennal segment dark brown on at least the
upper half. T/iora.r: mesonotum and scutellum and pleura
similar to male. Abdomen: wider, more oval, the fascia of the
middle of the second segment scarcely interrupted sublaterally
and not at all medially. Medial vittae of third and fourth seg-
ments rather more extensively produced upon the lateral an-
terior ends of these vittae. The whole anterior portion of these
vittae is somewhat larger and the lateral margin of all of the
segments is black throughout, least so upon the second segment
at the ends of the yellow fascia. The yellow of the abdomen is
less of an orange color, has a rather extensive opaque pattern

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 187

which comprises most of the vittae except their narrow posterior
apices. Legs and ivings: similar to the male, the stigmal cell
almost hyaline.

Holotypc: a male, from Englewood, FLORIDA (J. G. Need-
ham). Allotype: one female, Englewood, Florida.

The pattern of the female suggests boscii Macquart but be-
sides the lateral and sublateral vittae posteriorly, it also differs
in the divergent stripe of the face and the hind tibiae which are
blackish almost throughout. Furthermore, the notopleura are
black, and in boscii are yellow vittate. The male of arethtisa
differs even more from the male of boscii Macq.

(To be continued)

Additional Notes on Papilio Aristodemus Ponceana
Schaus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

By W. F. HENDERSON, Chicago, Illinois

The article in the February (1945) issue of ENTOMOLOGICAL
NEWS brought in several memoranda concerning ponceana.
One of these was in the form of a correction concerning speci-
men No. 24 in the published table, but the other memoranda
brought information in regard to additional specimens. All
suggestions have been followed up and in so far as replies have
been received, the following notes bring the data concerning
ponceana up to date :

No. 24. A correction should be made in the table as pub-
lished in February: Locality: Key Largo, Florida; Date:
August, 1943; Present Possessor: R. Chermock, Coral Gables,
Florida.

Additional specimens:

No. 25. ^. Miami, Florida; May 21. - - Wm. Schaus.
Specimen now in the collection at Cornell University. Ithaca,
New York. This specimen bears an authentic label indicating
its possession by Jacob Doll, but Dr. W. T. M. Forbes is of the
opinion that it is another one of the original Schaus specimen.-,.

188 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Juty? '45

There is no year of capture indicated on the label. Cornell
University received this specimen from the collection of Addi-
son Ellsworth (Johnson City, N. Y.), whose record book shows
that he obtained it from William Reiff.

No. 26. c?. No. 27. $. Lower Matecumbe Key, Florida ;
May, 1935; Mrs. C. N. Grimshawe; Present Possessor: R.
Chermock, Coral Gables, Florida.

No. 28. 5- Lower Matecumbe Key, Florida; May 28,
1935; Mrs. C. N. Grimshawe. (Believed to be a bred speci-
men.)

No. 29. J. Same data as No. 28 except date: May 30.
1935.

No. 30. 5. Lower Matecumbe Key, Florida; May 19,
1936 (bred) ; Mrs. C. N. Grimshawe.

No. 31. <$. Same as No. 30 except date: June 10, 1936
(bred).

No. 32. 5. Key Largo, Florida; June 24, 1940; Mrs. C.
N. Grimshawe.

No. 33. <$. Key Largo, Florida; May 18, 1941; Mrs. C.
N. Grimshawe.

Specimens 28-33 inclusive are in the possession of Mr. Kent
H. Wilson, Fort Worth, Texas.

This brings the total number of specimens up to 33, the last
recorded capture being in August, 1943.

The writer wishes to express his thanks to those who have so
kindly cooperated in making this record more complete, and it
is hoped that any other collectors who have ponceana will write
in and report them.

Personals

Dr. Andrey Avinoff, Director of the Carnegie Museum at
Pittsburgh since 1926, has resigned for reasons of health. The
title of emeritus has been conferred upon him.

Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert has been appointed head curator
of recent insects at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Harvard University.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 189

Entomologists of Netherlands Indies. According to Dr.
J. C. Bradley, information received from the Netherlands Red
Cross is to the effect that, as of 28 October, 1943, Jacobus Van
der Vecht was a military internee of the Java camp. They have
no information concerning Dr. J. G. Betrem, who, at the out-
break of hostilities, was Agricultural Entomologist in Semarang,
Java.

Notes and News in Entomology

Under this heading we present, from time to time, notes, news, and
comments. Contributions from readers are earnestly solicited and will
be acknowledged when used.

How Long Do Entomologists Live? An examination of
Mathilde M. Carpenter's "Bibliography of Biographies of En-
tomologists" (American Midland Naturalist, vol. 32, no. 1, p.
1-116, 1945), discloses among other things, the birth and death
dates for 2,187 entomologists born between 372 B.C. and 1920.
Both amateur and professional entomologists are included and
although some of the entomologists had other occupations, the
list as it stands may be considered as representing an occupa-
tional group of white males for the entire world, and the mor-
tality of the subjects as being due to all causes.

It is of interest to note that the average age at death for the
entire 2,187, was 65.48 years. The largest number of deaths
occurred in the age group 70 to 74. Thirty per cent of the
2,187 died before reaching 60 years. Of the remaining 70 per
cent, 23 per cent died between the ages of 60 and 69, 29 per
cent between 70 and 79. and 18 per cent between the ages of
80 and 94.

Of special interest are the 1 ,600 entomologists who were born
between 1500 and 1859. The average age at death for this
group was 69.09 years. When the period from 1500 to 1859
was divided into smaller periods it was found that the deviations
from 69.09 were small. In other words, all during the years

190 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [uty, '45

from 1500 to 1859 entomologists continued to live an average
of 69 years.

Life tables for early times are fragmentary and rather in-
complete, but the expectation of life at birth in Breslau for the
years 1687 to 1691 was about 34 years. In Carlisle, England,
1780-1787, the expectation at birth was close to 40 years. In
continental United States in 1910, it was about 50 years and in
1940 it was 62.94 years for white males and 67.31 years for
white females.

All during these times, however, when the expectation of life
at birth was low for populations in general, entomologists con-
tinued to live an average of 69 years.

In every population from early times to the present, a certain
part of the population, by reason of parentage and environment,
has always lived many years beyond the average for the balance
of the population, and it is apparent that entomologists for the
most part have always been recruited from among that portion
of the population that lived the longest. Karl Pearson con-
cluded many years ago that from 50 to 75 per cent of the gen-
eral death rate is determined by the forces of heredity. If this
is correct, most of the credit for living long lives should go to
the parents of the entomologists. — HARRY B. WEISS.

Current Entomological Literature

COMPILED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF.

Under the above head it is intended to note papers received at the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, pertaining to the Entomology
of the Americas (North and South), including Arachnida and Myriopoda. Articles jrrele-
vant to American entomology will not be noted; but contributions to anatomy, physiology
and embryology of insects, however, whether relating to American or exotic species will
be recorded.

This list gives references of the current or preceding year unless otherwise noted.
Continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installment.

Papers published in ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS are not listed.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 191

GENERAL — On the retention of ii or i in specific patro-
nymic names. [87J 1 : 147-58. Use of the name of a corn-
posit genus for a component part requiring a name, where
the name so used was published on, or before, 31st Dec.
1930. [87] 1 : 159-70. Designation of genotypes for genera
published with identical limits on, or before, 31st Dec. 1930.
[87] 1: 171-78. Designation of genotypes by Latreille,
1810. [87] 1: 179-90. Acosta Solis, M. Los climas en
la regiones naturales del Ecuador. [Flora, Quito] 4 (11-
12) : 139-208. Allen, A. A.— Nomenclature-^Another plea
for realism. [8] 71 : 81-83. Balfour-Browne, F.— Further
to the problem of a changing nomenclature. [8] 71 : 108-9.
Bradley, J. C— Amateurs. [19] 40: 9-10. Campos, F.-
Fauna entomologica de Guayaquil en vertiginosa exposi-
cion. [Flora, Quito] 4 (11-12): 125-34. Chamberlin &
Lawson — Mechanical trap for the sampling of aerial insect
populations. [Mosquito News] 5: 4-7, ill. Comstock, W.
P. — Violet Harriet Dos Passes and her N. American moths.
[6] 53: 47-48. Davis, William Thompson— Obituary notes.
[Mus. Bull. Staten Id. Inst. A. & S.] 27 (No. 3), 17 pp., ill.
Dobzhansky, Th. — Genetics and macro-evolution. (A re-
view of Simpson, G. G., Tempo and mode in evolution.)
[Jour. Hered.] 36: 113-15. Fletcher, F. C.— Sericulture, its
successes and failures. [118] 18: 73-75, cont. Grensted,
L. W. — Formation and gender of generic names : a further
note. [8] 71: 118. Peterson, A. — Some insect infants.
[54] 60 (6) : 426-42. ill. Riley, N. D.— Problem of "anting"
in birds. [109] 10: 13-14. Romney, V. E.— Effect of
physical factors upon catch of the beet leaf hopper (Eutettix
tenellus (Bak.)) by a cylinder and two sweep-net methods.
[84] 26 (2) : 135-47, ill. Sailer, R. L— Bite of a lacebug,
Corythucha cydoniae. [103] 18: 81-82. Simpson, G. G.-
Tempo and Mode in Evolution. N. Y. Columbia Univ.
Press, 1944, 237 p. $3.50. Review by C. L. Hubbs in [90]
79: 271-75. Solomon, M. E.— Tyroglyphid mites in stored
products. Methods for study of population density. [20]
32: 71-74. Teale, E. W. The sayings of William T.
Davis. [19] 40: 3-6. Vouk, A. M. — Aphidae as vectors
of the mosaic disease on onions. (Microbiology, Moscow]
13 (4) : 180-84. (Russian, English summary.) Wain-
wright, C. J. — Xomenclatorial problems. [8] 71: 79-80.

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, MEDICAL— Bostick, B.

O. — Morphology of the carabid beetle, Calosoma scrutator.

192 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Juty- '45

[7] 38: 14-32. Crombie, A. C. — On competition between
different species of graminivorous insects. [Proc. R. Soc.
London] B, 132: 362-95. Daggy, R. H. — Biology and sea-
sonal cycle of Anopheles farauti on Espiritu Santo, New
Hebrides. [7] 38: 1-13. Dennell, R. — Insect epicuticle.
[31] 155: 545. Goldschmidt, R. B.— Evolution of mouth
parts in Diptera ; a counter critique. [55] 21: 41—47.
Grosch, D. S. — The relation of cell size and organ size to
mortality in Habrobracon. [Growth] 9: 1-17. Hawley &
Dobbins — Distribution and abundance of the Japanese
beetle from 1935 through 1943, with a discussion of some
of the known factors that influence its behavior. [6] 53 :
1-20. Lees & Picken — Shape in relation to fine structure in
the bristles of Drosophila melanogaster. [Proc. R. Soc.
London] B, 132: 396-423, ill. Marcus, H. — La base ana-
tomica del olfato topoquimico. [Acta Zool. Lilloana] 2:
141-45, ill. La respiracion de las hormigas. [Acta Zool.
Lilloana] 2 : 307-20, ill. Rau, P. — Size of the cell and sex
of the wasp in Ancistrocerus catskillensis. [7] 38: 88.
Reynolds, J. M. — On the inheritance of food effects in a
flour beetle, Tribolium destructor. [Proc. R. Soc. London]
B, 132: 438-51. Roth, L. M.— Odoriferous glands in the
Tenebrionidae. [7] 38: 77-87, ill. Schrader, F.— The cy-
tology of regular heteroploidy in the genus Loxa. (Pent.)
[57] 76: 157-78. Tiegs, O. W. — Post-embryonic develop-
ment of Hanseniella agilis (Symphyla). [53] 85: 191-328,
ill. Villee, C. A. — Phenogenetic studies of homoeotic mu-
tants of Drosophila melanogaster. III. The effects of tem-
perature on the expression of bithorax — 34E. [90] 79:
246-58. Wellington, W. G. — Conditions governing the dis-
tribution of insects in the free atmosphere. II. [4] 77:
21-28. Whiting, A. R.— Effects of X-rays on hatchability
and on chromosomes of Habrobracon eggs treated in first
meiotic prophase and metaphase. [90] 79: 193-227, ill.
Williams, C. R. — Prolongation of larval-pupal development
in Drosophila melanogaster and its effect on facet number.
[90] 79: 259-70. Williams, J. L.— Anatomy of the internal
genitalia of some Coleoptera. [10] 47: 73-91, ill. Yeager
& Heishman — Some effects of antisera on larvae of the
southern armyworm, Prodenia eridania. [7] 38: 45-52.

ARACHNIDA AND MYRIOPODA— Barrows, W. M.

—New spiders from the Great Smoky Mountain National
Park. [7] 38: 70-76, ill. Bryant, E. B.— Argiopidae of

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 193

Hispaniola. [26] 95 (4): 359-418, ill. (*k). Carter, A.-
This bug is a borgia (Dermacentor sps.). [Frontiers,
Phila.] 9: 132-34, 160, ill. Curran, C. H.— Ticks and hu-
man welfare. [Nat. Hist. New York] 54: 283-85. Ewing,
H. E. — Mites of the U. S. Antarctic Service Expedition
1939-41. [Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.] 89: 296. McGregor,
E. A. — A new gen. and sp. of tetranychid mite from Cali-
fornia: [10] 47: 100-2, ill. Mulaik, 'S.— New mites in the
family Caeculidae. [Bull. Univ. Utah] 35 (17) : 23 pp., ill.
Schubart, O. — Os diplopodos de Pirassuntmga (Argentina).
[Acta Zool. Lilloana] 2: 321-440, ill. (*S). Solomon, M.
E. — (See under General.) Tiegs, O. W. — (See under Ana-
tomy.) Wang, Y. M. — Preliminary report on Chilopoda
at Ishan, Kwangsi and Meitan, Kweichow. [6] 53 : 63-67.

THE SMALLER ORDERS— Crawford, J. C.— A new

gen. and sp. of Thripinae from bulbs. [10] 47: 92-94.
Eraser, F. C. — Migration of Odonata. [8] 71 : 73-74.
Glance, G. — Collembola of the U. S. Antarctic Service
Expedition 1939-41. [Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.] 89: 295.
Jellison, W. L.— Genus Oropsylla in N. Amer. [17] 31:
83-97, ill. Marcus, H. — (See under Hymenoptera.)
Mosley, M. E. — Designation of certain genotypes in the
Trichoptera. [108] 14: 46-47. Williner, G. J.— Cecilidos
nuevos (Cecilid). [Acta Zool. Lilloana] 2: 293-99, ill. (S).
Wray, D. L. — A new Tetracanthella (Collembola) from N.
Carolina, with a key to known species. [7] 38: 33-37.

HEMIPTERA — Beamer, R. H. — New sp. of Dikraneura
from Arizona (Cicadel). [103] 18: 83-84. Beamer &
Lawson. — Rev. of the gen. Stragania in Amer. north of
Mexico (Cicadel). [103] 18: 49-66, ill. (*). Caldwell, J.
S. — Notes on Issidae from Mexico (Fulgorid). [7] 38: 89-
120, ill. (k). Neotropical lanternflies of the gen. Phrictus
in the U.S.N.M., with descr. of 4 n. sps. [50] 96: 177-84,
ill. Fennah, R. G. — New lanternflies from So. America
(Fulgorid). [50] 96: 95-105, ill. Characters of taxonomic
importance in the pretarsus of Auchenorhyncha (Homop.).
[10] 47: 120-28, ill. Jensen, D. D.— Notes on the syn-
onymy, nymphs and distribution of Heteropsylla texana
(Psyllid). [55] 21: 74-76. Metcalf, Z. P.— General cata-
logue of the Hemiptera, Fasc. IV, pts. 4-7. Fulgoridae,
Derbidae, Achilixiidae Meenoplidae, Kinnaridae. 252 pp.
Romney, V. E. — (See under General.) Sailer, R. L — Status

194 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS u- '45

of Corimelaena White, 1839, Eucoria Mulsant and Rey,
1865 and Allocaris McAtee and Malloch, 1933 (Pent.)-
flOJ 47: 129-35, ill. New name for Acantholoma Stal.
(Scutell.). [10] 47: 135. Note concerning Solubea post-
postia (Pent.). [10J 47: 136. (See also under General.)
Sampson, W. W. — Five n.sp. of Aleyrodidae from Cali-
fornia. [55] 21 : 58-62, ill. Schiff, H.— Notes on Thysania
zenobia (Heteroc.). [6] 53: 88. Vouk, A. M. — (See under
General.)

LEPIDOPTERA— Blanchard, E. E.— Dos n.esp. de
Agaonidos Argentines. [Acta Zool. Lilloana] 2: 301-305,
ill. Bourquin, F. — Metamorfosis de Automeris eothila
(Hemileucid). [Acta Zool. Lilloana] 2: 285-91, ill. Boyd,
W. M. — Notes on the potato tuber moth — Gnorimoschema
(Phthorimea) operculella in New Jersey. [6] 53: 68.
Brown, F. M. — Notes on Mexican butterflies. [6] 53: 31-
46. Butt, F. H. — External morphology of Amphymallon
majalis, the European corn-borer. [Cornell Univ. Mem.]
no. 266: 18 pp., ill. Comstock, W. P. — (See under Gen-
eral.) Corfe, C. E. — Two moths from one cocoon.
[Canad. Field Nat.] 58: 191. dos Passes, C. F.— Some col-
lections of Lepidoptera. [6] 53 : 62. Floroff, D. N.—
Steganoptycha diniana desertana Carad. in east Siberia.
[Bull. Inst. Sci. Biol. Geog. Univ. Irkoutsk] 9 (3-4): 169-
207, ill. (Russian, English summary.) Forbes, Wm. T.
M.— The genus Phyciodes (Nymph.). [70] 24: 139-207,
ill. (k). Freeman, T. N. — Review of the N. Amer. sps. of
the gen. Argyrotaenia (Tortric). [Scient. Agric.] 25: 81-
94, ill. (*). Heinrich, C. — Gen. Fundella, a contribution
towards a rev. of the Amer. Pyralidoid moths of the fam.
Phyctidae. [50] 96: 105-13, ill. (*S). Moss, A. M.-
Castnia of Para, with notes on others. [108] 14: 48-52.
Stallings & Turner. — Two new races of butterflies. [103]
18:82-83.

DIPTERA— Addis, C. J.— Phlebotomus (Dampfomyia)
anthophorus, n.sp. and P. diabolicus from Texas. [17]
31 : 119-27, ill. Alexander, C. P. — Records and descriptions
of neotropical crane-flies. XIX. [6] 53:49-61. Bequaert,
J. — Unusual occurrence of Lynchia americana. [19] 40:
30. Bickley, W. E. — Anal gills of mosquito largae. [Mos-
quito News] 5: 18. Cortes, R. — Nuevo nombre gen, para
u n taquinido de la Rep. Argentina (Tachinid). [Acta Zool.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 195

Lilloana] 2: 255-57. Daggy, R. H. — (See under Physi-
ology.) Dean, G. A. — Two interesting insect species (Her-
netia illucens, Dermestes lardarius). [103] 18:84. Hardy,
G. H.— On flies that fold their wings. [8] 71 : 93-94.
Hare, J. E. — Flying stage of the deer lousefly Lipoptena
depressa in California. [55] 21 : 48-57. Harmston &
Knowlton — New Dolichopodidae from Michigan. [103]
18: 77-81. Levi-Castillo, R.— New var. of the Anopheles
pseudopunctipennis complex in Ecuador. [Mosquito
News] 5: 17-18. Matheson, R. — Notes on Anopheles oc-
cidentalis and A. quadrimaculatus. [Mosquito News] 5:
1-3, ill. Rapp, W. F. — Check-list of Psychodidae of South
and Central America. [6] 53: 21-30. Reinhard, H. J.—
New genera and species of N. Amer. Tachinidae. [4] 77 :
28-36. New gen. & sps. of muscoid flies. [103] 18: 67-77.
Stage & Chamberlin. — Abundance & flight habits of cer-
tain Alaskan mosquitoes, as determined by means of a
rotary-type trap. [Mosquito News] 5: 8-16, ill.

QfiXHQHTEEA— Bostick, B. O.— (See under Ana-
tomy.) Dean, G. A. — (See under Diptera.) Dillon & Dil-
lon— Rev. of the tribe Pachypezini (Ceramb.). [19] 40:
11-27, ill. (k*). Fender, K. — Studies in the Cantharidae,
II. [4] 77: 37-39, ill. (*). Oregon Chrysomelidae. [55]
21 : 72-73. Notes on the sps. of Podabrus of Oregon and
Washington (Cantharid). [55] 21 : 77-80 (*). Fisher, W.
S. — New beetles of the family Eucnemididae from Cent.
Amer. & West Indies. [50] 96: 79-93. Hawley & Dob-
bins— (See under Physiology.) Hinton, H. E. — Descr. of
two n.sps. of Elsianus with a key to the graniger species-
group. [8] 71: 90-92 (S*). New & little known sps. of
Microcylloepus (Elmid). [9] 78: 57-63, ill. (S). Key to
the No. Amer. sps. of Terapus, with a descr. of a n.sp. (His-
terid). [108] 14: 38^45, ill. (S). Pao Chu (Hung Fu
Chu). — Larvae of the Harpalinae unisetose (Carab).
[Abst. of Thesis, Univ. 111.] 7 pp. Richter, P. O.— Notes
on Phyllophaga barda with a desc. of the larva. 1 10] 47 :
97-99, ill. Sanderson, M. W. — A new N. Amer. species of
Lithocaris (Staph). [10] 47: 94-97, ill. Seevers, C. H.-
New gen. & sps. of Trichopseniinae from American and Aus-
tralian termite nests (Staphilin). [55] 21 : 63-72. ill.
Werner, F. G. — Revision of the gen. Epicauta in America
north of Mexico (Meloidae). [26] 95 (5): 421-517. ill.
(*k). Williams, J. L. — (See under Anatomy.)

196 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, '45

HYMENOPTERA— Benson, R. B.— Classification of the
Pamphiliidae (Symphyta). [108] 14: 25-33, ill. Classi-
fication of the Xyelidae. [108] 14: 34-37, ill. Bugbee, R.
E. — Eight new species of the genus Eurytoma from Mexico
and Guatemala. Parts V and VI. [7] 38: 53-69, ill.
Campos, F. — La hormiga Holocoponera whymperi, vulgar-
mente quinquina. [Flora, Quito] 4 (11—12) : 135-136.
Macnamara, C. — Note on the swarming of Solenopsis mo-
lesta. [4] 77 : 40. Marcus, H. — Estudio comparado de la
articulacion mandibular en las hormigas y termites. [Acta
Zool. Lilloana] 2: 260-84, ill. Mickel, C. E.— Three new
species of Mutillidae from Peru and Bolivia. [7] 38: 38-
44. Morley, B. D. W.— Ant butter. [31] 155 (3939) : 517.
Murray, W. D. — Taxonomic value of male genitalia in
sphecoid Hymenoptera. [7] 38: 121-24, ill. Rau, P.—
Carnivorous habits of the adult wasp, Odynerus dorsalis.
[19] 40: 29-30. (See also under Physiology.) Ross, H.
H. — A taxonomic outline of the Nearctic species of Pachy-
nematus (Tenth). [10] 47: 105-20, ill. (k*). Schuster,
R. M. — A n.sp. of Pseudomethoca (Mutillid) from the W.
Indies. [19] 40: 7-8 (k). Scott, H.— Rainfall in relation
to scarcity or abundance of wasps. [8] 71 : 97-98.

LIST OF JOURNALS CITED

4. — Canadian Entomologist. 6. — Jour. New York Entom.
Soc. 7. — Ann. Entom. Soc. America. 8. — Entom. Monthly
Mag. 9. — The Entomologist, London. 10. — Proct. Ent.
Soc. Washington. 17. — Jour, of Parasitology. 19. — Bull.
Brooklyn Entom. Soc. 20. — Annals of Appl. Biology. 26.

-Bull. Mus. Comparative Zool. 31. — Nature, London. 50.

-Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum. 53. — Quart. Jour. Microscop.
Sci. 54. — Scientific Monthly. 55. — Pan-Pacific Entomolo-
gist. 57. — Jour, of Morphology. 70. — Entom. Americana.
84. — Ecology, Brooklyn. 87. — Opinions and Declarations,
Internat. Comm. Zool. Nomen. 90. — American Nat. 103. —
Jour. Kansas Entom. Soc. 108. — Proc. R. Entom. Soc. Lon-
don (B). 109.— Proc. R. Entom. Soc. London (C). 118.-
Ward's Nat. Sci. Bull.

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OCTOBER 1945 „£ »

Vol. LVI No. 8

CONTENTS

Chamberlin — On three lithobioid chilopods 197

Chamberlin — A European centipede in Utah 199

Westfall — Synonymy in the genus Gomphus 200

Rodeck — Genus Melanomada, new designation 202

Freeman — A new species of Lerodea 203

Knowlton — Amphorophora aphids notes 206

Rapp — Andrew Bolter Insect Collection 209

Hull— New syrphid flies 210

Personals 218

Notes and News in Entomology 218

Rapp — A correction 220

Entomological literature 220

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LYI OCTOBER, 1945 No. 8

On Three Lithobioid Chilopods

By RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN, University of Utah

Of the three new species of chilopods herein described, the
first two are based upon specimens taken in Illinois by William
F. Rapp, Jr., and pertain to the family Lithobiidae. The third
is a member of the Gosibiidae and its type specimen was taken
in Mexico by Prof. V. E. Shelford. The types of the three
species are in the author's collection.

Genus Physobius, new

Differing from Garibius and Monotarsobius in lacking a
special lobe on the tibia of the male. Agreeing with both of
these genera in having the articles of the antennae normally 20
in number. Prosternal teeth 2 + 2. Posterior angles of none
of the dorsal plates produced. Posterior coxae armed dorsally.
Ventral spines of anal legs 0, 1,3, 3, 0 to 0, 1, 3, 2, 1 as against
0, 1, 3, 1, 0 in Garibius.

Generotype. — Physobius rappi, new species.

Physobius rappi, new species

Head and antennae brown, the antennae of a somewhat pur-
plish cast with apical portion lighter. Dorsum pale, testaceous,
the last tergite darker. Last two pair of legs also darker, ex-
cept tibiae which are light.

A striking peculiarity is presented by the prosternum which
bears only a single tooth on each side ; this moderately large,
with the special seta near its outer base. Median sinus strictly
V-shaped. These teeth are symmetrical and normal as far as
can be detected.

(197)

198 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '45

Ventral spines of anal legs 0, 1, 3, 2; dorsal, 1, 0, 3, 1, 0;
claw single ; coxae armed laterally as well as dorsally. Ventral
spines of penult legs 0, 1, 3, 3, 2; dorsal, 1, 0, 3, 1, 1, with one
accessory claw; coxa not laterally armed. Ventral spines of
first legs 0, 0, 1, 2, 1 ; dorsal, 0, 0, 2, 1, 0.

Coxal pores, 3, 3, 3, 3.

Claw of female genital forceps tripartite with the lateral teeth
small ; basal spines 2 + 2.

Length, 11.2 mm.

Locality. — ILLINOIS : Mahomet. One female taken Mar. 4,
1945.

Tidabius plesius, new species

A species apparently nearest to T. poaphilus of Nebraska,
with which it agrees in having the posterior coxae wholly un-
armed and in having the ventral spines of the anal legs, 0, 1, 3,
2, 0, with the dorsal spines 0, 0, 2, 0, 0 and the claws 2. It
differs, however, in having the dorsal spines of the penult legs
0, 0, 2, 1, 0, and in having also but 2 dorsal spines on the third
joint of the three or four preceding pairs, the others, except the
first, having but one spine. Ventral spines of first legs 0, 0, 0.
0, 1, the dorsal, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1 ; ventral spines of the second legs
0, 0, 0, 1, 1 ; dorsal, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2. The articles of the antennae
typically 28 instead of 32.

Length of female holotype, 9 mm.

Locality. — ILLINOIS: Urbana, Feb. 25, 1945.

Mayobius victoriae, new species

In the type specimen the head, antennae, prehensors and first
tergite are brown ; the remaining part of the dorsum testaceous ;
legs yellowish.

The antennae of moderate length, the articles mostly short,
47 in number. Ocelli in 2 series, 1 + 3, 3, the single ocellus
large, the seriate ocelli in each row decreasing in size cephalad.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 199

Prosternal teeth 2 + 2 as usual, the ectal spine on each side
much less robust than the teeth but truly spiniform.

Readily to be distinguished from other known species in ap-
parently lacking spines on the first legs both below and above.
The second legs also lack spines below but have small ones
above; thus, 0, 0, 2, 2, 1. Ventral spines of penult legs 0, 1,
3, 1 (2?) 1; dorsal, 0, 0, 3, 1, 1; an accessory claw present.
None of the posterior coxae armed.

Claw of the female gonopods strictly entire. Basal spines
2 + 2, stout.

Posterior angles of 9th, llth and 13th dorsal plates strongly
produced, those of the 7th weakly so (Subgenus Mayobius,
sens. str.).

Length, 11 mm.

Locality. — MEXICO: Tamaulipas : Ciudad Victoria. Female
type taken Dec. 30, 1943.

Occurrence of a European Centiped in Utah

By R. V. CHAMBERLIN, University of Utah

Cryptops hortcnsis Leach, a common European centiped,
known heretofore also from the Azores, Madeira, and St.
Helena, has over a series of years been taken occasionally at
quarantine in soil about plants imported from Europe. It has
not, however, previously been noted as anywhere established in
America. In April of this year, Mr. Stanley Mulaik brought
in a single specimen with soil taken near the Biology Building
of the University of Utah. Subsequent investigation has shown
that it is abundant in cultivated soil on the campus of this
institution.

200 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '45

A Note on Synonymy in the Genus Gomphus

(Odonata)

By MINTER J. WESTFALL, JR., Cornell University

While working over the Gomphines recently with Dr. James
G. Needham, the author noted several synonymous names, four
of which are pointed out below.

Gomphus quadricolor Walsh

1863. Gomphus quadricolor Walsh, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila.,
2 (3) : 246-249 [Rock Island, 111., 1 J>; type lost (Mutt-
kowski, Catal. p. 96)].

1922. Gomphus alleni Howe, Occasional Papers Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist., 5: 19-20, figs. 1-4. Squam Lake, New
Hampshire, June 22, 1907; 1 J1 only; type (formerly at
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Museum) now at Mus. Comp. Zool.,
Harvard College.

Only the type of alleni is known, but I remembered having
seen the peculiar teeth figured by Howe on the superior append-
age of alleni in other specimens we had been calling quadricolor.
With the original descriptions of alleni and quadricolor before
me and a specimen which had been determined by Dr. E. M.
Walker as quadricolor, I could find no specific difference in the
two descriptions. Howe had compared alleni with almost
everything else near it except quadricolor. This he must have
overlooked. Howe states that he compared the type with the
Gomphine material of the collection at the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology with the aid of Nathan Banks, also that Mr.
E. B. Williamson and Dr. P. P. Calvert studied the type and
believed it to be new. It is difficult to see how all could have
failed to note its identity with quadricolor, except that the lat-
ter species is none too common in collections and not well
known.

It was quite certain after my study that alleni should be rele-
gated to synonymy, but to be still more certain I sent the speci-

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 201

men of qnadricolor determined by Walker and which fits
Walsh's description to Nathan Banks at the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology. He has kindly examined the type of alleni
and compared it with my specimen of qnadricolor. In a letter
he writes, "G. alleni is the same species ; it agrees with your
specimen throughout, and also with two qnadricolor we have
from Ohio."

This species has been recorded in the literature from Ont.,
Mass., N. Y., Pa., Mich., Wise., Ohio, Ind., 111., Tenn., and Ala.
This synonymy apparently constitutes a new record for New
Hampshire.

Gomphus descriptus Banks

1896. Goni pints descriptus Banks, Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 4:
194. Ithaca, N. Y., May 15-21; 6 J*s, 2 $s ; types [said
by Muttkowski (1910, Catal. p. 91) to be in the collection
of Banks] are at the U. S. National Museum according to
a recent communication from Nathan Banks.

1943. GompJius argus Needham, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc.,
38 (5): 143-152, figs. 1-2. Argus Brook, Lloyd Wild-
life Reservation near McLean, N. Y., June 4, 1923 ; single
fragmentary J1 ; holotype in Cornell Univ. collection in vial
and on two slides.

1943. Gomphus mortimcr Needham, Bull. Brooklyn Ent.
Soc., 38 (5): 143-152, figs. 1-2. Chipola Lake, Fla.,
April, 1929; 2 J's, one taken in transformation; types in
Cornell Univ. Coll. in vials and on slides.

After carefully studying the types of argus and mortimcr with
me, Dr. Nedham has requested that I report them as syno-
nyms. In describing argus he mentioned a close relationship
with descriptus, but did not recognize it as identical.

G. descriptus had been recorded from Ont., Que., Mass,
(specimens in collection of M. J. Westfall, Jr.), N. Y., Mich.,
Iowa, and N. C. Dr. Needham's specimens extend the known
range to Florida.

202 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '45

Gomphus (Stylurus) notatus Rambur

1842. Gomphus notatus Rambur, Ins. Nour.,p. 162. Single
J1; mutilated type in Mus. Paris (Rambur did not know
where the type was collected).

1943. Gomphus (Stylurus) jucundus Needham, Bull.
Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 38 (5): 143-152, figs. 1-2. Crown
Point, N. Y., July 30, 1939 ; types J and $ taken in copula-
tion, now in Cornell Univ. collection in 2 vials and on 3
slides.

After studying this species again, and comparing it with the
type description of notatus and material from the Williamson
collection, Dr. Needham has requested that I report it as a
synonym.

This species is recorded from Manitoba to Que., N. Y. to
N. C, Ala., Tenn. to Wise.

Genus Melanomada Cockerell, New Designation
(Hym. : Apoidea) *

HUGO G. RODECK, University of Colorado Museum,f
Boulder, Colorado

Melanomada Cockerell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 55 : 587,

1903 (new subgenus, type Nomada grindcliae Ckll.).
Hesperonomada Linsley, Pan-Pac. Ent., 15: 5, 1939 (new
genus, type Hesperonomada melanantha Lins.).
Melanomada was erected by Cockerell as a subgenus based
upon Nomada grindcliae Ckll., and characterized by the entire
seventh male tergite, the black color of the male and the black
and red of the female, the smooth shining vertex and mesono-
tum, etc. Later (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIX: 648, 1911)
Cockerell described N. (Melanomada) helcniclla as a second
species of the group.

* Extracted from a thesis accepted by the University of Minnesota.
f On leave of absence for military service.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 203

Upon examining the types of Cockerell's species Nomada
penniycra, sidacfloris, and pasitiira, the writer became con-
vinced that these also belong to this subgemis.

The genus Hesperonomada Linsley, based on the species
melanantha Lins. from California, corresponds to Melanoinada
in both external and genitalial characters. The generic distinct-
ness of Melanomada ( including Hesperonomada) from Nomada,
recognized by Linsley in the erection of Hesperonomada, can be
established without any doubt by an examination of the male
genitalia, particularly the 9th sternum, which is radically dif-
ferent from that of any group of Nomada, and is illustrated in
the Linsley reference above.

A thoroughgoing revision of the genus Melanomada, ap-
parently considerably larger than anticipated, will necessarily
await the accumulation of more specimens than now appear to
be available. The insects are rare, or at least are rare in col-
lections. The generic characters will be neither entirely those
of Cockerell's Melanomada nor entirely those of Linsley's
Hesperonomada since the inclusion of the additional species
which may prove to belong here will modify the concepts of
both authors. M. melanantha has two cubital cells, a peculi-
arity which appears sporadically in numerous species of Noma-
dines, and which is a fairly constant character in Nomada
(Hcminomada} obliterate and Ar. (Pachynomada} victrix.

A New Species of Lerodea from Texas
(Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)

By H. A. FREEMAN, Pharr, Texas

For some time the writer had been confusing a species of
Lerodea from Texas with ncamathla Skinner and Williams.
Despite the fact that this species resembles the Florida species,
certain superficial characteristics encouraged the writer to make
genitalic studies and thus find that the specimens from Texas
constitute an unnamed species the description of which follow.

204 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '45

Lerodea Julia n. sp.

($. Upper surface : Primaries, greyish-brown with three very
faint, linear subapical spots. There are two yellowish spots
below the subapical ones, the lowest one not in line and nearer
the center of the wing. The entire surface of the wing is over-
scaled with light yellow scales and hairs. Secondaries, greyish-
brown, overscaled with light yellow scales and hairs.

Under surface : Primaries, center of the wing greyish-brown
with the costal margin, apex and outer margin overscaled with
ochreous scales. The spots reappear but are much fainter.
Secondaries, brown, heavily overscaled with ochreous scales,
otherwise immaculate.

Fringe : Lighter in coloration than the wings. The palpi are
yellowish-brown with some white scales interspersed.

5- Similar to the J1, except the ground color is somewhat
darker.

Expanse : <$$, 26-29 mm., average 28 mm. ; 5$, 26-29 mm.,
average 28 mm.

Described from 17 specimens, 11 J'J1 and 6 9$. The data on
these specimens, all collected by the writer, are as follows : 1 J\
X-15-44, 1 <$, 1-2-45, I ?, 1-1-45, 1 ?, XII-30-44, 1 ?, 1-28-
45, Pharr; 3^, I?, V-31-42, Uvalde; 1 <?, 1$, VI-13-40,
San Marcos; 1 J, VI-3-40, 2 JJ, V-30-42, 1 J>, VIII-16-44,
New Braumfels ; 1 <$, VI— 8-40, Brownsville ; all in Texas and
1 $, VI-8-35, Monterrey, N. L., Mexico.

This species is named in honor of my second daughter.

Holotype <$, X-15-44, Pharr, Texas and allotype $, XII-
30-44, Pharr, Texas, are in the collection of the author. Para-
types, 3 gg are in the collection of Mr. Otto Buchholz ; 1 J* in
the collection of Dr. George Rawson ; 1 J\ in the Stallings and
Turner collection ; one pair will be placed in each of the follow-
ing museums ; Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
The American Museum of Natural History, and the United
States National Museum. The other 2 ^^ and 2 $2 paratypes
will remain for the present in the collection of the author.

Ivi, '45]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

205

Julia resembles neamathla Skinner and Williams superficially
more than any other species of Lerodca; however, the follow-
ing differences can be noted.

1. Julia is slightly larger than neamathla.

2. The spots on the primaries are larger and somewhat more
readily discernible in julia, because of their lighter coloration.

3. The overscaling on the upper surface of both wings is
somewhat lighter in julia than in neamathla.

4. On the lower surface of the secondaries of julia. the over-
scaling is of a more ochreous coloration, thus being lighter than
neamathla.

Fig. 1. Genitalia of: Lerodca julia n. sp., <$ paratype, Uvalde, Texas,

V-31-42.

Julia belongs to that group of obscurely marked skippers that
for accurate determination requires a study of the genitalia.
Despite the resemblance to neamathla, the genitalia are differ-
ent as can be seen by comparing the figure with the genitalia of
the Florida species.

206 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '45

Amphorophora Aphids Notes

By GEORGE F. KNOWLTON, Utah Agricultural Experiment

Station, Logan, Utah

The following paper includes the description of an apparently
undescribed Amphorophora from currant foliage, and records
host and locality data for additional species of the genus Am-
phorophora, a number of which were collected upon berry
plants.

Amphorophora fronki 1 n. sp.

Alate vivipara: Color green ; cleared specimens largely pale ;
antennae 2.75 mm. long; antennal III, .865 with 51 to 57 sen-
soria; IV, .44 to .46 with 2 to 4 sensoria in row on basal half
of segment; V, .367 to .385 without secondary sensoria; VI,
.014 + .95 ; rostrum exceeds second coxae ; rostral IV + V
slenderly obtuse, .145 mm. long; hind tibiae 1.72, pale with
thickened distal end blackish; hind tarsi .175, blackish; cornicles
vasiform, .296 long, pale with distal three-fifths slightly dusky,
swollen portion scarcely twice thickness of narrowest part;
cauda .32 mm. long, pale to slightly dusky.

Apterous vivipara: Color green ; body 2.4 mm. long ; antennae
pale with dark ends on III to VI ; antennals III, .835 to .93
with 12 to 15 sensoria on proximal half; IV, .408 to .48, with-
out sensoria; V, .4 to .464; VI, .104 to .112 + .92 to .945;
rostrum reaching third coxae, tip slenderly obtuse; rostral IV
+ V, .152; hind tibiae 1.92, pale, blackish at distal ends; hind
tarsi .168 to .176; cornicles .736 to .785, spinosely imbricated
before the flange; cauda .368 to .385, pale, usually with 3 lateral
hairs ; cauda rounded.

Collected on foliage of "bedbug currant," Ribes sp., at Ameri-
can Fork, Utah, July 25, 1940 (G. F. Knowlton). Type in
the collection of writer.

Winged females of Amphorophora fronki n. sp. key to A.
sensoriata Mason in Mason's key (U. S. Natl. Mus. Proc. 67 :

1 Named in honor of 1st Lt. W. D. Fronk.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 207

5-6, 1925) from which they differ in having no sensoria on
antennal V, longer rostrum, shorter and paler antennals III and
IV with fewer sensoria. Aptera of A. fronki key to A. per-
gandei Mason in the above key, but possess longer cornicles and
have fewer lateral hairs on cauda. Alate A. fronki have paler
and less tuberculate antennae and paler cornicles than A. per-
gandei.

Amphorphora amicae Glend. Collected on Arnica sp. near
foot of Puyallup Glacier, Mt. Rainier, Washington (H. C.
Bennion).

A. cratacgi (Monell). An extremely heavy infestation
caused foliage of Cratacgits to drop early in the forestry nursery
at the Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah, during
the fall of 1943. On September 5 to 8 the trunk, branches and
soil beneath a number of Crataegus were green with hundreds
of thousands of these crawling aphids, deserting heavily infested
fallen leaves and crawling back upon the hosts. Also collected
at Hoytsville, Utah, October 1943; Mt. Timpanogos, Utah,
July 12, 1942; Grand Canyon of the Snake River, Wyoming,
September 11, 1941 (Knowlton) ; and at Hollister, Idaho,
August 30, 1930 (D. E. Fox).

A. geranii G.-P. Buhl, Idaho, October 17, 1930 (D. E. Fox).

A. grind cliae Wins. On Grindclia sqiiarrosa at Garland,
June 4 and 10, 1938, and Granite, June 27, 1937, in Utah;
Beaver Dam, April 25, 1935, and Flagstaff, September 23, 1944,
in Arizona; Basin, Wyoming, September 12, 1941; Helena,
Montana, August 2, 1944; and Castleford, Idaho, August 19,
1943.

A Iialli Knit. Runs to A. ncrvata (Gill.) in Mason's key
(U. S. Natl. Mus. Proc. 2: 6, 1925) from which it differs in
more swollen cornicles, relatively longer antennal V and unguis.
Rostral IV + V, .126 mm. long; hind tibiae 1.77; hind tarsi
.126.

A. laingi (?) Mason. An apterous female collected at Puyal-
lup, Washington, August 11, 1937 (H. C. Bennion) keys to
this species in Mason's key (U. S. Natl. Mus. Proc. 67: 6-7,
1925).

208 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '45

A. niasoni (Knit.). On Helianthits annitus, Toquerville,
Utah, June 18, 1935; Fredonia, Arizona, July 11, 1935.

A. minima Mason. On raspberry, Wooster, Ohio, August
24 (Wilcox).

A. nervata (Gill.). On leaves and tender tips of twigs of
wild rose, Rosa chrysocarpa, at Big Cottonwood Canyon, Utah,
June 29, 1925 ; and Rosa jendleri at Emigration Canyon, Utah,
July 25, 1925 ; on cultivated rose at Bonneville Dam and Port-
land, Oregon, June 20, 1939 ; Twin Falls, Idaho, August 19,
1943; Shoshone, Wyoming, September 13, 1935; Bozeman,
Montana, July 16, 1936; Overton, Nevada, May 20, 1935; in
Utah at Moab, July 26, 1935, and at Amalga, Cedar Valley,
Delta, Hooper, Logan, Ogden, Pleasant Grove, Provo. St.
George and Springville. Collected in sweeps on grass at Salem,
Oregon, June 17, 1939.

A. ritbi (Kalt.). Abundant on wild raspberry leaves at
Miner's Basin in LaSal Mountains, Utah, July 28, 1939; on
tame raspberry at Wellsville, Utah, July 4, 1939; on Rubus
strigosns, Hyrum, Utah, October 12, 1938; on Rubus sp. at
Albany, Oregon, August 24, 1944.

A. rubicola (Oest.). On wild raspberry, Ritbiis sp., Living-
ston, Montana, July 31, 1942 (H. F. Thornley).

A. rubicumbcrlandi K.-A. On wild black raspberry canes,
Rubus sp., Oregon Caves, Southern Oregon, June 24, 1939
(Dr. S. A. Huber). More than 1000 to 2000 in some very
large colonies on black raspberry canes examined at Puyallup,
Washington, June 17, 1939 (Huber-Knowlton).

A. scnsoriata Mason. On growing tips of cultivated rasp-
berry, Madison, Wisconsin, October 7, 1914 (A. C. Burrill) ;
Haddonfield, N. J., July 12, 1938 (M. D. Leonard).

A. sonchi (Oest.) On Lactuca at Overton, Nevada, April
26, 1935; Bozeman, Montana (C. B. Philip); Buhl, Idaho,
August 19, 1943; Hurricane and Salt Lake City, Utah; on
loganberry, Corvallis, Oregon, October 8, 1914 (A. L. Lovett) ;
on wild gooseberry on foothills west of Woodruff, Utah, July
5, 1935 ; on black currant at Fielding, Collinston and Garland,
October 22, 1929; on Sonchus aspcr at Magna; alates on sugar

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 209

beets (accidentals?) at Cornish, Utah, September 23, 1926.
Alate on Rosa sp., Ogden Canyon, October 9, 1937 (acci-
dental?); winged females in greenhouse at Logan, Utah on
Agropyron crcstatnm, December 5 and 15, 1939; at Preston,
Idaho on currant.

The Andrew Bolter Insect Collection x

By WILLIAM F. RAPP, JR.

The statement has recently been made that the Andrew Bolter
collection has been lost. This collection was willed to the De-
partment of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, by
the late Andrew Bolter in 1900. The will specified that the
collection was to be kept in the original cabinets and was not
to be broken up and placed in other collections. The provisions
of the will have been kept and the collection is still retained by
the University of Illinois' Entomology Department.

At the time of Bolter's death this collection was considered
the largest private insect collection in North America. A par-
tial list of types was published by Prison.2 Many types and
co-types are still thought to be in the collection. It is particu-
larly strong in Lepidoptera, the majority of which were de-
termined by the leading specialists of the day, such as Smith,
Hulst, Grote, Daecke, Edwards, and Harris. A partial list of
the Lepidoptera has been published by Kimball and Jones.3
The collection is also rich in Coleoptera. There is a fair num-
ber of Hymenoptera, which were largely determined by E. T.
Cresson, Sr. The type of Trogits bolteri is in the collection,
and possibly several other of Cresson's types.

Today the collection is in good condition, but the nomencla-
ture is that of 1900. Unfortunately, there is very little collec-
tion data with the specimens, the majority having only state
labels.

1 Contribution from the Department of Entomology, University of
Illinois, Urbana, No. 252.

2 Bull. 111. State Nat. Hist. Survey, vol. 15 (1927), pp. 232-233.

3 Kimball, C. R. and Jones, F. M., Annotated List of the Lepidoptera
of Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard Islands, Mass., Publication of the
Nantucket Maria Mitchell Association, vol. IV.

210 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '45

New Syrphid Flies

By F. M. HULL, University of Mississippi

(Continued from page 187)

Eristalis maritimus n. sp.

A submetallic fly, the wings widely tinged with brown, espe-
cially just beyond the middle ; scutellum yellowish brown. Re-
lated to resolutus Walker. The opaque fasciae upon the ab-
domen are much more narrow, the front is shining black
without the prominent transverse depression.

Female. Length 11 mm. Head: The upper occiput, the
front and vertex shining black with a slight purplish cast on
either side of the faint median line; the entire pile of this area
is black and the front is without the prominent transverse de-
pression of resolutus which lies a short distance above the an-
tennae. Face widely shining black in the middle, the sides
yellowish white pubescent with similar colored pile. Beneath
the antennae this pubescence extends nearly across the face and
it extends on either side of the antennae and linearly up the
front halfway upon the eye margins. Antennae with the first
two segments dark brown; the third is reddish ventrally and
narrowly along the base and brownish black upon the re-
mainder. Arista dark brown. Thorax: black with a bluish
reflection especially prominent in the middle of the posterior
half. Seen from the rear there are a pair of narrowly sepa-
rated, submedial, grey pollinose vittae reaching to the posterior
third where they are diagonally cut off and their apices are
divergent. There is a similar pair of pollinose fasciae just
anterior to the transverse suture. There is a more whitish or
brownish white pollinose spot mesad to each humerus. The
posterior half of mesopleura and upper half of sternopleura and
an obscure spot on the hypopleura are pale yellowish or brown-
ish white pollinose and these areas have reddish yellow pile ;
pteropleura with abundant black pile and the pile of the mesono-
tum except upon the notapleura, the ventral edge of post calli

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 211

and a few hairs at the sides of the scutellum are reddish orange ;
dorsal pile of the post calli black. Scutellum light orange
brown with abundant appressed black pile. Abdomen: wide
and short oval, the first segment black with reddish pile along
the sides. The second segment has a subopaque, narrow, basal
border and a wider medial vitta which expands posteriorly into
a subapical fascia that is somewhat diffuse; the depression
which marks the anterior border of this opaque fascia is quite
marked and rather deep. The remainder of the antero-lateral
portion is strongly brassy but apically coppery red ; medially
the apical margin of this segment is brassy. Upon the third
segment there is a large, subopaque, medial, elongate spot reach-
ing from the base nearly to the apex of the segment. The
basolateral part of the segment is quite reddish coppery with a
narrow, oblique, greenish blue, quite diffuse, rather shining,
diagonal stripe running from the posterior corner towards the
opaque medial spot which, however, it does not reach. Upon
the fourth segment there is only the large, oval, medial sub-
opaque black spot, the remainder of the sides coppery in color.
Legs: Femora black, becoming sepia near the apex. Pile of
anterior femora entirely black, of the middle femora black ex-
cept for a band of long, reddish yellow hairs posterodorsally
upon the basal half and some short yellow pile along the an-
terior surface on the basal half. Pile of hind femora short and
black but with a prominent, dorsal row of long reddish brassy
pile above and similar, more sparse pile ventrally; the lateral
pile is chiefly black. The anterior tibiae are blackish on the
apical half and light yellowish brown diffusely upon the basal
part ; the middle tibiae are dark brown apically and yellowish
brown basally. The hind tibiae are dark sepia brown upon the
apical two-thirds but diffusely yellowish brown basally and
without the central yellow triangle found on resolutiis. Pile
of hind tibiae almost wholly reddish orange but with numerous
short black hairs ventrally upon the basal half. All of the
tarsi are very dark brown with brownish black pile dorsally and

212 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '45

yellowish brown pile ventrally. Wings: strongly tinged with
brown from the middle nearly to the apex ; the whole of the
posterior and apical border of wings pale brown, the first and
second basal cells and the base of the costal cell very pale yel-
lowish brown.

Holotype: a female, GUADALCANAL (C. O. Berg collector),
1944; presented to the author by George Steyskal.

Dideopsis hemipennis n. sp.

Related to aegrota Fabricius. The dark sepia brown area
upon the base of the wing is sharply delimited instead of diffuse
and covers only the basal half or slightly more of the wing.
The brown color runs diagonally backward well behind the
posterobasal corner of the discal cell. At most only half of
the discal c^ll is colored with brown.

Male. Length 9 mm. Head: Vertex shining black, the
front shining black on the lower half and with a faint bluish
cast laterally, diffusely merging into a pollinose or pubescent
area above. Middle of upper front yellowish brown pubescent,
merging into the yellowish white pubescence along the eye mar-
gins. Pile of upper part of the front long, erect and black with
many reddish hairs intermixed but entirely black laterally on
each side of the supra-antennal callus. Pile of the face entirely
pale yellow. Middle of the face dully shining black, the ex-
treme lower part of face and cheeks black but most of the sides
of the face pale yellow and with similarly colored pubescence.
Tubercle of face fairly prominent. The first two antennal seg-
ments black whereas they are dark brown or reddish brown in
aegrota; the third segment is blackish above, light reddish
brown below entirely to the apex. Thorax: Mesonotum shin-
ing black, the notapleura grey pollinose, a prominent reddish
yellow collar of hairs present ; the mesonotal pile is fine, erect
and black but reddish along the sides and before the scutellum
and entirely reddish over the base of the wing ; the thick tuft of
black pile over the wing as in aegrota is absent. Scutellum yel-
lowish brown with fine, blackish pile ; squamae light yellow with

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 213

similar fringe ; halteres orange brown. The mesopleura are
yellowish pollinose with thick yellowish brown pile ; pteropleural
pile black; plumulae white. Abdomen: rather similar to acgrota
in general pattern, the pair of spots upon the base of the second
segment almost connected across the midline. The basal fascia
of third segment is a little wider and not indented postero-
medially. Legs: Anterior and middle femora light reddish
brown becoming more brownish basally, their tibiae and anterior
basitarsi light reddish brown. Middle tarsi entirely blackish
except the extreme base which may be a little reddish. Hind
femora and their tibiae except for yellowish middle band sepia
brown, their tarsi black, the pile of the hind legs black. Venter
colored as in acgrota. Wings: apical half of the wings ob-
liquely hyaline, the apical half of the stigmal cell very pale yel-
lowish, the basal half sepia, the brown color of the wing rather
sharply delimited and reaching from just beyond the end of the
costal cell across the middle of the discal cell to the end of the
wing at the end of the sixth vein. The extreme base of the
first and the second basal cells is barely paler than the sur-
rounding brown color.

Holotype: a male, NEW GEORGIA, 1944 (C. O. Berg col-
lector) ; presented to the author by George Steyskal.

Eristalis collaris De Meijere variety nigrovittata new
variety

Distinguished by the metallic blackish vitta upon the face.

Male. Length 9.5 mm. Head: The pile of the front and
vertex is black ; of the face pale yellowish brown. The lateral
eye marginal bands of pubescence are also pale yellowish brown.
Cheeks and lower part of the face deep yellowish brown. Mid-
dle of the face with a brownish black highly polished medial
vitta. The antennae are orange brown, the arista reddish
brown. Upper eye facet of the male enormously enlarged, ex-
tending halfway down the eyes but the enlarged area not sharply
separated. Thorax: black, the entire area anterior to the suture
with thick, yellowish brown, slightly reddish pollen and similarly

214 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '45

colored pile. Viewed posteriorly there are two broad, sub-
medial vittae of this same pollen which are anteriorly fused and
which extend posteriorly a short way past the transverse suture.
Their posterior ends are obliquely truncate and divergent.
There is a fascia of the same colored pollen just before the
scutellum with similar pile. The intervening area upon the
mesonotum is nearly opaque black but reddish sepia brown
upon the edges and with black to blackish brown pile. The
post calli are shining reddish brown ; the presutural yellow
pollinose stripe extends down upon the mesopleura across the
upper sternopleura and curves upward over most of the hypo-
pleura; pleural pile reddish yellow. The squamae are pale
yellowish brown basally, sepia on the apical half with sepia
fringe ; scutellum deep yellow, opaque except upon the trans-
lucent rim which is shining, its discal pile thick and black, the
marginal pile yellow. Abdomen: with the first and all of the
second segment deep yellow except an opaque, anteromedially
produced, posterior black fascia which however extends only
upon the posterior third of the segment and the medial exten-
sion extends forward only two-thirds the length of the seg-
ment. Pile of the yellow areas yellow or orange except pos-
teriorlaterally on the second segment ; pile of the black areas
black. The third segment is deep yellow on the basal half,
becoming metallic over the yellow laterally; the posterior half
is subopaque black, brown where joins the yellow and the black
area black pilose. There is a medial, posterior, metallic golden
notch on the black area. Fourth segment metallic brassy or
golden, with a narrow, central, opaque black fascia very slightly
oblique, meeting in the midline at the base of the segment.
The pile of this segment is wholly golden. Legs: entirely pale
brownish orange ; the apex of the hind tibiae is light reddish
brown, the last two tarsi on all of the legs black. Wings: hya-
line, the dip of the third vein quite shallow but long, the wings
without villi, the stigmal cell very pale yellow and almost hya-
line, narrowly brownish at its immediate base but without any
stigmal cross vein.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 215

Female. Similar to the male, the metallic black stripe of the
face is wider and still more prominent, the vertex shining black ;
a short distance below the ocelli there is a transverse, pos-
teriorly concave, opaque black cross band which is in the middle
extended forward more than half the length of the front ; its
anterior end rounded. The anterior part of the front is shin-
ing black, the lateral margin rather widely creamy brown
pubescent and connected with the same pubescences of the
face ; all of the frontal pile is black. Upon the abdomen there
is only a narrow basal yellow fascia upon the second segment,
the remainder being opaque black except for metallic black
lateral triangles. The whole of the first segment is pale brown-
ish yellow, third segment similar to the male except that the
anterior brownish yellow fascia is shallowly indented posterio-
medially, the indentation not quite reaching the base and the
metallic black laterally extends narrowly to the base. Fourth
segment with the basal yellow fascia complete and with a tiny,
medial, posterior notch.

Holotype: a male, GUADALCANAL, Nov. 1934, C. O. Berg.
Allotype : a female, with the same data. Types in the author's
collection.

Chrysogaster minuta n. sp.

A bright metallic greenish black fly in which the wings are
rather strongly tinged with brown and the subapical cross vein
is straight, making a right angle with the last section of the third
vein. Related to stigmata Will.

Male. Length 4.5 mm. Head: The front, vertex and face
are shining greenish black, the front with a prominent, round
punctate depression in the middle and very sparse, short, light
yellow pile. Pile of the vertex blackish. Face with a trans-
versely striate area beneath the antennae which is narrow and
does not reach the eyes. The lower part of the face and epi-
stoma are rather sharply produced forward beyond the base of
the antennae. The antennae are wholly black, the second seg-
ment approximately twice as long as the first, the third nearly

216 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '45

twice as long as the second. Thorax: Mesonotum shining
greenish black, including the scutellum and with four obscure
brassy vittae. Mesonotal pile short, erect, abundant and brassy
yellow. The pleural pile is quite sparse but of the same color.
Squamae pale yellowish brown with similar fringe, halteres
light orange. Abdomen: wider than thorax, the lateral mar-
gins greenish to brassy black, slightly coppery upon the sides
at the end of the second segment. Disc of abdomen only
moderately shining and more or less subopaque black with a
slight bluish, purplish reflection. Legs: Femora and tibiae
wholly greenish black with light brownish to pale yellow pile ;
tarsi wholly black, pale pilose. Wings: rather strongly and uni-
formly tinged with dilute smoky brown, the stigma barely
darker. Subapical cross vein straight making a right angle
with the last section of the third vein.

Holotype: a male, Mt. Rainier, WASHINGTON, July 7, 1926
(F. M. Hull collector).

Salpingogaster uncinata n. sp.

A dark sepia brown species with yellowish legs; a yellow
stripe on the reddish brown pleura and the face reddish brown
in the middle. Related to diana Hull.

Male. Length 11 mm. Head: Vertex shining black, the
front deep reddish brown, the sides narrowly yellow, the face
light yellow with reddish brown medial stripe reaching to just
below the prominent tubercle. The pile of the front and face is
sparse and yellow. The front is without a prominent con-
striction. The first two antennal segments are light brown,
the third missing. Occiput yellowish grey pollinose with fine
golden pile, the eyes with a medial indentation. Thorax:
Mesonotum reddish sepia brown with on either side a narrow,
slender, shining reddish or chestnut vitta reaching practically
to the scutellum and very slightly diverging posteriorly. The
post calli and the region just in front are light reddish chestnut.
There is a similar colored slender vitta which runs from the
inner end of the pale yellow humeri to the transverse suture.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 217

The notapleura are narrowly yellowish, the posterior half of
mesopleura and upper posterior half of sternopleura and a
narrow vertical band margining the metanotum are light yel-
low; scutellum sepia brown, the base and the margin light
yellow. Pile of the mesonotum quite sparse, short and yellow.
Squamae light brownish yellow. Halteres light brown. Ab-
domen strongly constricted upon the cylindrical second seg-
ment which segment is reddish chestnut in color. The middle
of this segment is not quite half as wide as the base or apex.
The first segment is of the same color, its lateral margins or
lobes bluntly rounded and a little more yellowish. Third,
fourth, and fifth segments shining sepia black with slight bluish
reflections and formed into a wide, quite convex club-like por-
tion. The hypopygium is sepia with a strong narrow down-
ward curved hook-like projection; venter dark reddish brown,
the fourth sternite with on either side a rounded bristly lobe.
Legs: First pair of legs wholly yeltow, second and third pairs
wholly yellow except for light reddish brown coxae and tro-
chanters and for faint but wide brown subapical bands on their
femora and the medial surface of the femora more yellowish
brown. Posterior femora with thick abundant blackish pile
that becomes quite long ventrally and near the apex rather
stiffer and more bristly. Wings: strongly tinged with yellow-
ish, the costal and subcostal cell and basal half of the marginal
cell and of the first basal cell above the spurious vein deep
yellow. The stigmal cell is rather dark brown, the marginal cell
and the apex of the submarginal cell light brown. Loop of the
third vein only moderately deep, about as deep as the usual
species of Eristalis. Subapical cross vein only moderately sig-
moid.

Holotypc: a male. La Suiza, COSTA RICA (Pablo Schild)
1924. Type in the collection of Dr. A. L. Melander.

218 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '45

Personals

University of Minnesota. In June, the NEWS announced
the appointment of Dr. A. Glenn Richards, Jr., to the faculty of
the College of Agriculture. Further appointments, as published
in a recent number of SCIENCE, are : Dr. Clarence E. Mickel,
acting chief of the Division of Entomology and Economic Zo-
ology since the retirement of Dr. William A. Riley on June 15,
1944, has been promoted to be chief of the Division ; Dr. Mykola
H. Haydak has been promoted to an associate professorship.
He will be in charge of the beekeeping work of the Division and
succeeds the late Dr. Maurice C. Tanquary. Dr. Laurence K.
Cutkomp has been appointed research associate, and Dr. H. Y.
Fan has been appointed research fellow in the Division. Both
will assist in the research programs in insect physiology.

Notes and News* in Entomology

Under this heading we present, from time to time, notes, news and
comments. Contributions from readers are earnestly solicited and will
be acknowledged when used.

Observation Hives. In the "A B C and X Y Z of Bee

Culture," by Root, we learn that the first approach to the mod-
ern type of observation hive was invented in England by W.
Mew about 1650.

It is interesting in this connection to call attention to the fol-
lowing paragraph in "The Diary of Samuel Pepys," under the
date of May 5, 1665 : "After dinner to Mr. Evelyn's ; he being
abroad, we walked in his garden, and a lovely noble ground he
hath indeed. And among other rarities, a hive of bees, so as
being hived in glass, you may see the bees making their honey
and combs mighty pleasantly."

The paragraph, in all its quaintness, helps to fix the date of
the first use of the observation hive, and also its popularity at
that time among the gentry of England. — PHIL RAU.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 219

Insects, Men and Ultra-violet. Normal human eyes are
blind to ultra-violet light. Many insects, however, are able not
only to see ultra-violet light but are extraordinarily sensitive to
it. This we know from the work of Lubbock, Von Hess and
Kiihn in Europe and from the researches of Lutz and of Bert-
holf in this country. Kiihn l was able to train bees to come to
the ultra-violet line 365 m/A of the mercury-vapor spectrum ir-
respective of its relative brilliance or of its position with respect
to other lines and concluded that bees see this wave-length as
qualitively distinct, i.e., as a separate color. For example, bees
trained to respond to 365 m/t (ultra-violet) will not respond to
405 m/A (visible blue or violet) and vice versa. Bertholf 2
showed that this wave-length has maximum stimulative effi-
ciency, as compared with all other parts of the spectrum. Fur-
thermore, he is convinced of the validity of Kiihn's conclusions.

Recently, Professor George Wald 3 of Harvard University
pointed out that aphakic persons (those who have had their
lenses removed in the operation for cataract) can see very well
in the ultra-violet, the part of the spectrum that is ordinarily
absorbed by the yellow color of the human lens. This being so,
aphakics should be able to tell us what ultra-violet looks like.
Do they experience a strange new color sensation which only
they and the bees know of? Dr. Wald disappoints us with:—
"this ordinarily produces no striking distortion of their visual
experiences, as may be judged from the fact that they usually
are wholly unaware of their extraordinary capacities." Nor do
they have new sensations ; aphakics "seem to see this region
(365 m/j.) as they do 405 m//,, as blue or violet." Wald also
states that we are no longer dependent on "pure speculation"
(apparently referring to the conclusions of Kiihn) and implies
that color sensation in bees must be like that in aphakics.

1 Kiihn, A. 1927. liber den Farbensinn der Bienen. Zeitsch. f. ver-
gleichende Physiol. 5 : 762-800.

- Bertholf, L. M. 1931. The distribution of stimulative efficiency in
the ultra-violet spectrum for the honeybee. Jour. Agric. Research 43 :
703-713.

y Wald, G. 1945. Human vision and the spectrum. Science 101 : 653-
658.

220 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '45

But is the basis for Wald's comparison really adequate? In
view of the very great differences between the visual organs of
man and insects, is it not dangerous to conclude that because
wave-lengths 365 m/x and 405 m/x appear qualitatively alike to
man they must appear alike to insects? After re-reading
Kiihn's carefully planned experiments, one is inclined to ask :—
Who is speculating? — R. G. SCHMIEDER.

A Correction

By WILLIAM F. RAPP, JR.

In my article in Entomological News for May 1945. page 117,
I stated that Eupaniasis aleoptera (Druce) is the genotype for
Neopaniasis Rapp. This is a mistake on my part and the type
is Paniasis aleoptera Druce. Also Dr. Schaus' name is not
spelt with a final "e."

I am greatly endebted to Mr. Halm W. Capps for calling
these errors to my attention.

Current Entomological Literature

COMPILED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF.

This list gives references of the current or preceding year unless otherwise noted.
Continued papers, with few exceptions, ire recorded only at their first installment.

Papers published in ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS are not listed.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 221

GENERAL — Carl & Hardy. — Flora and fauna of the
Paradise Mine area, British Columbia. [Report, Provin-
cial Mus. Nat. Hist. & Anthropology Brit. Columb.] 1944:
C18-C38, ill. Cockerell, T. D. A.— Insects of the Cali-
fornian Islands. [125] 4: 283-96. Baird, A. B.— Labora-
tory propagation of parasites and its place in biological con-
trol problems. [125] 4: 417-20. Bartlett, K. A'.— Collec-
tion of parasites of the sugar-cane borer, Diatraea sac-
charalis, in Sao Paulo, Brazil. [125] 4: 335-38. Flanders,
S. E. — Practical application of biological studies of para-
sites employed in biological control. [125] 4: 373-81. In-
gram, Holloway & Wilson. — Recent development in bio-
logical control of Diatraea sacchralis in the continental
U. S. [125] 4: 359-63. Marin & Perra.— Introduccion de
hvperparasitos-en Chile: Resumen de las importaciones
hechas y de sus resultados. [125] 4: 351-57. Meiners,
E. P.— "'Cockroach" versus "roach." [19] 40: 56. Michel-
bacher, A. E. — Value of accurate classification of insects as
illustrated by the confusion of two closely related sp. of
Hypera. [125]) 4: 403-405. Muma &" Jeffers.— Galls
found on the canes of brambles in Maryland. [Maryland
Nat. Hist. Soc. Maryland] 15: 47-52, ill. Pierce, W/D.-
Fossil arthropods from California. [38] 44: 1-9, ill. (*).
Rapp, W. F. — Opinion 152 of the International Comm. of
Zool. Nomenclature. [68] 102: 17-18. Schwarz, H. F.-
\\ ax of stingless bees (Meliponidae) and the uses to v\'hich
it has been put. [6] 53: 137-44. Steyskal, G. — Remarks
upon spatial relationships in entomological description.
[19] 40: 57-59. Weiss, H.B.— Insect food habit ratios of
the Lloyd-Cornell reservation. [6] 53: 167-68. Wille, J.
E. — Resume de las diferentes labores ejecutadas en el Peru
para combatir insectos daninos por el "metodo biologico."
[125] 4: 369-71. William Thompson Davis— 1862-1945.
-Obituary by H. B. Weiss. [6] 53: 127-135 (photo).

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, MEDICAL— Barnes, H.

F. — Studies of fluctuations in insect populations. VIII.
Wheat blossom midges on broadbalk, 1932— M3. [97] 10:
94-120, 1941. IX. Carrot fly (Psila rosae) 1936-41. [97]
11: 69-81, 1942. Bouhniol, J. J. — Nymphes acephales pre-
maturees chez le ver a soie (Bomlyx mori). [127] 188:
418-20, 1944. Butt, F. H.— External morphology of Am-
phimallon majalis, the European chafer (Coleoptera).
[Mem. Cornell Univ.] 266. 18 pp., ill. Douglas, J. R.-
Knowledge of the internal anatomy of Dermacentor ander-

222 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '45

soni necessary to pursue the study of rickettsial infection in
the tick. [125] 4: 487-97, ill. Ellsworth, J. K.— Medical
entomological problems of the war. [Ann. Biol. Collo-
quium, Corvallis, Oregon, 1943] 5: 18-21. Friedland &
Harnly. — Effect of temperature on the wings of dimorphos/
dimorphos vestigial-pennant/vestigial in Drosophila mela-
nogaster. [92] 88: 247-53. Goux, L.— Note sur la con-
stitution du tegument chez la larve d'une Aleurode. [127]
188: 627-28, 1944. Herms, W. B.— Some entomological
problems of the Pacific area with which medical entomolo-
gists should be concerned. [125] 4: 429-32. Knowles, F.
L. — Growth measurements of Anopheles quadrimaculatus
larvae. [130] 58 (4) : 136-39, ill., 1943. Mickey, G. H.— Gy-
nandromorphs in Drosophila melanogaster. [Proc. Loui-
siana Acacl. Sci.] 8: 83-99, ill. Montshadsky, A.— On the
mechanism of digestion in the larvae of Chaoborus
(Diptera). [Zool. Jour., Moscow] 24: 98. Nicolle &
Lwoff. — L'acide pantothenique dans la nutrition de I'hemi-
ptere hemophage Triatoma infestans. [127] 188: 341—43,
1944. Paillot & Kirkor. — Etude de la Vitesse de chemine-
ment des aliments a travers les differentes parties du tube
digestif de 1'abeille. [127] 188: 34-35, 1944. Peterson, A.

—Some insect infants. [54] 60: 426-42, ill. Picaud, A.

— Recherches histologiques sur le glycogene chez les larves
de dipteres du gen. "Simulium. [127] 188: 264-65, 1944.
Poulson, D. F. — Chromosomal control of embryogenesis in
Drosophila. [90] 79: 340. Richards & Weygandt.— The
selective penetration of fat solvents into the nervous sys-
tem of mosquito larvae. [6] 53: 153-65. de Salles &
Hathaway. — Nota sobre a infestacas ae Musca domesteca
por um ficorniceto do gen. Empusa. [Ill] 41: 95-99, ill.
Sautet & Audibert. — Rythme cardiaque des larves de mous-
tiques, en asphyxie. [127] 188: 679-80, 1944. Scharrer,
B. — Experimental tumors in an insect. [68] 102: 102.
Shull, A. F. — Inheritance in lady beetles. III. Crosses be-
tween variants of Hippodamia quinquesignata and between
this species and H. convergens. [Jour. Hered.] 36: 148-
60, ill. Stewart, M. A. — Present knowledge of the status
of vectors of sylvatic plague in No. Am. [125] 4: 433-37.
Stojanovich, C. J. — Head and mouthparts of the sucking
lice (Anoplura). [117] 10: 1-46, ill. Wiltshire, E. P.-
Is the diapause in insects eradicable? [21] 57: 49-51.
Yeager, J. F, — Blood picture of the southern army worm
(Prodenia eridania). [47] 71 (1): 1-40, ill.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 223

ARCHNIDA & MYRIOPODA— Chamberlin & Cham-
berlin. — Genera & sps. of the Triclenchthoniclae (Dithidae).
[Hull. Univ. Utah] 35: No. 23, 67 pp., ill. (*). Cooley &
Kohls. — Antricola new genus. Amblyomma gertschi new
species and notes on Ixodes spinipalpis. [130] 57 (46) :
1733-1736. ill., 1942. Ixodes baergi, a n.sp. of tick from Ar-
kansas. 57 (49): 1869-1872, ill. Davis, G. E.— Ornitho-
doros turicata : the male, feeding and copulation habits,
fertility, span of life and the transmission of relapsing fever
spirochetes. [130] 56 (36): 1799-1802, 1941. Goodnight,
C. J. & M. L. — Additional Phalangida from Mexico. [40J
No. 1281, 17 pp., ill. (*). Gibson, W. W.— List of spiders
collected near Memphis, Tenn. [49] 20: 214-17. Hoff,
C. C. — New Neotropical Diplosphyronida (Chelonethida).
[40] No. 1288, 17 pp.. ill. Hoffmann, A. — Neoschoengastia
nunezi n. sp. (Acarina). [56] 5: 221-25, ill. Howell, D.
E.— Ecology of Dermacentor albipictus. [125] 4: 439-58.
Keifer, H. H. — Eriophyid mites, especially imported species
in Calif. [125] 4: '397-401. Marietta, Bustamante y
Varela. — Hallazgo del Rhipicephalus sanguinelus in fectado
naturalmente con fiebre manchada de las montanas rocosas,
en Sonora Mexico. [56] 5 : 297-300. Muma, M. H.— New
and interesting spiders from Maryland. [95] 58: 91-102,
ill. Philip, C .B. — Rocky Mountain spotted fever: known
and potential tick vectors in the U. S. [Proc. 6th Pacific
Sci. Cong., Pacific Sci. Assoc.] 5: 581-84. Pierce, W. D.-
(See under General.) Schubart, O. — Sobre os represen-
tantes Brasileiros da familia Spirostreptida. [15] 17: 51-
87, ill. Tovar, R. M. — Existencia del Dermacentor parum-
apertus, Amblyomma inornatum y A. maculatum en
Mexico. [56] 5: 293-95.

SMALLER ORDERS AND ORTHOPTERA— Alpa-

tov, Nastjukova & Chartulary. — Eggs of the body and head
form of Pediculus humanus L. in relation to the breeding-
conditions. [Zoologitsheskij Journal] 24 (1) : 42-47, ill.
(In Russian, summary in English.) Crawford, J. C.—
North Amer. sp. of the gen. Isochaetothrips (Thysanop.).
[10] 179-82 (*). Eraser, F. C.— Note on the importance
of Eolestes svnthetica in the phylogeny of the Odonata.
[107] 20 (4-6) : 54-56, ill. Jellison, W/L.— Siphonaptera :
the genera Amphalius and Ctenophyllus in North America.
[130] 56 (49): 2341-2349, ill., 1941. Jellison & Good.-
Index to the literature of Siphonaptera of North America.
[National Inst. Health] P.ull. 178: 194 pp.. 1942. Kohls,

224 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '45

G. M. — Siphonaptera a study of the species infesting- wild
hares and rabbits of North America north of Mexico.
[National Institute of Health] Bull. 175: 34 pp., ill., 1940
(k). La Rivers, I. — (See under Hymenoptera.) Pierce,
W. D. — (See under General.)

HEMIPTERA— De Long, D. M.— Genus Chlorotettix
in Mexico (Cicalel.). [Lloydia] 8: 1-30, ill. (k*). Fen-
nah, R. G. — Tropiduchidae of the Lesser Antilles (Homop,
Fulgor). [10] 47: 137-67, ill. (k*). Fennah, R. G.— Ful-
goroidea, or lanternflies of Trinidad and adjacent parts of
S. Amer. [50] 95: 411-520, ill. (*). Freitag & Severin.-
Insect transmission, host range and properties of the crinkle
strain of western-celery-mosaic virus ; Transmission of
celery-yellow-spot virus by the honeysuckle aphid, Rho-
palosiphum conii (Dvd.) ; Poison-hemlock-ringspot virus
and its transmission by aphids to celery. [Hilgardia] 16
(8) : 361-74, ill. ; 375-388, ill. ; 389-410, ill. Griffith, M. E.
-Environment, life history and structure of the water
boatment, Ramphocorixa acuminata (Corixid). [45] 30:
241-366, ill. Knowlton, G. F. — Rabbitbush Aphid notes.
[19] 40: 43. Knull, D. J. — Eleven new leaf hoppers with
notes on others (Cicadell). [43] 45: 103-10, ill. Tissot,
A. N. — Cinara osborniana noni.n. (A correction). [39] 27:
102. Usinger, R. L. — Distribution and host relationship
of No. and C. Amer. Triatominae. [125] 4: 459-61.
Usinger, R. L. — Triatominae of No. & C. Amer. & W.
Indies and their public health significance. [U. S. Pub.
Health Bull.] 288: 83 pp., ill., 1944 (*k). Woods, S. F.-
Habitat of California cone-nosed bugs Triatoma protracta,
naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. [38] 44: 18-
19, ill.

LEPIODOPTERA— Bouhniol, J. J.— (See under Ana-
tomy.) Comstock, J. A. — Notes on the early stages of
Nemoria delicataria. [38] 44: 20-21. ill. Fender, K.-
Mixed up butterfly (aberration of Euphydryas colon).
[19] 40: 54. Hovanitz, W. — Distribution of Colias in the
Equatorial Andes. Comparisons of some Andean butter-
fly faunas. [Caldasia. Bol. Inst. Cien. Nat. Univ. Nac.
Colombia] 3: 283-300; 301-306. Ingram, Holloway &
Wilson. — (See under General.) Pierce, W. D. — (See under
General.) Rawson, G. W. — Interesting problems con-
nected with the checkered white butterfly Pieris protodice.
[19] 40: 49-54. Sanford, L. J. — Anteos maerula, a new
butterfly recorded from Florida. [6] 53: 136. Schwan-

Ivi, '45 J ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

witsch, N. — On the ground plan of the wing-pattern of
lepidoptera. [Zool. Jour., Moscow] 24: 99-111, ill. (Rus-
sian with Engl. sum.) Ureta, E. — Lepidopteros Ropalo-
ceros de Bolivia. [131] 19: 31-41, 1941. Rev. de las esp.
Chilenas del gen. Automeris (Saturn). [131] 20: 51-80,
ill. (*), 1942. Rev. del gen. Polythysana (Saturn.). [131]
21: 55-70, ill. (S), 1943.

DIPTERA — Aitken, T. H. G. — Anopheles complex in
Calif. [125] 4: 463-86, ill. Alexander, C. P.— Undescribed
species of Tipula from Western N. Amer. I. [19] 40: 33-
37. New or little known Tipulidae. LXXII. Neotropical
sps. [75] 12: 8-38. Barretto, M. P.— Sobre o genero Culi-
coides, 1809, com a descr. de tres n. esp. (Ceratopogonid).
[Anais Fac. Med. Univ. S. Paulo] 20: 89-105, ill. (S).
Bromley, S. W. — Insect enemies of the house fly, Musca
domestica. [6] 53 : 145-52. Robber fly and Japanese
beetle. [19] 40: 44-47. Christophers, S. R.— Structure of
the Culex egg and egg-raft in relation to function. [36] 95
(2) : 25-34, ill. Eyles, D. E. — Critical rev. of the literature
relating to the flight and dispersion habits of anopheline
mosquitoes. [U. S. Pub. Health Bull.] 287: 39 pp., 1944.
Eyles & Bishop. — Microclimate of diurnal resting places of
Anopheles quadrimaculatus in the vicinity of Reelfoot
Lake. 1 130] 58 (6): 217-30, 1943. Frohne, W. C.-
Reconnaissance of anopheline larval habitats and charac-
teristic desmids of the Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia. [130]
57 (33) : 1209-1217, 1942. Galvas & Damascene.— Ob-
servacoes sobre anofelinos do complexo albitarsis (Culecid).
[Anais Fac. Med. Univ. S. Paulo] 20: 73-87, ill. Good,
N. E. — List of mosquitoes of the District of Columbia.
[10] 47: 168-79. Hardy, D. E.— Revision of Nearctic
Bibionidae incl. Neotropical Plecia and Penthetria. [45]
30: 367-548, ill. (*). Harmston & Knowlton.— Status of
Liancalus limbatus (Delicti.). [19] 40: 55-56. Headlee,
T. J. — Mosquitoes of New Jersey and their control. 326
pp., ill.. New Brunswick. Komp, W. H. W. — Anopheline
mosquitoes of the Caribbean region. [National Institute of
Health] Bull. 179, 194 pp., ill. (k), 1942. Komp, W. H. W.

-Technique for staining, dissecting and mounting the male
terminalia of mosquitoes. [130] 57 (36): 1327-1333, ill.,
1942. Matheson, R. — Descr. of 2 n.sps. Paratrichobius
anduzei and Nycteribosca granclemonti (Streblid). [17]
31: 191-94, ill. (S). Miller, D. — Generic name changes in
Diptera. [108] 14 (5-6): 72. Pierce, W. D.— (See under

226 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '45

General). Pritchard & Pratt. — I. A comparison of light
trap and animal bait trap anopheline mosquito collections
in Puerto Rico. II. A list of the mosquitoes of Puerto
Rico. [130] 59 (7): 221-33, ill., 1944. Rapp & Cooper.-
Check-list of the Psychodidae of Europe. [6] 53: 117-26.
Steyskal, G. — Behavior of Thaumatomyia (= Chloropisca)
species (Chloropid.). [19] 40: 48. Vargas, L. — Algunas
consideraciones sobre Anopheles occidentalis (Culicid).
[56] 5: 2; 5-19, ill. Vargas, L. — Simulidos del nuevo
mundo. [Monogr. Inst. Salub. Enferm. Trop.] 1 : 241 pp.,
ill. Wilcox & Martin. — Contributions from the Los An-
geles Museum Challe Channel Islands Biological Survey.
Robber flies (Asilid.). [38] 44: 10-17, ill. (*).

COLEOPTERA— Balfour-Browne J.— Genera of the
Gyrinoidea and their genotypes. [75] 12: 103-11. Bart-
lett K. A. — Collection in Trinidad ancl Southern Brazil of
Coccinellids predatory on bamboo scales. [125] 4: 339-44,
ill. Blackwelder, R. E. — Checklist of the coleopteraus in-
sects of Mexico, C. Amer. the West Indies and S. Amer.. 3.
[Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.] 185: 343-550. Bromley, S. W.-
(See under Diptera.) Butt, F. H. — (See under Anatomy.)
Cartwright, O. L. — Ataenius darlingtoni a synonym of A.
salutator. [19] 40: 47. Clausen, C. P. — Some factors re-
lating to colonization, recovery, and establishment of insect
parasites. [125] 4: 421-28. Ewer, R. F.— Effect of grain
size on the oviposition of Calandra granaria (Curculi-
onidae). [107] 20 (4-6): 57-63. Hinton, H. E.— Synop-
sis of the Brazilian sps. of Cylloepus (Elmid). [75] 12:
43-67, ill. (k*). Knull, J. N— New sp. of Agrilus from
Kentucky (Buprest.). [43] 45 : 80-81, ill. Larson, N. P.-
Activity of blister beetle, triungulins. [Proc. So. Dakota
Acacl. Sci.] 23: 31-32. Linsley, E. G. — Origin and dis-
tribution of the Cerambycidae of N. Amer. with special
reference of the fauna of the Pacific slope. [125] 4: 269-
82, ill. Michelbacher, A. G. — (See under General.) Otoyo,
F. — Anotaciones sobre el gen. Ancognatha y descr. de una
n. esp. (Scarabaeid). [Caldasia. Bol. Inst. Cien. Nat. Univ.
Nac. Colombia] 3: 273-82, ill. Park, O. — Preliminary
study of the Pselaphidae of the Guianas. [Bull. Chicago
Acad. Sci.] 7: 277-327, ill. (*). Shull, A. F.— (See under
Physiology.) Tottenham, C. E. — Some notes on the nom-
enclature of the Staphylinidae. [108] 14 (5-6): 70-71.
Van Dyke, E. C. — Origin and distribution of the coleop-
terous insect fauna of N. Am. [125] 4: 255-68.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 227

HYMENOPTERA— Baker & Bradley. — Colonization of
imported parasites of the European corn borer in the U. S.

[125] 4: 325-33. Cushman, R. A. — Ichneumon-flies of the
gen. Cryptanura, mainly Tropical America. [50] 96: 139-
76 (*). Donisthorpe & Morley. — Alphabetical list of scien-
tific terms used in myrmecology. [107] 20 (4-6) : 43-49.
La Rivers, I. — Wasp Chlorion laeviventris as a natural con-
trol of the mormon cricket. [119] 33: 743-63. Malkin, B.

—Supplement to the N. Y. State list of Coleoptera. [6]
53: 91-116. Michener, C. D. — Distributional history of N.
Am. bees. [125] 4: 297-303. Pate, V. S. L— Synonymical
note on Ammoplanopterus (Sphecid.). [19] 40: 37. On
two holarctic pemphilidine wasps. [19] 40: 38-43. Pe-
reira, F. R. — Lista de himenopteros del Valle de Azapa,
Chile. [131] 19: 133-34, 1941 (*). Schwartz, H. F.— (See
under General.) Wolcott, G. N. — Introduction from Brazil
and establishment in Puerto Rico of Larra americana.
[125] 4: 347-50.

LIST OF JOURNALS CITED

6. — Jour. New York Entom. Soc. 10. — Proc. Ent. Soc.
Washington. 15. — Anais Acad. Brasil. Cien., Rio. 17.—
Jour, of Parasitology. 19.- — Bull. Brooklyn Entom. Soc.
21. — Entom. Record & Jour. Variation. 36. — Trans. R.
Entom. Soc. London. 38. — Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 39.
—Florida Entomologist. 40. — Amer. Museum Novitate's.
43. — Ohio Jour. Sciences. 47. — Jour.Agr. Research. 49.—
Jour. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 50. — Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum. 54.
Scientific Monthly. 56. — Rev. Inst. Salub. y Enfer. Tropic.
Mex. 68. — Science, New York. 75. — Annals & Mag. Nat.
Hist. 90.— American Nat. 92.— Biological Bull. 95.-
Proc. Biolog. Soc. Wash. 97. — Jour. Animal Ecology.
107.— Proc. R. Entom. Soc. London (A). 108.— Proc. R.
Entom. Soc. London (B). 111. — Mem. Inst. Oswaldo
Cruz. 117.— Microentom., Stanford Univ. 119. — Amer.
Midland Nat. 125.— Proc. 6th Pacific Sci. Cong., Pacific
Sci. Assoc. 127. — Comp. R. Soc. Biologic, Paris. 130.—
U. S. Pub. Health Reports. 131.— Bol. Mus. Nac. Hist.
Nat., Santiago de Chile.

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Wanted — Information as to the existence and present location of a
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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

NOVEMBER 1945 „ ._

U.o. HATL. B5U5,
Vol. LVI No. 9

CONTENTS

Benesch — Remarks on the genus Apterodorcus 229

Tuthill— On the Psyllidae of Cuba 235

Usinger — Notes on the genus Cryptostemma 238

Forbes — The geometrid tracheation 242

Grant — More on the origin of flight 243

Personals 245

Notes and News in Entomology 246

Current Entomological Literature 249

Review — The Diptera or true flies of Connecticut. Fasc. I 259

Obituary— Fd. Le Cerf 259

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LVI NOVEMBER, 1945 No. 9

Some Remarks on the Genus Apterodorcus Arrow
(Coleoptera: Lucanidae) S

By BERNARD BENESH, North Chicago, Illinois

Dr. G. J. Arrow, of the British Museum (Natural History),
recently proposed a new genus Apterodorcus for Lucamts
bacchus Hope and Westwood (1845), giving a sketchy idea of
the characters defining the genus. The purpose of the present
contribution is to amplify the generic characters, by description
and illustrations, thus facilitating identification of the insect.

APTERODORCUS Arrow (1943). Figs. 1-10
Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London,
12: 139, 1943.

Ztoraw Dejean (1837), Solier (1851), Philippi (1859).

Lucanus Hope and Westwood (1845).

Sclerostomns Burmeister (1847).

Sclerognathus Philippi (1887),Heyne and Taschenberg (1909),

Van Roon (1910), Bruch (1911), Germaine (1911), Kriesche

(1922), Ruiz (1924), Porter (1934).

Obovate, convex, black, dorsum subopaque, venter feebly
shining. Head transverse, more than twice as broad as long,
declivous in front, anterad nearly straight, clypeus prominent
and feebly trilobate (in large individuals) or truncate (small
individuals) ; anterior angles broadly rounded, diverging la-
terad; eyes circumscribed half-way by the canthus; behind the
eyes with an obtusely rounded dilatation protruding beyond the
anterior angles of the prothorax, excavated on top and slightly
bent upward; antennae (fig. 5) fairly long and slender, not dif-
ferentiated in the sexes, scape as long as the funicle and clava.
slightly bent ; funicle nearly twice as long as the clava, segments
apparently of equal length, progressively broadening to the

(229)

DEC* a '45

230 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., '45

seventh segment, piceous, glabrous, shining; clava tri-lamellate,
eighth and ninth segments twice as broad as long, lobate, lobes
flattened and pubescent, with basal anterior portion glabrous,
shining, ultimate segment semicircular and pubescent through-
out; mandibles robust, multiform in males (figs. 9, 10), fairly
constant in females (fig. 8), rounded externally, inside deeply
hollowed.

Prothorax broader than long, front margin slightly emargi-
nate, anterior angles obtuse, gently diverging and arcuate to
basal third, obliquely truncate to basal angles,, which are obtuse,
base straight ; lateral and basal margin slightly reflexed ; pro-
notum less convex in the male, simple; female, on the anterior
margin with two close median tubercles. Scutellum parabolic,
broader than long. Elytra fused, broadest near the middle,
posterad regularly rounded in female, more attenuated in male.

Legs fairly long and stout ; anterior tibiae broad, terminal
furcation well developed and bent downward in large <£<£ (fig.
8) , followed by three to four irregularly spaced strong spines ;
intermediate and posterior tibiae armed with two spines, the
median very strong and two to three times as long as the other ;
tarsi one third shorter than the tibiae, praetarsus as long as the
four succeeding segments combined, segments ventrad beset
with long golden setae.

Head and pronotum irregularly punctured by shallow, well-
spaced punctures, the pronotum of female more polished and
shining; elytra finely rugulose sculptured and, in proportion,
longer in the female. Both sexes apterous. Beneath, mentum
(fig. 1) broader than long, anterior angles broadly rounded,

Explanations of the Figures

FIG. 1. Mentum and labium, dorsal view (?).
FIG. 2. Maxillae, dorsal view, (a) female, (b) male.
FIG. 3. Genitalia, ventral view (?)•

FIG. 4. Genitalia, male, (a) ventral view, (b) lateral view.
FIG. 5. Right antenna, male.
FIG. 6. Left anterior tibia ($).

FIG. 7. Head and anterior portion of prothorax (?), (a) lateral aspect.
FIG. 8. Right anterior tibit (c?).

FIG. 9. Mandibles of male (minor development), (a) lateral aspect.
FIG. 10. Mandibles of male (maximum development), (a) lateral
aspect.

Scale A = figures 1-5.

Scale B = figures 6-10.

Ivi, '45 I

ENTOMOLOGICAL NK\VS

231

B.B.

232 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov.,'45

narrowing towards base, rugose; maxillae (fig. 2) strongly con-
stricted in front of the palpifer, inner lobe (lacinia) hooked in
the female (fig. 2-a), simple in the male (fig. 2-b). Designated
genotypes: Lucanus bacchus Hope and Westwood (1845), <^;
Dorcus bipunctatus Philippi (1859), $.

Apterodorcus bacchus (Hope and Westwood) (1845)

Lucanus bacchus Hope and Westwood, Catalogue of the Luca-

noid Coleoptera, p. 26, 1845.
Dorcus bipunctatus Philippi, Anales Universidad de Santiago,

16:656,1859.

Hope and Westwood (1845) : "Latus niger laevis elytris
punctatis, capite lato antice declivi ; mandibulis maris vix capitis
longitudine intus obtuse dentatis in medio ; oculis septo simplici
parum incisis, lateribus pone oculos in tuberculum conicum
exsertis; prothorace maris transverse angulis posticis rotun-
datis, elytris vix longioribus quam latis lateribus rotundatis,
tibiis anticis 4-5 dentatis posticis in medio 1 -dentatis apicibusque
externis acutis. Long. corp. mas. (mand. inclus.) lin. 12^.
Habitat Chiloe."

Philippi (1859) : "D. niger, subovatus, capite angustiore
quam thorax punctato, punctis in margine anteriore lateribusque
profundius et magis confertis ; mandibulis punctatis, extus bi-
carinatis, supra planis ; tergo prothoracis punctato, punctis in
medio haud obliteratis antice in medio marginis punctis duobus
elevatis notato; elytris valde punctatis (punctis postice inulto
minoribus), antice sulcis abbreviatis confuse notatis; ventre
nitidiore, lateribus valde punctato. Long, cum mandibulis 12y2
lin. ; latit. capitis inter oculos 3% lin. ; latit. thoracis 5y2 lin. ;
latit. elytrorum totidem." 1

Philippi's selection of the name bipunctatus is unfortunate
and misleading; what were described as punctures are really
the two frontal tubercles on the pronotum, for which "binodo-
sus" or "bituberculatus" would be more appropriate.

The insect is well figured by Ruiz (1924) and Porter (1934) ;
however, the indication of the sexes J1 and 5 is erroneous as

1 The writer desires to express his deep appreciation to Senor Ramon
Gutierrez of Santiago, Chile, for the copy of this description.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NF.VVS 233

both examples are males. Similar examples to those figured
by Ruiz (1924) are reproduced here in figures 9 and 10; figure
9 portrays a small male, which agrees in every particular \vith
the small male used by Ruiz for the illustration, and figure 10
represents a male of maximum development, which Ruiz in-
dicated as the female (!) of the species. The <§ genitalia here
figured (fig. 4) were dissected from the latter specimen and
the $ genitalia (fig. 3) were obtained from a specimen repro-
duced in figure 7. The female genitalic characters are similar
to the lucanid genera Plwlidotns Macl., Lamprima Latr. and
Figulus Macl., with which group the insect probably is to be
associated. The measurements of the insects 2 are :

length X width, in millimeters

c? (No. 796) rf (No. 4635) ? (No. 4906) ••

Overall 29.0 24.4 26.9

Mandibles 4.4 3.1 2.6

Head 4.8 X 10.7 3.1 X 8.8 3.8 X 8.4

Prothorax 6.8X11.9 6.0X10.2 7.0x11.1

Elytra 13.1X11.6 11.5X10.3 14.6X11.5

The species ranges from the 35th degree southern latitude
southward, along the eastern and western slopes of the Cordil-
leras, in Argentina and Chile, subsisting, according to Ruiz
(1924), on beech (Nothojagns obliqua). Kriesche (1922), in
recording some lucanid species from Argentina, apparently over-
looked Bruch's "Catalogo sistematico de los coleopteros de la
Republica Argentina," when he states : "On this occasion I
would like to communicate, as hitherto no lucanids \vere known
from Argentina, the geographically interesting fact that the
Berlin Museum has Sclerognathns baccluis Hp. caelatus Blanch.,
femoralis Guer., and vitatns Eschsch. from Neuquen:" Bruch
recorded all these, plus fainnairci Parry, eleven years earlier,
from Rio Negro, N. Huapi, and Neuquen.

Also assigned to Apterodorcus, solely on its comparison with
bacchus, is Deyrolle's tristis, described in following fashion:
"Allied to 5\ Bacchus, as regards size and form, but more de-
pressed, and more opaque. Mandibles somewhat similar, but

- Deposited in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
3 Figures 10, 9 and 7, respectively.

234 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov.,'45

presenting a kind of inclined plane from the external margin to
the interior teeth, with a rounded tubercle in the middle of this
plane in lieu of the ridge which exists in S. Bacchus. Head
nearly similar, except the post-ocular tubercles which are less
developed laterally, and much more so posteriorly. Prothorax
with its sides more parallel, especially behind ; its posterior
angles, although likewise truncate, are much more pronounced.
Scutellum half the size of that of its congener. Elytra flatter,
more opaque, punctuation similar to that of 5\ Bacchus. Be-
neath much more opaque. Finally, this species is distinguished
by its general form, its more quadrate prothorax, its very small
scutellum, and its generally more opaque aspect. Hab. — Chili.
Coll. Mniszech. (H. Deyrolle.)"

The species is unknown to the writer, and Dr. Arrow, from
whom data were sought on the insect, states (letter Nov. 8,
1944) : "I am inclined to think it must be something quite un-
known to me. It is, I suppose, in the Oberthur collection."
Only critical comparison of the typical material will prove
whether the species is distinct; however, we are strongly in-
clined to consider it synonymous with bacchus, as some char-
acters mentioned in the description are actually lacking, the
ridge, for example, being non-existent.

Synonymies and Systematic Bibliography

Apterodorcus Arrow.

bacchus (Hope and Westwood), Cat. Lucan. Coleop., p. 26,
1845.— Philippi. An. Univ. Santiago, 71 : 681, 1887.— Heyne
and Taschenberg, Exot. Kafer in Wort u. Bild. p. 56, pi. 8,
fig. 19 3, 1909.— Van Roon, Coleop. Cat., 8: 44, 1910.—
Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 17: 181, 1911.— Kriesche, Stett.
Ent. Ztg., 83: 127, 1922.— Ruiz, Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat., 28:
76-80, fig. <$<$, 1924.— Porter, 1, c., 38: 188-197, 1934.

bipunctatus (Philippi), Anal. Univ. Santiago, 16: 656, 1859;
1. c., 71 : 681. 1887.— Germain, Bol. Mus. Nacional, Santiago.
3: 47-73, 1911.

cJiilcnsis (Dejean), Cat., 3rd ed., p. 193, 1837. — Parry, Trans.
Ent. Soc. London (3), 2: 94, 1864.

darzvini (Burm.), Tand. d. Ent., 5: 424, 1847. — Solier, in
Gay's Hist. fis. y polit. de Chile, Zool., 5 : 49, 1851.
tristis (Deyrolle), Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 95, 1870.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 235

Further Observations on the Psyllidae of Cuba

(Homoptera)

By LEONARD D. TUTHILL, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa

Herewith are presented observations on some psyllids re-
ceived from S. C. Bruner of the Estacion Experimental Agro-
nomica, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, since the publication of
the author's previous article on Cuba Psyllidae.1

PLATYCORYPHA new genus

Head large, wider than thorax. Vertex with distinct medial
suture, rounded smoothly into frons. Frons visible between
genae as narrow sclerite. Genae swollen ventrally, not conical.
Antennae long and slender. Thorax broad, flat dorsally.
Mesoepisternum strongly produced ventrad. Proximal seg-
ment of metacoxa with two black claws. Forewings large,
broadly rounded apically, vein Ra very short, with large ptero-
stigma, cubital cell broad.

Genotype : Platycorypha princeps n. sp. A member of the
subfamily Pauropsyllinae, the species for which this genus is
erected shows affinities to both Heteropsylla and to Paurocephala
magnijrons. The principal points of difference from the latter
are the very broad head, distinctly wider than the thorax, the
narrow frons, the very short Ra and broad cubital cell in the
forewing. It differs from Heteropsylla in the much greater
size, larger head, wing venation and type of genitalia.

Platycorypha princeps new species

Length to tip of folded wings 3.5-4 mm.

Color: Females entirely green except antennae dark apically
and tip of genital segment dark. Males usually with thorax, at
least, yellow. Wings hyaline.

Structure: Head large, wider than extreme width of thorax
including wing bases. Vertex short and broad, rounded down
anteriorly, smoothly continuous with frons, a sharp suture be-
tween vertex and genae, medial suture prominent. Lateral

1 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, 55 : 93-96, 1944.

236 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., '45

ocelli large, borne on raised prominences of vertex at posterior
angle of eyes. Frons nearly covered by enlarged genae.
Median ocellus large. Genae swollen ventrad, somewhat angu-
larly produced, not conical. Clypeus prominent, broad. An-
tennae very long and slender, 3.3 times as long as width of
head, longer than body. Eyes large, deep constriction around
base. Thorax broad, moderately arched dorsally. Pronotum
long. Mesoepisternum very strongly produced ventrad. Meta-
coxa with small caudal spurs, not produced anteriorly. Meta-
tibia with large basal spine, several black spines apically.
Proximal segment of metatarsus with two black clawlike spines.
Forewings large, broad, rounded apically; basal vein short, M
and Cu with common petiole, R long, Rx very short to large
pterostigma, Rs sinuate, long, marginal cells large, cubital much
larger than medial, Ct^ strongly arched. Venation of hind
wings prominent, R and M with common petiole.

Male genitalia small. Proctiger short, produced caudad as
blunt lobes. Forceps as long as proctiger, stout, simple, black-
tipped; in lateral view somewhat turned caudad apically; in
caudal view broad, arched, apices almost touching. Female
genital segment small, much shorter than rest of abdomen,
dorsal valve high, abruptly narrowed to short, upturned styli-
form apex, ventral valve nearly as long as dorsal, sharp apically.

Holotype, male, allotype female, 5 male and 7 female para-
types, 1 fifth instar nymph collected at Santiago de las Vegas,
Habana, Cuba, June 22-28, 1944, by S. C. Bruner and V.
Barry on Myroxylon toluiferwn H. B. K., "Balsamo de Guate-
mala." Two additional female paratypes are from Mexico,
one bearing the data, "Finca Esperanza, Chiapas, June 29, 1938,
Dr. R. Nettel col." the other, "Jalapa, Veracruz, March 30,
1933, Alfonso Dampf col."

The holotype, allotype and paratypes are in the author's col-
lection, paratypes are also in the collections of the Estacion
Experimental Agronomica and Alfonso Dampf.

Heteropsylla cubana Crawford

Several specimens collected by J. Acufia and S. C. Bruner at
Santiago de las Vegas, Havana, February 6, 1944, were breed-

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 237

ing on Leucaena glauca (L.) Benth., "aroma blanca." These
are identical with Crawford's specimens which were collected at
Havana from the same host plant. The specimens which
Crawford included as paratypes taken from Poinciana rcgia at
Santiago de las Vegas are distinct and represent a species ap-
parently undescribed. As no type specimen was selected by
Crawford one of the males from Havana is being selected as the
type.

Epicarsa sp.

One female specimen belonging to this genus was collected
by S. C. Bruner at Santiago de las Vegas, November 16, 1923.
This is apparently distinct from Epicarsa corniculata described
from one male from Para, Brazil, but due to the condition of the
specimen and the paucity of information available concerning
this genus it is not described at this time.

Coelocara new name

The author's prior use of this name (Ent. News, 55: 93,
1944) is a nomen nudum under the amended International
Rules of Zoological Nomenclature. This name is proposed to
replace Freysuila Sch\varz which was described in the Pro-
ceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 4 : 196,
1899. Schwarz did not have the same insect before him as that
originally described by Aleman under the name Frey-siiila
dugcsii. The latter is a member of the Psyllinae. The type
species of the genus Coelocara is Coelocara schwarsi (new name
for F. dugesii Schwarz).

Mitrapsylla cubana Crawford

Several males and females from Victoria de las Tunas,
Oriente Province, March 29, 1916, collected by J. R. Johnston,
appear to be this species. The specimens are mostly quite
teneral but are without indication of host plant. The male
forceps are similar to those described by Crawford for .17.
albalineata.

238 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., '45

Katacephala grandiceps Crawford

Bruner writes that this species, which has not previously
been recorded from Cuba, is evidently rather common in the
lowland forest growth. Specimens at hand are from Cojimar,
Havana Province, July 29, 1928, collected by S. C. Bruner.

Katacephala tenuipennis Tuthill

One specimen of this form is from Santiago de Cuba, Oriente
Providence, October 4. 1928, F. Silvestri and S. C. Brunei-
collectors.

Notes on the Genus Cryptostemma with a New

Record for Georgia and a New Species

from Puerto Rico (Hemiptera:

Cryptostemmatidae)

By ROBERT L. USINGER, University of California

The genus Cryptostemma H. S. 1835 (= Dipsocoris Haliday.
1855) is well known in Europe where the type and only species,
alwninn H. S., is apparently quite common. Butler (1923)
describes the habits of alienuin in Britain as follows: "The
favorite haunts of Dipsocoris are the large banks of shingle that
are to be met with here and there beside most of our Scottish
rivers. In such places, on turning over stones near the edge
of the water, one is almost certain to see the little creature
gliding swiftly along among the damp gravel, and hiding itself
in some crevice. As far as I have seen, it does not appear to
like too much wet, and I have never noticed it, as Haliday seems
to have done, on the water, nor flying. When alive, the wing-
cases are purplish-brown with a whitish bloom-like gloss pro-
duced by the fine adpressed hairs with which they are covered."

In 1925 McAtee and Malloch first recorded the genus from
the Western Hemisphere, describing three new species as fol-
lows: pedunculatum from Panama (one specimen); smitlii
from the Island of Grenada, B.W.I., (two specimens) ; and
•nhlcri from Mexico and the island of St. Vincent, B.W.I., (two

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL XF.\VS 239

specimens). Nothing was added on the biology of these
American species.

I can now record the collecting of large numbers of these
insects along streams in the mountains of North Georgia and
high up in the Sierra Palm Forest on El Yunque in Puerto
Rico. In both cases the bugs occurred under conditions iden-
tical with those described by Butler. It seems clear that
Cryptostcinina will prove to be a widely distributed genus when
collectors concentrate on its particular microhabitat.

Cryptostemma uhleri McAtee and Malloch

Found commonly beneath stones along the banks of the
stream which forms the outlet to Lake Trahlyta, Vogel State
Park, Georgia, Sept. 9, 1943. Both nymphs and adults were
taken. The adults resembled small Collembola superficially and
moved so fast that it was necessary to stop them with a little
pressure of a finger before picking them up with forceps.

These specimens key out to uhleri and agree with the female
holotype. No. 27576, U.S.N.M., Cordoba, Vera Cruz, Mexico,
April 11, 1908, A. Fenyes Coll., which I have examined, in
size, pronotal proportions, and hemelytral venation but differ
in being slightly darker in color. When males of the Mexican
species are collected it may be found that genitalic differences
exist between Mexican and Georgian forms. Meanwhile, the
name uhleri must be used since the females show no significant
differential characters.

The male genital claspers of Georgia specimens are described
below. The right clasper is a broadly expanded plate-like
appendage, half as broad as long, with the sides sinuate and the
upper or inner apical angle slightly produced. The left clasper
differs from the left clasper of pedunculatum in being more uni-
formly slender throughout, obliquely bent at apical fourth, and
not enlarged at apex. Presumably these large, asymmetrical
claspers are homologues of the basal pair of large, symmetrical
clasping organs "emanating from lateral margins of the seg-
ment in front of base of the hypopygium proper" (McAtee and
Malloch, pp. 3 and 4) . Smaller appendages occur on the dorsal

240 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., '45

surface of the capsule itself but details of these will have to
await a comparative study of the male genitalia in this entire
group. I find no similarities or even homologous structures in
the single damaged male of alienum H. S. before me.

Cryptostemma pratti new species

Relatively short and broad with costal margins of hemelytra
expanded, sinuate subbasally and constricted at cuneal fracture.
Color fulvous with whitish testaceous clavi, except apically and
narrowly at bases. Discal and apical cells of hemelytra narrow
at point of contact, neither separated by a longitudinal vein nor
by a distinct transverse vein.

Head almost half again as broad as long, 18:: 13, the eyes
one-fourth as wide as interocular space, 3 : : 12, slightly less
than twice as long as broad, S1/^ : : 3, upper surface strongly
convex, impressed at base of convex clypeus. Rostrum not
reaching apices of front coxae, stout at base, tapering apically.
Antennae approximately twice as long as width of pronotum,
50 : : 24, proportion of segments one and two, 31/-> : : 7, the third
and fourth segments subequal, each about three times as long as
second.

Pronotum slightly longer than head, 12:: 11, twice as broad
as long, the anterior angles and humeral angles rounded. An-
terior and posterior margins nearly straight, lateral margins
straight but flaring posteriorly. Disk moderately elevated, calli
indistinguishable except for a short transverse impression be-
hind each antero-lateral angle. Scutellum broader than long,
14 : : 9, the sides straight and disk flat.

Hemelytra two and one-half times as long as width of
pronotum, 59 : : 24, the corium comprising half the length and
the cuneus comprising one-fourth of the total length along costal
margin. Costal margin roundly expanded just behind base,
then briefly straight along expanded embolium. Broadly arcu-
ate behind basal sixth to cuneal fracture. Fracture very deep,
reaching middle of corial disk, slightly oblique. Venation as in
pcdunculatum except that the discal and apical cells are strongly
narrowed at point of contact, the apical cell not pedunculate but
narrowly joined to basal cell.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 241

Male genitalia strongly asymmetrical, without the plate-like
appendage of the right side as described for ithleri. The left
clasper is narrow and slightly arcuate, four times as long as
wide, with a subapical bristle arising from one side and curving
out beyond rounded apex. A pale mediodorsal arm projects
backward from the base of the capsule and this may be homol-
ogous with the small "clasper" illustrated by McAtee and Mai-
loch for pcdiinculatum. The structure is broader throughout
and expands into short rounded propections at apex. There
are two tapering immovable arms, one short and sinuate and
directed to the left at middle of base and the other long and
straight, tapering to an acute apex, arising from the left side
of capsule at apical third and directed to the right.

Color uniformly pale brown to fulvous except for stramine-
ous disk of clavus and white wings beneath this area, the ex-
treme base and broad apex of clavus fulvous, however. Eyes
reddish. Legs, rostrum and antennae testaceous.

Size: Length 1.36 mm., width (pronotum) 0.41 mm.

Holotype, male, allotype, female, and seven paratypes, col-
lected beneath stones at a mountain waterfall, El Yunque,
PUERTO Rico, April 29, 1945. The species is named after Dr
Harry Pratt who did so much to facilitate my work in Puerto
Rico. The types have been deposited in the U. S. National
Museum.

This species is certainly closest to pedunculatuvn but that
species has a pedunculate apical cell, unicolorous hemelytra,
and entirely different left genital claspers.

REFERENCES

BUTLER, E. A. 1923. A biology of the British Hemiptera-Heteroptera.

London, pp. viii + 682 (pp. 308-309).
HALIDAY, A. H. 1855. Nat. Hist. Review, vol. 2, Proc. Soc. p. 61, pi.

2, fig. 3.
HERRICH-SCHAFFER, G. A. W. 1835. In Panzer, G. W. F., Faunae In-

sectorum Germanicae oder Deutschlands Insecten, No. 135, p. 11.
McAxEE, W. L. and J. R. MALI.OCH. 1925. Revision of bugs of the

family Cryptostemmatidae in the collection of the United States

National Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 67, Art. 13, pp.

1-42, pis. 1-4.

242

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

The Geometrid Tracheation

[Nov., '45

By WM. T. M. FORBES, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

I am not aware that any tracheation of this family has been
published, and the interpretation of the radial system is a little
uncertain. Through the kindness of Mr. Lawrence Rupert I
have two fresh pupae of Semiothisa granitata, that show most
of the tracheation very clearly, though the transparency is not
sufficient to show a couple of important points.

In both wings the basal connections are clear : Sc and R are
each separate stems from the base of the wing, but run parallel ;
median is separate, but definitely belongs to the posterior group
of tracheae, curving up from behind ; 1st A is from the base of
Cu, separating about where the joint of the wing would be in
the adult, and the other anals are on a separate stem, the two
anals of the hind wing separating abruptly at base of wing.

Pupal Tracheation of Semiothisa granitata

In the fore wing radius shows its forking very clearly in the
younger pupa, which has 7?4+5 and R2+:, separate, but R^ arising
out of the base of the stalk of R2+s ; in the later one R} has fused
with Sc, except for a very short oblique piece, and J?:, and 4
have fused for a substantial distance. The accessory cell, then,
is the true one (1st J^.,) and the missing radial branch in this
form is R^ (except for the minute fragment which becomes the
"cross-vein" between the accessory cell and Sc).

The stem of media forks abruptly into three at the point which
would represent the end of the cell, but this may be assumed
to be a secondary condition, since there is no likelihood that
the discocellulars are deflected portions of M: and M... First

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 243

A shows its trachea plainly, but there is only one more trachea,
3rd A being unrepresented.

In the hind wing, so far as it can be seen through the pad of
the fore wing, Rl can be seen plainly arising out of the R-
trachea near its base and joining Sc ; and the media is so far
as visible like the fore wing, but unfortunately M^ could not be
seen. As the upper of the two visible tracheae is exactly in
line with the base it is probably the trachea of the missing vein
M2. First A is normal, and 2d and 3rd A simple, there being
no sign of the forking of 3rd A which some primitive forms
show.

Whether this tracheation is normal for the whole family is
of course a question, since the Geometridae are notoriously un-
stable in venation — closely related forms, and even individuals
of the same species, often showing quite different arrangements
of the radial branches. In fact the condition of the very primi-
tive South American Hedylinae suggests that the true ace. cell
(1st R3} is on the way to obliteration, and that the two ar-
cessory cells may in some groups be 1st Rl and 1st R2. The
Hedylinae also have preserved the third anal in fore wing as a
distinct vein, and should have an interesting tracheation.

More on the Origin of Flight
By CHAPMAN GRANT

Dr. William T. M. Forbes says, in "The Origin of Wings
and Venational Types in Insects," that the lateral extensions
which later developed into wings "served to plane through the
air, more or less like a flying squirrel or a flying fish, before
true flight was developed."

This is a thought that one often sees expressed and I believe
that it is opposite to what really happened. In a note which
appeared in "The Auk" covering this subject, I pointed out
that in the case of soaring animals such as fish, squid, marsu-
pial, squirrel, snake and lizard the gliding apparatus was per-
fected and no musculature for flapping was developed. In this

244 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., '45

case the mortality by natural selection would eliminate the in-
dividuals less apt at soaring, thus perfecting this art; e.g., if
any soaring individual had made any attempt to flap instead
of soar, it would have been less efficient at the moment with
fatal results. Hence, once a soarer, always a soarer.

On the other hand, animals that progressed on water, and
possibly on land also, and were used to escaping by frantic
efforts in the use of their limbs, were starting with muscle-
activated organs. Individuals that, by the fortuitous flattening
of the fore or of all four appendages used in swimming or
otherwise, were able to sustain themselves in the air for one or
two beats were on the right road to true flight. The individ-
uals that could sustain themselves for three flaps survived,
whereas their two-flap brethren fell. This, I believe, was the
true origin of flight.

How then did insects fare? Apparently their wings never
were ambulatory organs? Turn again to Dr. Forbes who says,
p. 382: ". . . we must call special attention to two leg-muscles
running from the edge of the pleura to the coxa. . . ." So we
do have a direct connection between the leg muscles and the
tissues that were to develop into wings. Dr. Forbes now vi-
sions, p. 383, "According to one school the pre-flying condition
took the form of a strongly flattened insect, essentially like an
apterous cockroach . . . that developed the habits of climbing
up the trunks of the Devonian trees and planing off to a new
locality. . . . Others would have in mind an insect that was at
home in the water, and developed the habit of leaping out from
time to time like a flying fish." Dr. Forbes follows the flying
squirrel school of thought and goes on to say, p. 385, ". . . con-
traction of the basalar muscle . . . would obviously pull the
front of the wing down as well as move the leg. ..." We see
that he now desired to dissociate the wing from the leg. So
we are back to a creature that really flapped by muscular efforts
of its appendages and not a planer.

I resubmit that once a soarer always a soarer : That true flight
developed irom creatures that could sustain themselves by
violent exertion for a very short distance. My belief is that

Ivi, '45J ENTOMOLOGICAL XFAVS 245

this did not happen on land, but that, as with birds, flight started
in the water with the use of fin-like appendages, used for swim-
ming. Certain groups took to surface swimming, pelagic life,
and those which jumped clear and planed never learned to fly,
whereas those that struggled along the surface by flapping did
develop true flight by the escape of those which at first could
sustain themselves for just one or two flaps.

LITERATURE CITED

FORBES, WM. T. M., The origin of wings and venational types in insects,

Am. Midi. Nat., 1943, pp. 381-405.
GRANT, CHAPMAN, On the origin of flight, The Auk, vol. 44, 1927, p. 121.

Personals

Dr. C. T. Brues. A dinner was given on October 3 at the
Faculty Club of Harvard University in honor of Dr. Brues, pro-
fessor of entomology, on the occasion of his retirement with the
title of emeritus. There was an attendance of eighty. A bound
book, containing letters of appreciation and a silver bowl were
presented to him. Dr. F. M. Carpenter, who will succeed Dr.
Brues as professor of entomology, presided.

Dr. Charles P. Alexander, professor of entomology and
head of the department of entomology and zoology, has been
appointed acting dean of the newrly established School of Science
at the Massachusetts State College.

Dr. Angelo M. da Costa Lima, distinguished Brazilian
entomologist, formerly of the Institute Oswaldo Cruz, on Au-
gust 31 was awarded the degree of Doctor of Agronomy, honoris
causa, by the Universidade Rural of Rio de Janeiro, being the
first to receive this degree. Since Brazilians are not allowed to
hold two positions in government-operated institutions, Dr.
Costa Lima was obliged, some years ago, to give up his paid
post at the Institute Oswaldo Cruz while retaining his post as
Professor of Agricultural Entomology in the Escola Nacional
de Agronomia. He has, nevertheless, continued to work at the

246 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., '45

Oswaldo Cruz three days a week without remuneration. Dr.
Costa Lima is the author of "Insetos de Brazil" of which six
volumes have been prepared and published. For this work,
and by a government decree, he has received a monetary award
of 140,000 cruzieros, with which sum he plans to travel in the
United States, and if possible, also in England and on the Con-
tinent. In 1943, the Entomological Society of America elected
him an honorary fellow, he being the first and only foreigner to
receive this honor.

Notes and News in Entomology

Under this heading we present, from time to time, notes, news, and
comments. Contributions from readers are earnestly solicited and
will be acknowledged when used.

"How Long Do Entomologists Live?" Reconsidered. It
is doubtful that it would be worth while to write a scientific
article to demonstrate that nonagenarians tend to die at an
older age than babies in general. Nevertheless, Mr. Weiss
("How Long Do Entomologists Live?", Entomological News,
LVI, 1945, pp. 189, 190) has found it at least interesting to
point out, in a not too complimentary fashion, that entomologists
tend to die at an older age than babies in general.

The average age at death for 2,187 entomologists born 'be-
tween 372 B.C. and 1920 A.D. was found to be 65.48 years, and
for the 1,600 entomologists born between 1500 and 1859, the
average age at death was 69.09 years. These are thought to be
high averages. Confining our attention, for the moment, to the
latter group, I should think it might be more fruitful to point
out that, if entomologists lived no longer than people in general,
they would have had to live by and large to at least age 54, ac-
cording to the Breslau table cited (Halley's data) to be classified
as famous entomologists, and to age 40, according to the U. S.
life table (1930-39) for white males. In other words, for those
who attain age 40, the average age at death is 69.

One further note on the group of 2,187 entomologists. As-
sume that, in general, age 40 must be attained before a person

lvi,'45]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

247

is a good enough entomologist to be listed in this group, even
though, no doubt, many of them were listed for work done at a
much later age. The following table gives the percentage dis-
tribution of deaths found for the entomologists by Air. Weiss
and the corresponding distributions from the Breslau Data, the
American Experience Table, and the table for U. S. white males,
1930-39, for those who attain age 40.

Percentage of those attaining age 40

Percentage of

dying at given age

A f A t \

Entomologists

•

dying at

given age

Breslau Data

(Halley)

American
Experience
Table

U. S. white
males
(1930-39)

Under 60

60 and under 70

70 and under 80

80 and over

Total

100

All this is not to prove that entomologists live no longer than
people in general who have attained the age which is required
by entomologists to be classified as such in an historical docu-
ment. It is hoped that they do. A much more refined study
than that made by Mr. Weiss is required, however, to yield even
tentative conclusions. Certainly, before giving too much credit
to the parents of entomologists, one should examine the factors
which differentiate entomologists from babies. — E. DOUGLASS
BURDICK.

Philippine Journal of Science. Dr. C. P. Alexander has
received a letter from the distinguished chief of the Division of
Publication of the Philippines, D. Eduardo R. Alvarado. With
minor omissions, the very informative account of the fate of a
leading scientific journal that the latter gives is as follows :

"We are very glad to hear again from you after a lapse of
about four years. Already we have started reorganizing the
Division of Publications which had remained closed during the

248 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., '45

Japanese regime, and have begun recalling all our prewar per-
sonnel.

"We suffered terribly in this war, our losses being very great.
This is particularly true in the city of Manila. Besides the loss
of a great number of lives, private and public buildings, includ-
ing educational and scientific institutions, among them the
Bureau of Science — the repository of collections of great inter-
est and importance to the scientific world, as well as publications
—were completely destroyed. Among the destroyed publica-
tions was the Philippine Journal of Science, — printed copies,
manuscripts, illustrations, etc. It pains us to think of such
losses. In our program of reorganization we have included the
revival of the Journal of Science, as well as other publications,
and as soon as funds, facilities and materials are available, we
shall start printing them. As usual, we shall be glad to receive
your contributions for publication in said journal.

As we have said, this war has brought us untold sufferings
and privations. Fortunately for most of us, we have survived
such terrible experience, and from scratch we will try to begin
where we left off before. God helping, we hope we shall get on
our feet again.

Snakes. Major Grant, publisher of "Herpetologica."
calls out attention to the blind snake that lives in the nests of
termites and adds that entomologists seem to have more in-
formation on the association of reptiles and termites and ants
than is available in herpetological works. He would be glad
to publish papers on these two subjects or to assemble notes,
giving full credit to the source, in ''Herpetologica." Please
write Major Chapman Grant, 2970 Sixth Avenue, San Diego 3.
Cal.

Ivi, '45] KXTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 249

Current Entomological Literature

COMPILED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF

This list gives references of the current or preceding year unless otherwise noted.
Continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installment.

Papers published in ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS are not listed.

GENERAL — On the type of the genus Hypselopus Bur-
meister, 1835. [87] 3: 67-76. On the status of names
Pompilus Fab. and Psammochares Lat. [87] 2: 377-396.
Use of new name. [87] 3: 131-136. Suspension of the
rules for Eitthalia Hiibner. [87] 2 : 401-409. On Article 30
of the International Code. [87] 2: 149-156. Need for the
suspension of the rules for Strymon Hiibner, 1818. [87] 2:
361-374. Suspension of the rules for Euploea Fab., 1807.
[87] 2: 337-345. Suspension of the rules for Bracon Fab.
(1804-05). [87] 2: 321-332. Suspension of the rules for
Argynnis Fab., 1807. [87] 2: 309-318. Twenty-one names
in the Orthoptera added to the official list of generic names
in zoology. [87] 2: 147-160. Bolivar Urrutia, Ignacio—
Necrologia [104] 12: 336-38. Bromley, S. W.— Insect ene-
mies of the house fly, Musca domestica. [6] 53: 145-52.
Robber fly and Japanese beetle. [19] 40: 44-47. Burr, M.
—Current note: American entomologists and the \Yar.
[21] 57: 91-92. Davis, William Thompson— Biographical
note. [6] 53: 127-35, port. Dean, Smith & Kelly— Four-
teenth or 1944 annual insect population summary of Kan-
sas. [103] 18: 85-99. Donisthorpe, Horace — Ants as car-
riers of disease. [8] (4) 6: 185. Eyles, E. D. — How does
a fly land on the ceiling? [107] 20 (1-3): 14-15. Gold-
schmidt, R. B. — Mimetic polymorphism, a controversial
chapter of Darwinism. [Quart. Rev. Biol.] 20: 147-164.
Grensted, L. W. — Pleuron, pleura and pleurite. [8] 81 :
162-63. Gunton, Williams, Slater & Uvarov — Insects and
weather. [109] 10: 19-21. Hemming, Francis— A list.

250 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., '45

with prices, of publications by the "International" Com-
mission on Zoological Nomenclature since 1938. [7] 38:
298-300. Madden, A. H.— A brief history of medical ento-
mology in Florida. [39] 28: 1-7. Miller, David (see also
under Diptera). Mosely, Martin E. — The designation of
certain genotypes in the Trichoptera. [108] 14 (3-4) :
46-47. Poulson, D. F. — Chromosomal control of embryo-
genesis in Drosophila. [90] 79: 340-363. Roebuck, A.—
How shall we name insects? [20] 32: 185-86. Scharrer,
Berta — Experimental tumors in an insect. [68] 102 : 102.
Schwarz, H. F. — Wax of stingless bees (Meliponidae) and
the uses to which it has been put. [6] 53: 137-44. Smith,
H. M. — Categories of specific names in zoology. [68] 102:
185-189. Steyskal, G. — Remarks upon spatial relationships
in entomological descriptions. [19] 40: 57-59. Weiss,
H. B. — Insect food habit ratios of the Lloyd-Cornell Reser-
vation. [6] 53: 167-68. William Thompson Davis— 1862-
1945. [6] 53 : 127-135, ill. Wellington, W. G.— (See under
Anatomy, etc.) Wright, S. — Genes as physiological agents
(Drosophila). [90] 79: 289-303.

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, MEDICAL— Alpatov, V.
V. — Parthenogenetic females among certain races of the
honey bee. [Advances in Mod. Biology, Moscow] 19:
281-82. (Russian.) Christophers, S. R. — Structure of the
Culex egg and egg-raft in relation to function. [36] 95 :
25-34, ill. Dodge, H. R. — Notes on the morphology of
mosquito larvae. [7] 38: 163-167, ill. Ewer, R. F.— Ef-
fect of grain size on the oviposition of Calandra granaria
(Curcul.). [107] 20: 57-63. Goldschmidt, R..— The struc-
ture of podoptera, a homoeotic mutant of Drosophila
melanogaster. [57] 77: 71-104, ill. Hill, D. L.— Carbo-
hydrate metabolism during embryonic development (Orth.).
[Jour. Cell. & Comp. Physiol.] 25: 205-16. Lyman, F.
Earle — Reactions of certain nymphs of Stenonema (Ephem-
eroptera) to light as related to habitat preference. [7|
38: 234-236, ill. Murray, D.— Senses of moths. [21] 57:
61-63, ill. Newton & Pratt — Experiments to determine
whether infective larvae of W^uchereria bancrofti can mi-
grate from the abdomen of the mosquito intermediate host.
[17] 31: 266-68. Nicholson, H. P.— The morphology of
the mouthparts of the non-biting blackfly, Eusimulium
dacotense D. & S., as compared with those of the biting-
species, Simulium venustum Say (Diptera: Simuliidae).
[7] 38: 281-297, ill. Park & Davis— Further analysis of

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 251

fecundity in the flour beetles, Tribolium confusum Duval
and Tribolium castaneum Herbst. [7] 38: 235-244, ill.
Querci & Romei — Effects of the reflected solar radiation on
insects. [39] 28: 20-21. Richards & Weygant— Selective
penetration of fat solvents into the nervous system of mos-
quito larvae. [6] 53: 153-66. Stojanovich, C. J., Jr.— The
head and mouthparts of the sucking lice (Insects: Ano-
plura). [117] 10 (1): 1-46. Strickland, E. H.— Method
for permanently reducing the number of blowflies in
screened houses. [19] 40: 59-60. Tauber, Drake &
Decker — Effects of different food plants on egg production
and adult survival of the grasshopper Melanoplus bivittatus.
[43] 19: 343-59. Villee, C. A.— Developmental interac-
tions of homoeotic and growth rate genes in Drosophila
melanogaster. [57] 77: 105-18. Wellington, W. G.-
Conditions governing the distribution of insects in the free
atmosphere. Ill: Thermal convection. [4] 77: 44-49.
Wiltshire, E. P. — Is the diapause in insects eradicable?
[21] 57: 49-51. Yeager, J. Franklin— Blood picture of the
Southern Army worm (Prodenia eridania). [47] 71 : 1^-0.
Zukel, J. W. — Marking Anopheles mosquitoes with fluores-
cent compounds. [68] 102: 157.

ARACHNIDA & MYRIOPODA— Araujo Feio, J. L. de

-Victorwithius monoplacophorus n. gen., n. sp. da su!>-
fainilia Withiinae Chamberlin, 1931. [32] n. s., Zoologia.
no. 28: 1-7, ill. (S). Auguston, G. F. — New gen. n. sps. of
dermanyssid mite from Texas. [38] 44: 46-48, ill. Feio,
J. L. — Victoewithius monoplacophorus n. g., n. sp. da sub-
familia Withiinae. [32] no. 28, 7 pp., ill. (S). Hoff, C. C.

—New sps. and records of cheliferid Pseudoscorpions.
[119] 34: 511-22. Laing, F. — Interpretation of some early
collembolan gen. names. [8] 81 : 134—39. Mello-Leitao,
C. — Algumas aranhas da regiao Amazonica. [32] no. 25:
12 pp. (*). — Aranas de la Prov. de B. Aires y de las Gober-
naciones de la Pampa, Neuquen. R. Negro y Chubut. [122]
2, Zool.: 1-62, ill. 1942 (*). Las aranas' de Cordoba, la
Rioja, Catamarca, Tucuman, Salta y Jujuy. [122] 2, Zool.:
99-198, ill. 1942 (*). Aranas de la Prov. de Santa Fe.
[122] 2, Zool.: 199-225, ill. 1942 (*). Aranas del Chaco y
Santiago de Estero. [122] 2. Zool.: 381^27. ill. 1942 (*)".
Aranas nuevas de Mendoza, la Rioja y Cordoba. [122] 3.
Zool.: 101-21, ill. 1943. Aranas de "la Prov. de Bucn«-
Aires. | 122] 3, Zool.: 311-93. ill. 1944 (*). Considi-raoV^

' o genero Eusarcu.^ I'crty c docrican <U- quatn> novos

252 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov.,'45

laniatores. [15] 17 (2): 149-162. Muma, M. H— New
and interesting spiders from Maryland. [95] 58: 91-102,
ill. Nevin, F. Reese — Immature forms of the mite, Cae-
culus pettiti. [7] 38: 195-198, ill. Pereira & de Castro-
Morfologia externa e analise dos caracteres taxonomicos de
Pycnochernes eidmanni (Chernetidae) das panelas de lixo
dos formigueiros de Atta sexdens. [14] 15: 239-261, ill.
Smith, C. N. — Biology of Ixodes dentatus Neumann (Ixo-
dTdae). [7] 38: 223-233. Scares, B. M. — Alguns reparos
a "Notas sobre opilioes— V a XIII." [77] 4: 309-312 (S).
Notas sobre opilioes. [77] 4: 243-275 (S). Opilioes do
Alto da Serra. [77] 4: 277-302, ill. Opilioes do Alto da
Serra. [77] 4: 221-241 (*). Aracnideos de Monte Alegre.
[77] 4: 151-168, ill. (*S). Mais alguns Opilioes de Boracea.
[77] 4: 177-185 (*S). Notas sobre aranhas. [77] 4: 319-
320. Um novo opiliao da Bahia. [77] 4: 33-36, ill.
Scares, H. E. M. — Um novo opiliao do Parana. [77] 4:
321-324, ill. (S). Wharton, G. W.— Trombicula frittsi n.
sp. [17] 31: 282-83, ill.

THE SMALLER ORDERS— Borror, D. J.— A key to

the New World genera of Libellulidae (Odonata). [7]
38: 168-194, ill. Brown, E. S. — Nymphal stage of Capnia
atra, with a descr. of certain distinguishing features. [107]
20: 50-53, ill. Crawford, J. C.— North Amer. sps. of the
gen. Isochaetothrips. [10] 47: 179-82 (*k). Fraser, F. C.
— Note on the importance of Eolestes synthetica in the phy-
logeny of the Odonata. [107] : 20: 54-56, ill. Guimarae's,
L. R. — Um novo Malofago do surucua Trogonurus auran-
tius (Spix). [77] 4: 71—77, ill. (S). Sobre os Menoponidae
encontrados em tinamiformes. [77] 4: 105-116 (*S). Mais
um caso de Associacao entre Mallophaga e Hippoboscidae.
[77] : 4: 79-84. Jellison, W. L.— Siphonaptera : a n. sp. of
Conorhinopsylla from Kansas. [103] 18: 109-11, ill. Kim-
mins, D. E. — Note on some specialized hairs in the Palpari-
nae (Myrmelionid). [9] 78: 97-99, ill. A new species of
Odonata from Ecuador. [75] 12: 187-189, ill. (S). Laing,
F. — The interpretation of some early collembolan generic
names. [8] (4) 6: 134-139. Traver, J. R.— Notes on Bra-
zilian mayflies. [32] no. 22: 53 pp., ill. (*k). Williner, G.
J. — Cinco esp. n. Misioneras del gen. Psocus. [104] 12:
235-43, ill. Wright M. — Dragonflies predaceous on the
stablefly Stomoxys calcitrans. [39] 28: 11-13. Wygod-
zinsky, P. — Sobre uma nova especie de Plusiocampa do
Brasil (Thysanura). [77] 4: 301-308 (S).

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL M.\\ S 253

ORTHOPTERA— Collins, G. B.— Some observations on

macropterism in Chorthippus parallelus (Acridid). [8] 81 :
179-82. Hepper, H. C. — Notas ecologicas, sistematicas y
ge zoogeograficas de acridios de la Argentina. [104] 12:
280-98, ill. Meiners, E. P.— "Cockroach" versus "roach."
[19] 40: 56. Rehn, J. A. G. — Man's uninvited fellow trav-
eler.—The cockroach. [54] 61: 265-276. Rehn & Rehn-
Studies of certain Cyrtacanthracridoid gen. III. Buckel-
lacris, another new No. Amer. gen. of Holarctic type. [1]
71 : 1-45, ill. Soukup, J. — Los Proscopidos del Museo de
Hist. Nat. "Javier Prado." [66] 8 : 242-59, ill. Strohecker,
H. F. — Notes on and descriptions of Mexican Orthoptera.
[7] 38: 207-215 (*).

HEMIPTERA— Beamer, R. H.— Genus Kelisa in Amer.
north of Mexico (Fulgorid). [103] 18: 100-108, ill. (*k).
Cook, W. C. — The relation of spring movements of the
beat leaf hopper (Eutettix tenellus Baker) in central Cali-
fornia to temperature accumulations. [7] 38: 149-162, ill.
DeLong, D. M. — A new genus Acunasus and eight new spe-
cies of Mexican leafhoppers (Cicadellidae). [7] 38: 199-
206, ill. Essig, E. O. — Hyalopteroides pallida. an aphid
new to No. Amer. [55] 21: 119-20. Fennah, R. G.-
Tropiduchidae of the Lesser Antilles (Fulgorid). [10] 47:
137-67, ill. (*k). The Fulgoroidea. or Lanternflies, of
Trinidad and adjacent parts of South America. [50] 95:
411-520, ill. Griffith, M. E.— The environment, life history
and structure of the water boatman, Ramphocorixa acumi-
nata (Uhler) (Hempitera, Corixidae). [45] 30: 241-365.
ill. Knowlton, G. F. — Rabbitbrush aphid notes. [19] 40:
43. Knull, D. N. — Eleven new leafhoppers with notes on
others. [43] 45 : 103-10, ill. Lepage & Giannotti. — Algu-
mas esp. n. de coccideos do Brasil. [14] 15: 299-306, ill.
Thomas, I. — Synonymy of Aphididae. [20] 32: 187.

LEPIDOPTERA—d' Almeida, R. F.— Nota supplemental-
a "Revisao do genero Phoebis." [32] no. 27 : 16 pp. Sobre
a nomenclatura de alguns grupos superiores da ordem Lepi-
doptera. [77] 4: 312-318. Nota suplementar a "Revisfu.
do genero Phoebis Huebner." [32] n. s., Zoologia, no. 27:
1-16. Bourquin, F. — Notas sobre matamorfosis de Hyalo-
sticta prope obliqualia (Pyralid). [104] 12: 248-52. ill.
Observaciones sobre metamorfosis de Neobourquinia bifas-
ciata (Notodon). [104] 12: 257-59, ill. Breyer, A.— Lista
parcial de lepidopteros coleccionados en Salta. [104] 12:
310-12. Notas lepidopterolo,qicas (Saturn). | 104] 12:

254 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., '45

330-33, ill. Breyer & Orfila. — Las esp. del gen. Roth-
schildia en Tucuman con aclaraciones sobre R. maura y R.
schfeiteriana nom. nov. [104] 12: 299-304, ill. Bryk, F.-
Schmetterlingsausbeute der Schwedischen wissenschaft-
lichen Expedition nach Patagonien. [83] 36A : 1-30, ill.
(S). Bugbee, R. E. & A. Reigel.— The cactus moth, Meli-
taria dentata (Grote) and its effect on Opuntia macrorhiza
in western Kansas. [119] 33 (1): 117-127. Carpenter,
G. D. H. — Notes on Charaxes (Lep., Nymphalidae) in the
Hope Dept. of Entom., Univ. of Oxford. [108] 14 (7-8):
81-88. Costa Lima, A. de — Insetos do Brasil. 5° tomo.—
Lepidopteros. Escola nacional de agronomia, serie di-
datica, No. 7. [112] pp. 1-379. Fender, K.— A mixed up
butterfly [Euphydryas colon]. [19] 40: 54. Figueiredo
& Pereira.- — Notas sobre "Xanthopastis timais, praga das
amarilidaseas. [14] 15 : 289-98, ill. Filho, L. T.— Interes-
sante anomalia em um Cosmosoma teuthras (Walker).
[77] 4: 187-196, ill. (S). Fleming, H.— Saturnioidea of
Kartabo, Br. Guiana and Caripito, Venezuela. [18] 30:
73-80, ill. (*). Fox, R. M. — New gen. & sps. of Ithomiinae
(Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). [40] 1295: 1-14 (S). Gib-
son, J. — Callicore candrena christopheri ab. nov. (Nymph.).
[104] 12: 246-47, ill. (S). Hayward, K. J.— Hesperiidarum
Argentinae catalogus. [122] 2, Zool. : 227-340, 1942.
Kohler, P. — Melanismos natureales en lepidopteros Argen-
tines. [104] 12: 253-56, ill. (*). McDunnough, J.— New
Coleophoridae. [4] 77 : 49-52, ill. Results from an ex-
amination of geometrid types in the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology. [4] 77: 62-68. McGuffin, W. C.— New
descr. of larvae of forest insects : Larvae of the gen. Eu-
pithecia (Geomet.). [4] 77: 53-55 (k). Oiticica, J., Fil-
Sobre a esp. Callionima pan (Sphingid). [32] no. 21: 28
pp., ill. Estudos sobra Automerinae. [32] no. 26: 18 pp.,
ill. Estudos sobre Automerinae. Estudio 1 — Sobre o tipo
do genero Gamelia Hiibner (1819). [32] n. s., Zoologia,
no. 26: 1-18, ill. (S). Potts, R. W. L.— Two new variants
in California Colias eurytheme. [38] 44: 49-50, ill. Querci
& Romei — (See under Anatomy, etc.) Rawson, G. W.—
Interesting problems connected with the checkered white
butterfly, Pieris protodice. [19] 40: 49-54. Sanford, L. J.
— Anteos maerula, a new butterfly recorded from Florida.
[6] 53: 136. Schaefer & Breyer — Segunda lista de lepidop-
teros de Catamarca. [104] 12: 327-29. Sheppard, A. C.-
New record for Canada [Acentropus niveus]. [4] 77: 55.

Ivi, '45J ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 255

Smith & Linsley — Migration of Vanessa cardui. [55] 21:
109. Stallings & Turner — Notes on Kansas butterflies.
[103] 18: 111. Watson, J. R.— The damage of Melipotis
Acontioides to the Royal Poinciana. [39] 18-19. Weni-
ger, D. — List of butterflies collected in Cowley Co., Kans.
in 1944. [103] 18: 112-20.

DIPTERA— Alexander, C. P. — Undescribed species of
Tipula from western U. S. [19] 40: 33-37 (*). New or
little known crane-flies from California. [38] 44: 33-45, ill.
Undescribed sps. of Tipulidae from the western U. S. [55]
21 : 91-97. New species of crane-flies from South America.
Part XII. [7] 38: 256-280. Records and descriptions of
North American crane-flies (Diptera) Part V. Tipuloidea
of the Grand Teton National Park and Teton National
Forest, Wyoming. [119] 33 (2) : 391-439. Belkin, Knight
& Rozeboom — Anopheline mosquitoes of the Solomon Is.
and New Hebrides. [17] 31: 241-65 (k). Blanchard, E.
E. — Los dipteros muscoideos del Museo de La Plata. I.
Tachinidae. [122] 2, Zool. : 341-80, 1942; 3, Zool. : 123-161,
1943, ill. (*). Bridarolli, A. J.— Alotipo hembra de Apo-
cephalus marginatus (Phor.) [104] 12 : 244-45, ill. Brom-
ley, S. W.— Robber fly and Japanese beetle. [19] 40 : 44-47.
Bromley, S. W. — (See under General.) Bruch, C. — Obser-
vaciones biologicas sobre Strobelia baccharidis (Trypet).
[122] 2, Zool. : 85-93; ill., 1942. Camras, S.— A study of the
genus Occemyia in North America (Conopidae). [7] 38:
216-222 (k). Carrera, M. — Chave sinoptica da subfamilia
Leptogastrinae com a descriqao de un novo genero e uma
nova especie. [77] 4: 85-93. Collin, J. E. — Correction of
a mistake of long standing concerning the identity of Aty-
lotus plebius Fallen (Diptera, Tabanidae). Proc. Roy.
Ent. Soc. [108] 14 (7-8) : 89-90. Fattig, P. W.— Asilidae
or robber flies of Georgia. [Emory Univ. Mus. Bull.] 3:
33 pp. Good, N. E. — List of the mosquitoes of the District
of Columbia. [10] 47: 168-79. Hardy, D. E.— Revision
of nearctic Bibiunidae including Neotropical Plecia and
Penthetria (Diptera). [45] 30: 367-547, ill. Harmston &
Knowlton — On the status of Liancalus limbatus (Do-
lichop.). [19] 40: 55-56. Hauber, U. A.— Tanypodinae of
Iowa. I. Genus Pentaneura. [119] 34: 496-503, ill. Her-
man, C. M. — Cephenemyia jellisoni reared from nasal bot
of blacktailed deer (Cuterebrid). [55| 21: 120. Johann-
sen, O. A. — Two n. sps. of Cecidomyiidae from Florida.
[39] 28: 8-10. Matheson, R. — Descriptions of two new

256 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., '45

species, Paratrichobius anduzei and Nycteribosca francle-
monti (Streblidae). [17] 31: 191-194, ill. Miller, D.-
Generic name changes in Diptera. [108] 14: 72. Owen,
W. B. — New anopheline from the Solomon Is. with notes
on its biology. [17] 31 : 236-40, ill. Saunt, J. W.— Migra-
tion of Syrphidae. [8] 81: 131. Smart, J. — Drosophila
subobscura Collin : descriptive notes on the species with
comments on its nomenclatoral status (Diptera). [108]
14 (3-4) : 53-56. Soper & Wilson — Anopheles gambiae in
Brazil, 1930-1940. 262 pp., 75 figs. New York: The
Rockefeller Fdn. (Review by L. E. Rozeboom in [68] 99:
451-52.) Steyskal, G. — Behavior of Thaumatomyia species
(Chloropisca). (Chloropid). [19] 40: 48. Strickland, E.
H. — (See under Anatomy.) Townes, H. K. — Nearctic sps.
of Tendipedini (Chironomid). [119] 34: 1-206, ill. (*).
Vargas, L. — Nota sobre Ceratopogonidos y Culicoides.
[56] 6: 41-49. ill. (S). Notas sobre la Oncocerciasis. I.
Consideraciones sobre la poblacion de Simulidos adultos.
II. El factor luz y los Simulidos adultos. III. Algunos
factores que afectan la fijacion de las larvas de Simulidos.
1 56] 6: 51-70 (S). Wright, M.— (See under Smaller
Orders.)

COLEOPTERA.— Balfour-Browne, J.— The genera of
the Gyrinoidea and their genotypes. [75] 12: 103-111.
Blackwelder, R. E. — Compiler. Checklist of the Coleop-
terous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies,
and South America. Bull. 185 : U. S. N. M. Part 3. Brom-
ley, S. W. — (See under Diptera). Cameron, M. — Descrip-
tions of new Staphylinidae (Coleoptera). [108] 14 (5-6) :
63-69. Cartwright, O. L. — Ataenius darlingtoni, a syno-
nym of A. salutator. [19] 40: 47. Cushman, R. A.— The
Ichneumon-flies of the genus Cryptanura Brulle, mainly
tropical American. [50] 96: 139-176. Fisher, W. S.-
New sp. of Obe'rea from Canada (Ceramb.) [4] 77: 56 (*).
Hinton, H. E. — Stethelmis chilensis, n. gen. & sp. of Elmi-
dae from Chile. [108] 14: 73-76, ill. (k). A key to the
North American species of Terapus, with a description of
a new species (Col., Histeridae). [108] 14 (3-4): 38-45.
Linsley, E. G. — Further notes on some sps. of Plecoma.
[55] 21: 101-14 (*). MacSwain, J. W.— Notes on the
habits of the predator Cymatodera ovipennis, with a descr.
of the pupa (Clerid). [55] 21: 97-100, ill. Malkin, B.-
Supplement to the N. Y. State list of Coleoptera, No. 6,
additions and corrections. [6] 53: 91-126. Mertinez, A.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 257

— Insectos nuev, o poco conocidos. III. Gen. Anomiop-
soides. (Scarab.) [104] 12: 260-79, ill. (S, k). Navajas,
E. — Sobre a validez de Fulcidax violaceus (King-, 1824).
[77] 4: 95-103. Algumas notas sobre a nomenclatura dos
Fulcidacideos. [77] 4: 213-220 (S). Smith & Michel-
bacher — Abundance of Hupera punctata in 1945. [55] 21 :
118. Smith & Potts — Biological notes on Plecoma hirti-
collis (Scarab). [55] 21: 115-18. Tottenham, C. E.-
Some notes on the nomenclature of the Staphylinidae.
[108] 14: 70-71. VanDyke, E. C.— New sps. of No. Amer.
Coleoptera. [55] 21 : 101-109. Werner, F. G.—A revision
of the genus Epicauta in America North of Mexico (Me-
loidae). [26] 95, no. 5: 421-517 (*k). Wittmer, W.-
Nuevos Cantharidae. [104] 12: 313-26, ill. (S).

HYMENOPTERA.— d'Araujo e Silva, A. G.— Nota
sobre "Homalotylus flaminius" (Encyrtid). [Bol. Fito-
sanit., R. de Jan.] 1 : 29-35, ill. Benson, R. B. — Classifica-
tion of the Xyelidae (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). [108] 14
(3-4) : 34-37. Classification of the Pamphiliidae (Hymen-
optera Symphyta). [108] 14 (3-4) : 25-33. Blair, K. G.-
Notes on the economy of the rose galls formed by Rhodites
(Hymenoptera, Cynipidae). [107] 20 (1-3): 26-31.
Blanchard, E. E. — Dos nuevos Ichneumonidos, parasites de
Listroderes. [104] 12: 305-309, ill. (S). Descr. de dos
himenopteros parasites de larvas de Strobelia baccharidis
(Chalc). [122] 2, Zool. : 93-98, ill. 1942 (*S). Bradley,
J. C. — Scoliidae of Northern S. Amer., with special refer-
ence to Venezuela. I Campsomeris. [46] 4: 1-36, ill.
(*k). Cockerell, T. D. A. — Description and records of
bees. [75] 12: 208-212 (*). Donisthorpe, J. K.— List of
scientific terms used in Myrmecology. [107] 20: 43-49.
Gregg, Robert E. — The worker caste of Harparoxenus
canadensis Smith (Formicidae). [4] 77: 74-76, ill.
Hincks, W. D. — Nomenclature notes on some parasitic Hy-
menoptera (Ichneum. & Eulophid). [9] 78: 89-91. La
Rivers, Ira — The wasp Chlorion laeviventris as a natural
control of the Mormon cricket. [119] 33 (3): 743-763.
Malaise, R. — A new species of a bipolar Saw-fly genus.
[83] 36B: 1-5. ill. (S). Morley, B. D. W.— Observations
on some plesiobiotic colonies of ants (Hymenoptera), with
notes on some other mixtabiotic colonies. [107] 20 (1-3) :
1^. Muma, M. H. & Jeffers, W. F.— Studies of the spider
prey of several mud-dauber wasps. |7| 38: 245-255, ill.
Pate, V. S. L. — Synonymical note on Ammoplanopterus

258 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., '45

(Sphecicl). [19] 40: 37. On two Holarctic Pemphilidinae
wasps (Sphecid). [19] 40: 38-43. Notes on Ammoplanus
(Sphecid). [55] 21 : 83-90, ill. (*). Talbot, M.— Compari-
son of nights of 4 sps. of ants. [119] 34: 504-10. Walley,
G. S. — New Canadian sps. of Syndipnus, with records of
other sps. (Ichneum). [4] 77: "41-43, ill. (*). Whiting,
A. R. — Dominant lethality and correlated chromosome ef-
fects in X-rayed Hcbrobracon eggs. [92] 89: 71.

SPECIAL. — Bulletin of Zool. Nomenclature. Vol. 1, pp.
87-118. — Publication of proposals submitted to the Intern.
Comm. Instructions to authors laid down by the Intern.
Comm. in May, 1943. On the status under Art. 3 of the
Intern. Code, of a trivial name consisting of an unlatinised
modern patronymic. On the status, under Art. 3 of the
Intern. Code, of a specific or subspecific trivial name con-
sisting of a phonetic reproduction of the initial letters of
two or more modern patronomics.

LIST OF JOURNALS CITED

1. — Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc. 4. — Canadian Entomolo-
gist. 6. — Jour. New York Entom. Soc. 7. — Ann. Entom.
Soc. America. 8. — Entom. Monthly Mag. 9. — The Ento-
mologist, London. 10.- — Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington.
14. — Arch. Inst. Biol., S. Paulo. 15. — Anais Acad. Brasil.
Cien., Rio. 17. — Jour, of Parasitology. 18. — Zoologica,
New York. 19.— Bull. Brooklyn Entom. Soc. 20.— An-
nals of Appl. Biology. 21. — Entom. Record & Jour. Vari-
ation. 26. — Bull. Mus. Comparative Zool. 32. — Bol. Mus.
Nac., R. d. Janeiro. 36. — Trans. R. Entom. Soc. London.
38.— Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 39.— Florida Entomologist.
40. — Amer. Museum Novitates. 43. — Ohio Jour. Sciences.
45. — Univ. Kansas Science Bull. 46. — Bol. Entom. Vene-
zolana. 47. — Jour. Agr. Research. 50. — Proc. U. S. Nat.
Museum. 54. — Scientific Monthly. 55. — Pan-Pacific En-
tom. 56. — Rev. Inst. Salub. y Enfer. Tropic. Mex. 57.—
Jour, of Morphology. 66. — Bol. Mus. Hist. Nat. "Javier
Prado," Lima. 68. — Science, New York. 75.— Annals &
Mag. Nat. Hist. 77.— Papeis Avul. Dept. Zool. Secret.
Agr., S. Paulo. 83. — Ark. f. Zool., K. Svenska Vetensk. i.
Stockholm. 87. — Opinions and Declarations, Inter. Nat.
Comm. Zool. Nomen. 90. — American Nat. 92. — Biologi-
cal Bull. 95.— Proc. Biolog. Soc. Wash. 102.— An. Escol.
Nac. Cien. Biol., Mexico. 103. — Jour. Kansas Entom. Soc.

Ivi, '45 J ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 259

104. — Revista Soc. Ent. Argentina. 107. — Proc. R. Entom.
Soc. London (A). 108. — Proc. R. Entom. Soc. London
(B). 109.— Proc. R. Entom. Soc. London (C). 112.-
Anals Inst. Biol. Mexico. 117. — Microentom., Stanford
Univ. 119.— Amer. Midland Xat. 122.— Revista Mus. de
La Plata, B. Aires.

THE DIPTERA OR TRUE FLIES OF CONNECTICUT. FASC. 1.
EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY; KEY TO FAMILIES TANYDERIDAE,
PTYCHOPTERIDAE, TRICHOCERIDAE, ANISOPODIDAE, AND TIPU-
LIDAE. By G. C. Crampton, C. H. Curran and C. P. Alex-
ander; with an Introduction by R. B. Friend. Hartford, 1942.
Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey, Bul-
letin No. 64. 509 pp., text-figures and 4 plates.

This work is part six of the Guide to the Insects of Con-
necticut ; the previous parts included the orders Euplexoptera,
Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera and Odonata. In the
present part, Dr. Crampton gives a lengthy chapter of 1 1 1 pages
in which will be found very thorough analysis of, and discussion
on, the various terms applied to the sclerites, etc., of the Diptera,
including the genitalic structures of both sexes, and fourteen
figures and thirteen pages of bibliography. This chapter I
consider one of the most valuable features of the work. Dr.
Friend has four pages and three plates on the wing venation;
and a key to the families of Diptera is given by Dr. Curran.
The remainder of the work is Dr. Alexander's taxonomic treat-
ment of the families included, and gives keys to the genera and
species, with figures illustrating important features of some
species. References to original descriptions, published illustra-
tions, and Dr. Alexander's own descriptions, the known dis-
tribution, and Connecticut records, are also given of each
species. If subsequent fascicles of this work are produced
along these lines, we will have a valuable contribution to the
Diptera of North America. E. T. CRESSON, JR.

Obituary

Mr. FD. LE CERF died during the past winter after a short
illness due in part to lack of heat and insufficient nourishment.
His collection and his library are now at the Museum National
d'Histoire Naturelle.

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

DECEMBER 1»45 u.3. „„..„.

Vol. LVI No. 10

CONTENTS

Ross — Sawfly genitalia 261

Hull — New syrphid flies from Mississippi 268

Forbes — Position of Epione mollicularia 272

Rau — Food preferences of the cockroach 276

Notes and News in Entomology 278

Obituary 279

Current Entomological Literature 280

Review — Brazil, orchid of the tropics '.Y: 291

•
Index and title page to Volume LVI u . «•*. 293

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LVI DECEMBER, l'M5 Xo. 10

Sawfly Genitalia: Terminology and Study

Techniques

By HERBERT H. Ross, Illinois State Natural History Survey.

Urbana, Illinois

During the past two decades several hypotheses have been
advanced regarding the derivation and homologies of parts of
sawfly genitalia, including the genital capsule of the male and
the saw of the female. The proponents of each hypothesis have
frequently indicated a preference for a new or modified termi-
nology to be applied to the various parts. In the development
of the taxonomy of the sawflies, characters of both male and
female genitalia have assumed continually greater importance
in evaluation and diagnosis of both genera and species. With
this development there has arisen a need for a stable termi-
nology for parts of the saw and male genital capsule, a set of
names which are uninomial for easy use, which apply definitely
to the various parts as they exist in the group, and which can
be applied by both taxonomist and morphologist regardless of
differing theories of evolutionary development.

A terminology is here presented which has been designed to
fill this need. The names have been selected on the following
basis: (1) elimination of homonyms, that is, identical names
which have previously been used for some other part of the in-
sect body; (2) priority of uninomial latinized names, with the
elimination of phrases, as a designation for well-defined mor-
phological units; (3) tempering consideration of priority with
weight of usage over a long period, or with application of a
term to a homologous structure in several insect orders. The
resultant terminology for the male genitalia agrees in many
respects with that proposed by C'rampton (1919) as enlarged

(261)

•

262 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '45

by Peck (1937), with the addition of a few names for certain
parts. Many of the more recent terms proposed by Snodgrass
(1941) are antedated by other available names. The termi-
nology of the saws is a modification of that proposed by Ross
(1929).

TERMINOLOGY
Male Genitalia, figs. 1-5

The genitalia of male sawflies form a well-organized capsule,
in repose retracted within the apical segments of the abdomen.
The capsule articulates with these segments by means of a flexi-
ble membranous tube. Primitively the surface bearing the
volsellae or ossicles is ventral ; in certain groups, however, soon
after adult emergence, the genital capsule undergoes a twisting
of 180° so that this surface becomes dorsal. It is therefore con-
venient to orient surfaces in relation to the volsellae ; the surface
bearing them is the ossicular side, the opposite the abossicular
side.

The genital capsule, figs. 1 and 2, is divided into four prin-
cipal parts, a gonocardo, gonoforceps (paired), volsella (paired),
and aedeagus. The latter three are subdivided further.

Gonocardo (gc}. — This sclerite forms a ring around the base
of the capsule. Basal ring, cardo, and lamina annnlaris, are
other terms which have been used by various authors.

Gonoforceps. — Arising above the gonocardo is a pair of
lateral clasper-like appendages. Each is a gonoforceps. In
most sawflies the apical portion forms a distinct, articulated seg-
ment, h, the harpes, and the basal portion forms the major
sclerite of the capsule, the gonostipcs (gs}. In some families
the end of the harpes has a membranous suction organ, the
gonomacula (gm). In many forms the mesal margin of the
primary dorsal (abossicular) surface of the gonostipes is pro-
duced into a definite lobe, the parapcuis (/>/>) ; the two opposing
parapenes are partially fused at least at the base ; this structure
formed by the two parapenes is termed the praepiitiinn.

Volsella, fig. 3. — On the primary ventral surface of the cap-
sule is a pair of structures, separate on the meson, but each

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 263

joined laterally by membrane to the gonostipes, and frequently
appearing to be implanted on their mesal surface. Each of
these structures is a volsella (v). The flat basal portion of the
volsella which is contiguous with the membranous edge of the
gonostipes is the basivolsella (bv). The apex of the volsella
bears two definite lobes, projecting beyond any membranous
connection with the gonostipes, (1) a lateral distivohella (dv)
which is an un jointed continuation of the basivolsella, and (2)
a mesal gonolacinia (gl) , which usually articulates by a narrow
membranous hinge with the basivolsella. The gonolacinia
has an apical portion or apiceps («/>) and a basal prolongation
or basiura (ba). The basivolsella has a longitudinal thicken-
ing, the volsellar strut (vs) ; its apex marks the point of closest
articulation between basivolsella and gonolacinia. Snodgrass
(1941) has pointed out that the distivolsella and gonolacinia
are opposable, like thumb and forefinger, and function as acces-
sory clasping organs. He proposed the names crespis volsel-
laris and digitus volsellaris for these two parts, respectively,
but Peck's (1937) names distivolsella and gonolacinia have
priority. Both writers have shown that several workers, in-
cluding myself, have used the term sagitta erroneously for the
gonolacinia. Sagitta should be restricted to the lateral sclero-
tized processes of the aedeagus in Apoidea,

Aedeagus (ae}. — In the sawflies this central structure is
divided into a pair of long penis valves (pv} ; their apex is
hinged by membrane along the primary dorsal surface, but the
primary ventral edges are free. Crampton proposes pcnisalva
for penis valve ; if a latinized term is desired, this should be em-
ployed. The term penis valve, however, has been adopted gen-
erally by almost all workers in the field.

It seems desirable at this time to propose names for certain
distinctive areas of a penis valve. Each penis valve, fig. 4, has
a lateral projection or ergot (e), for muscle attachment. Basal
to the ergot is a tail-like portion, the valvura (vr), attached to
the capsule by both muscle and membrane ; beyond the ergot
is the head like portion, the valviceps (vc) . The valviceps has
a sclerotized mesal thickening or valvar strut (w) and may be

264 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '45

highly ornamented with teeth or folds. In some genera of
Nematinae, fig. 5, it is definitely subdivided at the apex into a
mesal flap, the pseitdoceps (pc), and a lateral flap, the paravalva
(pr). The latter bears at its apex a spine or spur, the val-
vispina (va).

Female Saw, or Ovipositor

The functional units of a typical sawfly ovipository apparatus
have been illustrated by Snodgrass (1935, fig. 317). They con-
sist of two pairs of valvifers which are attached to the ninth
tergite and which give rise to the other parts ; a saw formed by
two pairs of articulated processes, one arising from each val-
vifer; and a sheath composed of a pair of appressed end seg-
ments of the second valvifers. The second valvifers and sheath
together form a protective structure into which the hinged saw
is retracted when not in use. The sheath may function also as
a brace during oviposition. The sheath and saw exhibit many
useful taxonomic characters.

The sheath is usually simple in structure, each half flat or
convex. In certain groups there is a flange-like projection
extending along the apico-ventral margin. This flange, or
scopa, is greatly developed in the Argidae and in many genera
appears to form the edge of the sheath; the primary edge is
hidden within the opposed scopae.

The saw. — The dorsal pair of blades (each is a lance, fig. 7)
are processes of the second valvifers; the ventral blades (each a
lancet, fig. 8) are processes of the first valvifers. Along at
least part of the dor sum the two lances are tightly joined by
membrane or fused solidly. On each side the lance and lancet
are joined together by long rod-like interlocking grooves, or
virgae (vi} . The virga of the lance is situated near the ventral
margin on the lateral surface ; the virga of the lancet is situated
on the inner surface near the dorsal margin. These allow the
lancet to slide back and forth. The lances are articulated at the
base and swing in an arc from this stationary pivot point. At
their base the two lancets are joined by membrane to a triangu-
lar external plate, or Hgamcntnm, which allows some movement
of the lancets back and forth under the lances.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 265

The lance, fig. 7, is divided into segments by seam-like su-
tures (s). The large basal segment, or radix (ra), bears the
articulation with the valvifer. The apical blade-like portion or
lamnium (la) is usually simple in structure, with 10 to 30 seg-
ments.

The lancet, figs. 6 and 8. has a long membranous radix (ra)
bearing the dorsal sclerotized virga and a ventral sclerotized
cord or tractiitin (tr) ; this latter is frequently enlarged where
it connects with the ligamentum, the enlarged portion forming a
heel plate or tangintn (ta). The apical portion forms the
lamniitm (la) which is divided by sutures into definite seg-
ments. The ventral margin of each segment usually forms a
definite toothed scrrula (se). Each suture (s) may bear a
comb-like row of spines to form a ctcnidiinn (ct), or a wing-
like projection or a/a (a). The ala usually terminates ventrad
in a spur, the alaspicula (ad), and may bear small spines or
alaspinulae (ac) on its free edge. Near the ventral margin
there is frequently a definite spur, the spicnlella (sr) ; between
spiculella and alaspicula may be a group of sub alar spines (sa).
The sclerotized ventral border of the blade is the sclerora (so),
which is traversed in each segment by one or more pores; a
section of the sclerora between two pore groups may be termed
an abscissa (aso). The membrane on the mesal side of the
lancet usually forms a long crease, or crepidium (cr) ; fre-
quently this terminates basally in a sclerotized tongue or ex-
aniiuin (ex).

STUDY TECHNIQUES

Sawfly male genitalia and saws can be studied to the best
advantage if removed from the specimen and cleared. For
this, use specimens which have been killed dry, pinned, and
allowed to harden for at least two weeks. These can be relaxed
in a damp sand-carbolic acid relaxing chamber. The male
genitalia may be extracted with a needle, the saws cut out with
a pair of very fine optical scissors. With the saws, care must
be taken to make the cuts at the extreme base of the saw in order
to obtain a complete preparation. Preparations clear readily

266

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Ar^

[Dec., '45

PLATE I

Hypothetical figures of sawfly genitalia

Fig. 1. Male genital capsule, primitively dorsal (abossicular) aspect.

Fig. 2. Male genital capsule, primitively ventral (ossicular) aspect.

Fig. 3. Volsella.

Fig. 4. Penis valve, simple type.

Fig. 5. Penis valve, Nematine type.

Fig. 6. Portion of lancet.

Fig. 7. Lance.

Fig. 8. Lancet.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 267

in 5 per cent NaOH or KOH. Soaking for three to five hours
in cold solution is usually sufficient. If this does not give ade-
quate clearing, heat the clearing solution in a water bath for
not more than five minutes. Clear only to the extent of re-
moving muscle tissue, but not enough to cause marked de-
sclerotization. Wash the preparation in distilled water and
clean in 80 per cent alcohol.

Lancets and lances should be separated and mounted in
Damar balsam as permanent slide mounts. It is necessary to
have perfectly flat mounts of the lancets. Since the lances are
frequently much thicker, it is desirable to mount the two lancets
under one cover and the lances under another. Delicate saws
should be stained ; acid fuchsin has proven very satisfactory for
this purpose. Male genital capsules and unusually thick lances
may be studied in glycerin. In some cases it is advantageous
to mount the penis valves as a permanent slide mount.

List of abbreviations

a — ala pc — pseudoceps

ac — alaspinulae pp — parapenis

ad — alaspicula pr — paravalva

ae — aedeagus ps — paravalvar strut

ap — apiceps pv — penis valve

aso — abscissa of sclerora ra — radix

at — attachment point to valvifers or s — suture

ligamentum sa — subalar spines

ba — basiura se — serrula

bv — basivolsella so— sclerora

cr — crepidium sr — spiculella

ct — ctenidium ta — tangium

dv — distivolsella tr — tractium

e — ergot v — volsella

ex — examium va — valvispina

gc — gonocardo vc — valviceps

gl — gonolacinia vi — virgae

gm — gonomacula vr — valvura

gs — gonostipes vs — volsellar strut

h — harpes vv — valvar strut
la — lamnium

268 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '45

REFERENCES CITED

CRAMPTON, G. C. 1919. The genitalia and terminal abdominal structures
of males, and the terminal abdominal structures of the larvae of
"Chalastogastrous" Hymenoptera. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc., 21
(6) : 129-55, 58 figs.

PECK, O. 1937. The male genitalia in the Hymenoptera, especially the
family Ichneumonidae. Canadian Journ. Sci., D, 15: 221-74, 158
figs.

Ross, H. H. 1929. Sawflies of the sub-family Dolerinae of America
North of Mexico. 111. Biol. Monog., 12 (3) : 116 pp., 73 figs.

SNODGRASS, R. E. 1935. Principles of insect morphology. McGraw-
Hill, New York, 667 pp., 319 figs.

1941. The male genitalia of Hymenoptera. Smithsonian Misc. Coll.,
99 (14): 86pp., 6 figs., 33 pis.

New Syrphid Flies from Mississippi
By F. M. HULL, University of Mississippi

Several new species of Syrphids have been collected in Mis-
sissippi during the past year. This paper describes these
species.

Mallota mississipensis n. sp.

Flies with the femora, the tarsi and hind tibiae wholly black,
the male eyes rather widely separated, the thoracic pile reddish
orange and the pile of the abdominal segment alternating yel-
low and black. Related to illin&isensis.

Male. Length 12 mm. Head: Eyes bare, the vertex shin-
ing brassy black, rather convex, the eyes separated by a dis-
tance between facets equal at least to the apical width of the
second antennal segment in the lateral view. Pile of upper
occiput and vertex light yellow, the frontal hair which arises
from that part of the front above the narrowest portion is sub-
appressed and directed upward and backward ; pile of the lower
front and face nearly white. Face with a shining middle stripe
and the cheeks black. The sides of the face are widely yellow-
ish white pubescent with abundant similar colored pile. The

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 269

three segments of the antennae wholly black, the arista quite
short, about as long as the last t\vo antennal segments, much
thickened and reddish brown, the apex sharpened. Thorax:
mesonotum black, overlaid with pale brownish yellow- pollen
and very dense, orange reddish pile. Ground color of the
scutellum subtranslucent, light brownish yellow, its pile orange
reddish. Squamae pale brownish yellow with orange brown
border and yellowish fringe. Pleural pile thick, pale yellowish
white. Abdomen: shining black, the pile of the first segment
reddish yellow, upon the second segment brownish yellow ex-
cept upon the apical fourth where it is black widely through the
middle, almost to the sides. The third segment is similarly
pilose, the black pile beginning in the middle about half way
down the length of the segment and expanding outward as an
obtuse triangle almost to the posterior corners. The fourth
segment has similar black pile but beginning a little closer to the
base. Legs: The femora are shining black with chiefly yellow-
ish white pile. Upon the massively thickened hind femora there
is some black pile at the extreme apex above and again sub-
apically along the outside and extensively along the entire ven-
tral and medio-ventral surface. The only light coloration upon
the femora is the quite linear apical margin which is light brown.
Anterior tibiae upon the basal fourth and middle tibiae upon the
basal third light brown which quite diffusely shades into the
remaining black part of these tibiae. Hind tibiae quite black
including the knees. Tibial pile chiefly pale yellow with some
black intermixed especially towards the apex on all three pairs.
Hind tibiae considerably flattened. All of the tarsi wholly
black and black pilose dorsally but with reddish yellow or brown
pile ventrally. Wings: greyish hyaline, the veins upon the
basal third yellowish brown, the third and fourth veins beyond
the middle dark brown. There is a pale brownish cloud at the
base of the submarginal cell extending above and below it and
more faintly upon the end of the second basal cell. There is a
very strong stigmal cross vein but the stigmal cell is greyish
hyaline.

270 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '45

Holotype: a male, Oxford, MISSISSIPPI, March 11, 1945.
(F. M. Hull collector.) Caught on wild plum blossom quite
high up at the top of the tree. In Curran's key to Mallota
species, this fly would go to Illinois ensis, differing in the black
legs and banded pile. I have compared it with specimens of
illinoisensis before me.

Volucella anastasia n. sp.

A small blackish species with considerably reduced pattern
and related to jasciata Macquart. There are no yellow spots
upon the sternopleura or propleura.

Male. Length 6.5 mm. Head: Vertex black, the front
widely yellowish along the eyes but shining sepia black on the
anterior half before the antennae. The face is polished black
with on either side a wide, pale yellow stripe which becomes
attenuated and a little more brownish towards the sharply
conical epistoma. The posterior part of the cheeks is divided
by a narrow, obscure, reddish brown vitta ; pile upon the black
middle stripe black, upon the sides of the face brownish yellow.
The antennae are sepia brown. The pile of the eyes is dense,
long and blackish brown with some pale hair posteroventrally
and a middle vertical band of denser blackish pile. Thorax:
Mesonotum shining black with long thick pile which is chiefly
black; there is some yellowish pile anteriorly before the suture.
The humeri, and a diagonal, sublateral yellowish vitta which
is divided by a crease and a much narrower posterior exten-
sion which lies beyond the suture and which is evanescent just
before the post calli, are all pale yellow. There is a fairly large
yellow spot on the posterior part of the mesopleura, a yellow
spot on the metapleura immediate beneath the yellowish squa-
mae and a tiny yellow spot diagonally below in front of it which
may be upon the extreme upper part of the hypopleura. The
scutellum is yellowish, the disc subtranslucent brown, the pile
very thick and black. Just before the scutellum are a pair of
tiny yellowish brown spots. Halteres with cream colored
knobs. Abdomen: black, the second segment with a narrow,
medial, quite widely separated yellowish brown fascia. Third

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 271

segment with a posteriorly indented fascia of the same color;
the basal margin of the fourth segment is linearly yellowish
brown, the posterior margin quite black; pile of the abdomen
pale yellowish straw colored, black upon the hypopygium.
Venter with a pair of basal, medially separated, subtranslucent
yellowish spots which do not reach the sides; third strenite
black, its extreme base linearly yellowish. Legs: black, first
two segments of the first four tarsi and first three segments of
the posterior tarsi reddish yellow ; basal third of all of the tibiae
and the apex of their femora yellow. Pile of legs black every-
where except upon the yellow segments of the tarsi where it is
golden. Wings with a fasciate pattern similar to fasciata Mac-
quart. The apex of the marginal cell is less protuberant and
the brown of the wings a little more smoky.

Holotype: a male, University, MISSISSIPPI, May 30, 1944
(F. M.Hull collector).

Brachypalpus margaritus n. sp.

A large blackish fly, brassy yellow pile, distinguished from
oams Walker by the black tarsi, the black antennae and the
spots on the cross veins and apex of wing. Length 9-12 mm.

Female. Head: Vertex and upper part of front shining
bronze, the lower part of the front black with a slight brassy
appearance; a small triangle of yellowish pubescence lies just
above the antennae and there is a similar transverse band across
the middle of the front. The face is deeply concave, shining
brassy black, with a narrow band of yellowish pubescence from
the antennae to the eye and a similar, slightly widening band
from the lower part of the eye margin to the epistoma. All
three segments of the antennae are wholly black, the arista
thickened, orange brown basally, more yellowish apically. All
the pile of the head yellow. Thorax: Mesonotum brassy black
with four slender more or less opaque black vittae, the outer
pair interrupted at the suture and these vittae narrowly mar-
gined with copper or bronze. The scutellum is brassy black.
All of the thoracic pile is brownish yellow. Squamae yellow-
ish white with yellow border and fringe : halteres light yellow-

272 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '45

ish brown. Abdomen: Broad, oval, wider than the thorax and
shining black but slight brassy along the sides of the segments.
The dense pile is erect and pale brownish yellow. Legs: The
femora are black with a slightly brassy cast upon the hind pair
which are rather thickened. The anterior and middle tibiae are
brownish black except upon the basal fourth which is brownish
yellow, and merges quite diffusely into the dark brown re-
mainder. The hind tibiae are blackish ; only the extreme base
yellowish brown. All of the tarsi are black. The pile of the
legs is brassy yellow, the hind femora with two or three rows
of sharp, small, black spines upon the distal two-thirds of its
length. Wings: Venation typical of Brachypalpus ; the stigma
is dark brown and there is a conspicuous dark brown cloud at
the base of the submarginal cell spreading also above and below
it and a similar brown cloud over the anterior cross vein and
the end of the second basal cell. In addition, the apical fourth
of the wing apex above the middle of the first posterior cell is
rather strongly tinged with grey.

Holotype: a female, Oxford, MISSISSIPPI, March 10, 1945
(F. M. Hull collector). Caught on wild plum blossoms close
to the ground. Paratypes : two females, March 11-13. Also
on low blossoms of plum.

The Position of Epione mollicularia
(Lep. Geometridae)

By WM. T. M. FORBES, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

Epione mollicularia Zeller was described in the Verh. zool.-
bot. Ges. Wien, xxxviii, 481, 1872, on the basis of a male from
Boll (we presume from the vicinity of Dallas, Texas) in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology. The Packard collection,
now also in the M. C. Z., has a second male, probably of the
same lot, though without locality or collector label, and the only
other specimen I have seen is one in the American Museum of
Natural History from Arkansas, about half as old. Zeller's
placing was reasonable for the time, since then venational char-
acters were not much used in the geometers, and the appearance

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 273

is closely like females of E. apiciaria and parallelaria, which still
typify the genus. Hulst, in his generic revision of the Geo-
metridae (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xxiii, 373, 1896), placed it in
Hyperetis (which he misspelled Hyperitis) apparently on pure
hunch, since he evidently had no data on the venation, and the
wing form as figured by Packard (Monog. Phal., pi. 11, fig.
57) is not at all like Hyperetis. Perhaps the pink and yellow
coloring, as in H. nepiasaria, suggested the reference. Barnes
and McDunnough in the 1917 check-list mysteriously sunk it
as a race of H. amicaria, in spite, again, of the totally different
wing-form and pattern, and it still stands so in the new (1938)
checklist.

In the meantime Grossbeck had received the Arkansas speci-
men, had recognized it, and set it aside as not a Hyperetis, and
presumably a new genus, though the reference was never
published.

Recently I have been trying to clarify my ideas on the classi-
fication of the ennomid geometers, with the use of any new char-
acters that could be found; and have studied the antenna
(Psyche, xxxii, 106), the pupa (Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., liii,
177), the gen a and chaetosema (in press) and most of all the
male genitalic characters ; in the latter case parasitizing my col-
leagues on a large scale, and specially Mr. Hahn Capps of the
National Museum, and my own student Capt. J. G. Francle-
mont, now of the Southwest Pacific. I believe that true group-
ing characters are becoming clear, and so far as the present
problem goes, think there can be defined a tribe Anagogini, based
on the following characters :

Pupa with eight hooks on cremaster, with a setulose callosity
marking the position of the first spiracle ; without flange-plate,
and with femur concealed. Imago with antenna pectinate;
male genitalia (see figure) with juxta proper reduced to a deep
cup, bearing a pair of long spinulose processes (the furcae) ;
gnathos strong, beaked, with terminal spines which usually lie
in a vertical row or longitudinal cluster ; coremata usually pres-
ent, located at the articulation of valve and vinculum, as nor-
mally when they occur in the Ennominae.

274 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '45

This group divides into two separate subgroups, one of the
three closely related genera Anagoga, Plagodis and Hyperetis,
the other a more varied remainder. The latter group are dis-
tinguished by the pupa, which has a deep denticulate groove
between the 9th and 10th segments dorsally, and by the imaginal
antenna which has the pectinations naked, attached to the seg-
ments basad of their middle, and extending within a segment
or two of the apex. Most of the genera also have besides the
usual two divergent apical setae on each pectinuation, a third
seta on many of the pectinations of the anterior series, well back
from their apices. These setae need fairly high power, but can
be seen with 100 diameters of the binocular without mounting.
The venation of the Anagoga group has a single trapezoidal
accessory cell (the first) while the other group almost always
has vein R^ free, and frequently R2 also, the second accessory
cell, if either, being developed. The genera which concern us
may be keyed as follows :

1. Radius arising by three roots from discal cell, the first two

(R! and R2) being normally entirely free 2

Radius arising by two roots only, R2 being stalked on R5_5

Ccpphis (Priocycla) and Epione

2. Fore wing with M^ connate or stalked with 7?3_5 from upper

angle of cell ; a transparent discal lunule ; antenna with
apical and subapical setae only; sedceagus with strong

cornuti Selenia

Forewing with M^ free, there being a short but distinct upper
discocellular vein ; no transparent discal lunule 3

3. Tongue obsolete ; antenna with apical and subapical setae

only ; sedoeagus with strong cornuti ; furcae short and close

together Slossonia

Tongue well developed; antenna with a lateral as well as
apical setae on many of anterior pectinations ; furcae aris-
ing from opposite sides of the pit-like juxta; sedoeagus with
cornuti -only in M. inatoniaria 4

4. Thorax with smoothly imbricated scaling only ; male genitalia

with furcae reduced (determinata) or with cornuti on
sedoeagus (inatomaria) , pupa strongly flattened. Alctanema
Thorax with normal vestiture, with hairs intermixed ; male
genitalia with well developed, usually unequal furcae, the
sedoeagus with terminal spine only and no cornuti. Pupa
cylindrical Metarrhanthis

lvi/45]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

275

We may add that in Metarrhanthis, Cepphis and Epione, the
wing form tends to be different, there being a strong tendency
to have the teeth at veins R and M^ of the hind wing strong
with a deep concavity between, with the fore wing less strongly
angled ; while in the residue, the strongest angle is at M3 of the
fore wing.

Male genitalia of Metarrhanthis mollicularia Z. ; with uncus drawn de-
tached in side view. /, cup of juxta proper; / and aed., apices of furca
and aedceagus on a larger scale. The coremata lie behind the valve and
the right one is shown as if by transparency.

Coming to mollicularia; this species shows all the characters
of Metarrhanthis, so far as they appear on the male imago, in-
cluding the fully pectinate antenna, with bristles on the anterior
row of naked pectinations, radius arising by three roots, with
the first two free, and the distinctive hind-wing form well
marked. It is easily separated from any of our other species by
the bright yellow median area of fore wing as well as basal
area of hind wing ; and in the genitalia by the long, slender and

276 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '45

equal furcae, as shown in the figure. It is evidently the most
distinct species of the genus, and occupies the extreme south-
west fringe of the humid Atlantic area, to which the genus is
limited.

The coloring of the specimens suggests the possibility of a
racial difference, since both the Texas specimens are clear yel-
low with bright rose shades on basal and outer areas, while the
Arkansas one has a deeper and duller yellow and the rose area
duller rusty ; but this specimen was much fresher when caught,
and the Texas ones are rubbed and possibly faded. The geni-
talic drawing is from the Packard specimen by courtesy of the
staff of the M. C. Z. — since the type has lost most of its ab-
domen.

Food Preferences of the Cockroach, Blatta
orientalis Linn.

By PHIL RAU, Kirkwood, Missouri

A dozen dome-shaped, wire cockroach traps (3 inches high
by 6% inches in diameter) had just been purchased, and while
they were still new and clean, it was thought that they offered
an opportunity to learn something of the food preferences of
the cockroach. It seemed that a test of this kind could not
safely be made with old contaminated traps, because the odor
left by previous occupants would probably be the attractant,
rather than the food itself.

Seven traps were therefore baited on May 13, placed in a
row, six inches apart, on the floor of a moderately infested
room, and observed for eleven days. The traps were baited
as follows :

1 — Fresh celery, stalks and leaves.

2 — Hard-boiled egg. yellow and white.

3 — Bacon.

A — Boiled potato.

5 — Cinnamon bun.

6 — Sliced banana, fruit and skin.

7 — White bread.

Ivi, '45 | ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 277

It was found that the trap with bacon was completely ignored
during the eleven days, for not one cockroach entered that trap.
The hard-boiled egg, too, was unpopular, for only one roach
was taken, and that one entered the trap only on the tenth night.
Almost equally unpopular was the celery, for it attracted only
two nymphs, and they came in on the eighth night. Banana
was more popular, and lured the adults of both sexes into the
traps on the eighth night. Cooked potato was much more in
favor, and attracted 22 adults, the first ones (9 in number),
however, not coming in until the sixth night, when the potato
was becoming moldy. Plain white bread was more attractive,
and caught 44 adults of both sexes, the first ones (11 in num-
ber) coming in on the third night of the experiment. The
sugary, fragrant cinnamon bun. however, brought in 65 adults
during the experiment, the first 29 of which also entered the
trap on the third night.

To summarize, we find that in the experiments covering
eleven nights, 144 roaches entered the traps in the following
order :

No. of nights
before first ones
Bait entered trap Number

Cinnamon bun

Third night

Bread

Third night

Cooked potato

Sixth night

Banana

Eighth night

Celery

Eighth night

Boiled egg

Tenth night

Bacon

Eleventh night

Total 144

We must therefore conclude that starchy foods are practically
the entire choice of oriental cockroaches. It is also interesting
to note that the longer time it took roaches to be drawn to a
certain bait, the fewer were finally attracted to it.

Of course, it might be said that after the first few roaches
had entered the traps, others followed, not by reason of the
food odor, but because of the odor of the other roaches. In

278 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '45

order to test this, and also to know whether for experiments of
this kind old, odorous traps are as good as new, clean ones,
the following controls were set up.

Two traps were baited with live cockroaches, but without
food; one trap contained seven adult females, and the other
seven adult males. During this period of eleven nights, no
roaches came to these traps ; it is evident that roach odor is not
an attractant, and the roaches that came into the traps did so in
response to the lure of food. Also, it is evident that re-used,
odorous traps would have given the same results in testing food
preferences as did the new traps.

Notes and News in Entomology

Under this heading we present, from time to time, notes, news, and
comments. Contributions from readers are earnestly solicited and will
be acknowledged when used.

Sequel to the Rape of the Wasmann Collection of Ants:
Dr. C. Willemse, of Eygelshoven, Holland, the noted Dutch
Orthopterist, in a recent letter (November 18, 1945) passed on
to me the most interesting and pleasing sequel to the story of
scientific "schrecklichkeit" revolving around this famous collec-
tion. The following is quoted from his letter :

"The collections and libraries of all the museums in Holland
are safe and had no damage. Perhaps you heard the story of
the collection of ants of the late Rev. E. Wasmann. This col-
lection was stored in a small provincial museum at Maastricht.
. . . On a certain day there came Prof. Bischoff (a well-known
hymenopterist) from Berlin, aided by Gestapo agents, and 'took'
(== stole) this unique collection to Berlin, pretending that it
was a German collection and that it was much safer in Berlin !
About a month ago the collection happily returned to the mu-
seum (in Maastricht), brought back by one of your fine soldiers,
Major Prof. Dr. J. W. Bailey, from the University of Rich-
mond, who found where the collection was in Berlin and who
loaded it on his jeep and brought it back to Maastricht. Honor
to the U. S. Army!"- -JAMES A. G. REHN.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 279

How big is a group? There has been a good deal of argu-
ment as to what is the best size for a group, in the classification
of insects, but I think little really serious thought. It seemed
interesting to consider the idea that each step of subdivision
should be (on the average, of course) equal, to make the most
efficient classification. How large should the average group be,
to carry out this idea?

Let us assume that there are a million (or perhaps 500,000)
species in the class Insecta. Our classification uses commonly
1 1 steps, of which four are used everywhere, while the other
seven are only utilized when finer subdivisions are needed to
handle a larger number of species. These are : CLASS, Sub-
class, ORDER, Suborder, Superfamily, FAMILY, Subfamily.
Tribe, GENUS, Subgenus, Species-Group, and SPECIES.
There is one school of thought that refuses to admit any cate-
gory between genus and species, save as a temporary expedient,
but this point of view looks silly to the writer.

Calculate the llth and 4th roots of 1,000,000 (or 500,000)
and we get 3.50 (3.04) and 31.6 (21.2). It would appear,
then, that the ideal size for a species-group would be between 3
and 4 species, a subgenus 3 or 4 species-groups, a genus 3 or 4
subgenera, and so on up the line. Or considering the species
in a genus, the ideal number would appear to be about 20 or 30.

Actually, of course, the numbers in a proper classification
would not be definite, but would vary enormously ; but I think
those workers who admit the use of subgenera and species
groups are working closer to these figures than they realize.—
WM. T. M. FORBES.

Obituary

Dr. Jean Carl, Sub-director of the Museum of Natural
History of Geneva, Switzerland, and an entomologist of distinc-
tion, died on June 7, 1944, we have been informed. He was
born in 1877 and spent his entire life in zoological activities,
from 1900 until his death in connection with the Geneva Mu-
seum. Dr. Carl's scientific publications number eighty-two

280 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '45

titles and dealt largely with entomology, particularly the~Col-
lembola and Orthoptera. His contributions to our knowledge
of the isopods and diplopods were also of very great importance.
He was deeply interested in zoogeographic problems, and in
addition to important field work in his native Switzerland he
conducted field researches in central Africa and southern India.

Dr. Ralph Henry Smith, professor of entomology and en-
tomologist in the Agricultural Experiment Station of the Uni-
versity of California, died on September 22 at the age of fifty-
seven years.

Dr. Theodore Henry Prison, the well-known hymenop-
terist, director of the Illinois State Natural History Survey since
1931, died on December 9. He was fifty years old.

Current Entomological Literature

COMPILED BY CHARLES HODGE IV, EDWIN T. MOUL,
MAURICE E. PHILLIPS AND HENRY K. TOWNES JR.

This list gives references of the current or preceding year unless otherwise noted.
Continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installment.

Papers published in ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS are not listed.

GENERAL — On interpreting Article 30 of the Code.
Opin. & Declar. Intern. Com. Zool. Nomen. 2: 411-430.
Beall, G. & Williams, C. B. — Geographical variation in the
wing length of Danaus plexippus (Lep. Rhopalocera).
[107] 20: 65-76. Beaumont, J. de— L'Origine et 1'evolu-
tion des societes d'insectes. [126] 52: 329-338. Costa
Lima, A. da. — Insetos do Brasil. [Escola Nac. de Agron.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 281

Ser. Didatica] No. 7—1945, 379 pp. 5.° Tomo— Capitulo 28.
Curran, C. H. — Insects in the House — The Fall Webworm.
[128] 54: 332. Curran, C. H. — A camouflage artist among
Caterpillars. [128] 54: 360-363, ill. Curran, C. H.— DDT.
[Natural History.] 54: 401-405, ill. Davis, W. T.— Obit-
uary. [10] 47: 230-235. Frost, S. W.— Insects feeding or
breeding on Indigo, Baptisia. [6] 53: 219-225. Ghilarov,
M. S. — Principal properties of injurious insects surviving to
field crop rotation. [99] 47: 211-214. Hemming, F.— Im-
portance of facsimile reproduction of rare works. Bull.
Zool. Nomen. of Intern. Com. Zool. Nomen. 1: 119-120.
Jones & Piper. — Insect photography with limited equip-
ment. [65] 47: 275-282. Kalmus, H.— Correlation be-
tween flight and vision, and particularly between wing and
ocelli, in insects. [107] 20: 84-96, ill. "Levene, H. & Dobz-
hansky, T. — Experiments on sexual isolation in Drosophila.
[41] 31:274-281. Minkiewicz, S.— Obituary. [4] 77: 116.
Rosillo, M. A. — Enumeracion de Insectos vinculados a la
Economia de Entre Rios. [Memorias del Museo de Entre
Rios] No. 22, Zoologia. 82 pp. Seamans & Rock.—
Starvation of early instar of Agrotis orthogonia Morri, in
control. [4] 77 : 57-60. Strickland, A. H.— Survey of the
Arthropod soil and litter fauna of some forest reserves and
Cacao estates in Trinidad. British West Indies. [97] 14:
1-11. Zikan, J. F. — Consideraqoes sobre a Metamorfose
dos Insetos. Rio de Janeiro, 1944. 37 pp.

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, MEDICAL— Abbott, C.

E. — Oviposition in Phaenicia (Lucilia) sericata Meig. [6]
53: 227-230. Beament, J. W. L.— Cuticulae lipoids of in-
sects. [33] 21: 115-131, ill. Buxton, P. A.— Experiments
with DDT in solutions and emulsions against mosquito
larvae in West Africa. [22] 36: 165-175. Canals, J.-
Descr. de n. gen. y esp. de opiliones de la subf. Pachylinae.
[124] 8: 1-21. ill., 1943 (S). Carter, W.— Oral secretions
of Pineapple Mealybug. [12] 38: 335-338. Cockayne, E.
A. — Peroneural defect in Brenthis euphrosyne L. [21] 57:
109-110. Cooper & Whitenall. — An arsenic resistant tick.
[31] 156: 450-451. Dampf, A.— Notas Sobre Pulgas I a
VII. [35] 6: 47-70, ill. DeMeillon, Goldberg & Lavoi-
pierre. — Nutrition of the larva of Aedes aegypti L. II. Es-
sential water-solvent factors from yeast. [33] 21 : 90-96.
Deoras, P. J. — On the comparative morphology and evolu-
tion of adult Trichoptera. [123] 6: 35-48. Dos Passos &
Grey. — A genitalic survey of Argynninae (Lepidoptera :

282 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '45

Nymphalidae). [40] 1296: 1-29, ill. Geigy & Aboim.-
Gonadenentwicklung bei Drosophila nach friihembyonaler
Ausschaltung der Geschlechtszellen. [126] 51 : 410-417, ill.
Gibson, N. H. E. — On the mating swarms of certain Chiro-
nomidae. [36] 95: 263-294. Gloor, H. — Phanokopie einer
Letalmutante von Drosophila melanogaster. [126] 51:
394-402, ill. Hadom & Graber. — Uber einen Drosophila-
Stamm mit veranderten Spermatheken. [126] 51: 418-423,
ill. Kalmus, H. — Correlations between flight and vision,
and particularly between wings and ocelli in insects. [107]
20: 84-96. Kennedy, J. S. — Observations on the mass mi-
gration of desert locust hoppers. [36] 95 : 247-262. Lyman,
F. E. — Reactions of nymphs of Stenonema to light. [7]
38: 234-236. Marlowe, R. H. — Effect of foods on ovarian
development in the melon fly. [12] 38: 339-340. Muma,
M. H. & Jeffers, W. F. — Studies of the spider prey of sev-
eral mud-dauber wasps. [7] 38: 245-255. Nicholson, H. P.
— Morphology of mouth parts of non-biting blackfly, Eusi-
milium dacotense, cf. with biting species, Simulium venus-
tum Say. [7] 38: 281-297. Pal, R.— Nephrocytes in some
Culicidae. [123] 6: 143-148. Park, T. & Davis, M. B.—
Further analysis of fecundity in flour beetles. [7] 38: 237-
244. Parkin, E. A. & Green, A. A.— The toxicity of DDT
to the housefly. [22] 36: 149-162. Rakshpal, R.— On the
structure and development of the male reproductive organs
in the Lepidoptera. [123] 6: 87-93. Reiff, M.— Fertili-
tatstypen bei Seliktionsstammen, ihr Verhalten bei Kreuz-
ungen und Transplantationsversuchen. Drosophila melano-
gaster. [126] 52: 155-211, ill. Reiff, M.—Fertilitatstyphen
bei Selektionsstammen von Drosophila melanogaster und
ihr Verhalten bei Kreuzungen. [126] 51: 424-430. Ris &
Grouse. — Structure of the salivary gland chromosomes of
Diptera. [Proc. National Acad. Science] 31 : 321-327, ill.
Sevastopulo, D. G. — Effect of overcrowding larvae (Lepid.).
[9] 78: 117-119. Soenen, M. A.— L'organe de Johnston des
Diptera Brachyceres. [Annales Soc. Sci. de Bruxelles] 9—
22, ill. Webb, J. E. — On the respiratory mechanism of
Melaphagus ovinus L. (Diptera). [93] 114: 218-250, ill.
Wellington. — Conditions governing distribution of insects
in free atmosphere. [4] 77: 69-73. Wigglesworth, V. B.—
Transpiration through the cuticle of insects. [33] 21 : 97-
114, ill. Zikan, J. F. — Considerations on the metamorphosis
of insects. Rio de Janeiro, 1944, pp. 52, 14 pis.

ARACHNIDA AND MYRIOPpDA— Arthur, D. R.-
Hatching of the eggs of Ixodes ricinus. [31] 156: 538.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 283

Chamberlin & Ivie. — Some Erigonid spiders of the genera
Eulaira and Diplocentria. [Bull. Univ. Utah] 36: 3-19, ill.
Cloudsley-Thompson, Capt. J. L. — Behaviour of the com-
mon centipede Lithobuis forficatus. [31] 156: 537-538.
Cooper & Whitnall. — (See under Anatomy.) Goodnight,
C. J. & M. L.— Phalangida from the U. S. [6] 53: 239-
245 (*). Hoff, C. C. — The pseudoscorpion subfamily Ol-
piinae. [40] 1291: 1-30, ill. (k*). Hoff, C. C.— Two new
pseudoscorpions of the genus Dolichowithius. [40] 1300:
1-7, ill. Holm, A. — Studien iiber die Entwicklung und Ent-
wicklungsbiologie der Spinnen. [127] 19: 1-214, ill. Holm,
A. — Uber Gynandromorphismus und Intersexualitat bei den
Spinnen. [127] 20: 397^14, ill. Kaston, B. J.— New spi-
ders in the group Dionycha with notes on other species.
[40] 1290: 1-25, ill. Kaston, B. J.— New Micryphantidae
and Dictynidae with notes on other spiders. [40] 1292: 1-
14, ill. Lawrence, R. F. — A new parasite mite from the
golden mole. [93] 114: 302-306, ill. Mello-Leitao, C. de.-
Consideragoes sobre o Genero Eusarcus Perty E Descricao
de Quatro Novos Laniatores. [15] 37: 149-162. ill. (S).
Nevin, F. R. — Immature forms of the mite Caeculus pettiti.
[7] 38: 195-198. Schubart, O. — Alguns diplopodos novos
do ceara colecionados por alcides L. Gomes. [125] 5: 275-
281, ill. (*). Smith, C. N.— Biology of Ixodes dentatus
Neum. [7] 38: 223. Stahnke, H. L. — Scorpions of the
genus Hadrurus Thorell. [40] 1298: 1-9.

SMALLER ORDERS— Aubert, J.— Le Micropterisme
chezles Plecopteres (Perlaries). [126] 52 : 395-399. Bonet,
F. — Nuevos Generos y Especies de Hipogastruridos de
Mexico (Collembola). [35] 6: 13-45. ill. Borror, D. J.-
Key to New World genera of Libellulidae. [7] 38: 168-
194'. Carpenter, F. M. — Panorpidae from China. [5| 52:
70-78. Emerson, A. E. — The neotropical genus Syntermes
(Isoptera: Termitidae). [62] 83: 433-471. Jordan, H. E.
K. — On the deciduous frontal tubercle of some genera of
Siphonaptera. [108] 14: 113-116. Koch, M.— Zygaena
Fab. Mitteil. d. Miinchner Ent. Gesell. 34: 66-81. Light
& Illig.- — Rate and extent of development of Neotenic Re-
productives in groups of nymphs of the termite genus
Zootermopsis. [Univ. of Cal. Pub. in Zoology] 53: 1-40.
Salmon, J. T. — Notes and synonymy on some Generic name-
of the Collembola. [Trans. Royal Soc. of New Zealand]
75: 68-71. Werneck, F. L. — Note on Linognathus cervi-
caprae. [Ill] 41: 233-235. Werneck, F. L.— Mallophaga
from the Andes. [Ill] 41 : 257-261. Williner, G. J.— Dos

284 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '45

nuevos corrodentidos de Cordoba. [124] 9: 445-452, ill.,
1944.

HEMIPTERA— Atkins & Dahms. — Reaction of small-
grain varieties to green bug attack. [U. S. D. A. Tech.
Bull] 901: 1-30. ill. Balduf, W. V.— Bionomic notes on
Menecles insertus (Say). [19] 40: 61-65. Beamer, R. H.-
Four new species in the genus Bakerella. [103] 18: 149-
154. Brown, E. S. — Corixidae of the Faeroe Islands, with
observations of the geographic distribution of Corixidae in
neighbouring parts of the world. [93] 114: 490-506.
Bruch, C. — (See under Coleoptera.) Carvalho, J. C. M.—
Mirideos neotropicais : XVIII. Novo genero e nova especie
de "Dicyphinae" (Hemiptera). [125] 5 : 303-306, ill. Car-
valho, J. C. M. — Mirideos neotropicais. [105] 16: 158-
186 (*). China, W. E.— A completely blind bug of the fam-
ily Lygaeidae. [108] 14: 126-128. Christensen, J. R.-
Nota sobre Agalliana ensigera (Homopt.). [124] 7: 27-36,
ill., 1942. Cook, W. C. — Relation of spring movements of
beet leafhopper in central Calif, to temperature accumula-
tions. [7] 38: 149-162. Costa Lima, A. da & C. A. Campos
Seabra. — Stenopodinae da coleqao do Institute Oswaldo
Cruz. [Ill] 41: 507-510. Costa Lima, A. da.— Descr. de
Nuevo Reduvidae de la Argentina. [124] 6: 499-500, 1941.
DeLong, D. M. — A new genus Acunasus and 8 new species
of Mexican leafhoppers. [7] 38: 199-206. Drake & Ham-
bleton. — Concerning Neotropical Tingitidae (Hemiptera).
[91] 35: 356-367 (*). Drake & Harris.— Concerning the
Subfamily "Vesciinae" (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). [125] 5:
155-156. Drake & Harris. — Concerning the genus "Metro-
bates" Uhler (Hemiptera: Gerridae). [125] 5: 179-180 (*).
Drake & Harris. — Notas sobre Hebridae del hemisferio
occidental. [124] 8: 41-58, 1943 (*S). Drake, C. J. &
Harris, H. M. — Two new species of A/nerican Sirthenea.
[46] 4: 53-56. Drake, C. J. & Hurd, M. P.— New American
Tingitidae. [46] 4: 123-128. Fennah, R. G.— External
male genitalia of Fulgoroidea. [10] 47: 217-229. Fennah,
R. G. — The Cixiini of the Lesser Antilles (Homoptera:
Fulgoroidea). [95] 58: 133-146, ill. (*k). Fennah, R. G.-
Tropiduchidae and Kinnaridae from the Greater Antilles.
[5] 52: 119-138. Harris, H. M. & Drake, C. J.— A new
Brachymetra from Peru with a list of known species. [10]
47: 211-212. Hurd, M. P. — Monograph of the genus Cory-
thaica Stal (Hemiptera: Tingidae). [81] 20: 79, ill. (K).
Knowlton & Allen. — Amphorophora studies. [4] 77: 111-
114, ill. (K*). Kullenberg, B. — Fur Kenntnis der Morpho-

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

logic des mannlichen Kopulations-apparates bei den Capsi-
den (Rhynchota). [127] 20: 415-430, ill. Lizer y Trelles,
C. A. — La coleccion Coccidologica de Pedro Jorgensen.
[124] 7: 69-80, ill., 1942 (*S). Lizer y Trelles, C. A.-
Descr. de cuatro psilidos filocecidogenos. [124] 8: 151-
165, ill., 1933 (*S). Maltais, J. B.— Simple method of
mounting aphids on Microscope slides. [4] 77 : 103-104.
McAtee, W. L. & Malloch, J. B.— Identity of Tetyra late-
ralis Fab. [10] 47: 212-213. McKenzie, H. L.— Revision
of Parlatoria and closely allied genera (Homoptera: Coc-
coidea: Diaspididae). [117] 10: 47-121, ill. (K*). Met-
calf, Z. P. — Fulgoroidea (Homoptera) of Kartabo, Bartica
District, British Guiana. [18] 30: 125-143. Monte, O.-
Tres novos Tingitideos. [105] 16: 249-251. Palaez, D.—
Estudios sobre Membracidos. V. Las especies Mexicanas
del genero Sphongophorus Fairmaire (Hemiptera-Homop-
tera). [102] 4: 53-146, ill. Torre-Bueno, J. R. de la.-
Random notes on Thasus acutangulus. [19] 40: 83.
Torres, B. A. — Algunas interesantes alteraciones en el pan
de la nerviacion alar en Cicadidae. [124] 6: 519-530, ill.,
1941. Torres, B. A. — Sobre un n. gen. y cuatro n. esp. del
gen. Tettigades (Cicad.). [124] 7: '253-263, ill. (S).
Torres, B. A. — Sobre la supuesta variacion de Tettigades
chilensis y cinco n. esp. del genero citado (Cicadid). [124]
9: 453-74, ill., 1944 (S). Wygodzinsky, P.— Two new spe-
cies of Ploiaria and Rothbergia. [105] 16: 244-248. Wy-
godzensky, P. — Notas e descricoes de "Emesinae" Neo-
tropicais (Reduviidae: Hemiptera). [125] 5: 247-262.

LEPIDOPTERA — On the type of the genus Lycaeides
Hubner 1819 (Lepid.). [Opin. £ Declar. Intern. Com.
Nomen.] 2: 431-442. Beall & Williams.— Geographical
variation in the wing length of Danaus plexippus (Lepi-
doptera, Rhopa locera). [107] 20: 65-76, ill. Costa Lima,
A. da. — Insects of Brasil. [Escola Nac. de Agron.] 1945:
pp. 379. Dos Passes & Grey. — A new species and some
new subspecies of Speyeria (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae).
[40] 1297 : 1-17, ill. Dos Passes & Grey.— (See under Anat-
omy, etc.). Forbes, W. T. M. — The ennomid pupa (Geo-
metridae). [6] 53: 177-210. Fox, R. M.— New genera and
species of Ithomiinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). [40]
1295: 1-14, ill. Frings, H.— On the ability of the cater-
pillars of the milkweed moth, Euchaetias egle Drury, to
land on the feet after falling. [119] 34: 662-672. Gabriel,
A. G. — Notes on some Papilionidae with descriptions of

286 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '45

five new subspecies. [9] 78: 151-152. Howes, W. G.—
New Lepidoptera. [Trans. Royal Soc. of New Zealand]
75: 66-67, ill. James, M. T. — (See under Diptera).
Luscher, M. — Experimentelle Untersuchungen iiber die lar-
vale und die imaginale Determination im Ei der Kleider-
motte (Tineola biselliella Hum.). [126] 51: 531-627, ill.
McDunnough, J. — New North American Geometridae with
notes. IV. [4] 77: 97-103, ill. (*). McDunnough— Re-
sults from examination of Geometrid types in Cambridge
Mus. Comp. Zool. [4] 77 : 62-68. Nabokov, V.— Notes of
neotropical Plebejinae. [5] 52: 1-61. Schwanwitsch, B. N.
— Wing pattern in Lycaenid Lepidoptera. [107] 20: 97-
100. Tauber & Bruce. — Preliminary studies on starvation
of first instar European corn borer larvae (Pyrausta nubi-
lalis). [81] 20: 53-58. Travassos, L. — Contribuicao ao
Conhecimento dos "Arctiidae" VIII (Lepidoptera: Hetero-
cera). [125] 5: 197-204, ill. Vogl, P. C.— Esfngidos
(Sphingidae) y Dipteros (Diptera) de la Hacienda La
Trinidad de Maracay. [Bol. Soc. Venezolana de Ciencias
Naturales] 9: 321-323. Weber, E.— New Morphidae.
[Mitteil. Mimchner Ent. Gesell.] 34: 124-134. Wiltshire,
E. P. — Zoogeographic classification of West Palearctic
Lepidoptera. [9] 78: 113-116.

DIPTERA — Addis, C. J. — Laboratory rearing and life
cycle of Phlebotomus (Dampfomyia) anthophorus Addis
(Diptera: Psychodidae). [57] 31: 319, ill. Alexander, C.
P. — New or insufficiently known Crane-flies from Chile.
[Agricultura Tecnica] 5 : 5-23. Alexander, C. P. — New or
little known Tipulidae. [75] 12: 213-233 (S). Alexander,
C. P. — New or little known Tipulidae of Venezuela. [46]
4: 57-76. Alexander, C. P. — New species of crane-flies from
S. A. [7] 38: 256-280. Alexander, C. P.— Records and
descriptions of Brazilian Tipulidae. [105] 16: 210-243.
Bates, M. — Observations on climate and seasonal distribu-
tion of Mosquitoes in eastern Colombia. [97] 14: 17-25.
Belkin, J. N. — Anopheles nataliae, a new species from Gua-
dalcanal. [57] 31 : 315-318, ill. Bequart, J.— Notes on Hip-
poboscidae. Additions to the larger species of Lynchia,
with two new species. [5] 52: S&-104. Brooks, A. R.—
New Canadian Diptera (Tachinidae). [4] 77: 78-96 (*).
Camras, S. — A study of genus Occemyia in N. A. [7] 38:
216-222. Carpenter, S. J. & Jenkins, D .W.— A new record
of Megarhinus rutilus Coq. in South Carolina. [Mosquito
News] 5 : 88. Castillo, R. L. — Anophelines of Ecuador.

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 287

[Guayaquil, Ecuador] 1945: pp. 172. Chamberlain, R. W.
& Duffey, T. E. — Collection records of Mansonias in Flor-
ida, with keys to species. [Mosquito News] 5: 96-97.
Cortes, R. — New or little known Tachinidae from Chile.
[Agricultura Tecnica] 5 : 24-30. Damascene, R. G. & Cau-
sey, O. R.— Studies on Flebotomus. [Ill] 41 : 339-350 (*).
Davis, D. E. — A comparison of mosquitoes captured with
avian bait and with human bait. [10] 47: 252-256. De-
Meillon, Goldberg & Lavoipierre. — (See under Anatomy,
etc.) Dodge, H. R. — Notes on morphology of mosquito
larvae. [7] 38: 163-167. Dubinin & Tiniakov. — Seasonal
cycles and the concentration of inversions in populations of
Drosophila funebris. [90] 79: 570-572. Gjullin, C. M. &
Mote, D. C. — Notes on biology and control of Chrysops.
[10] 47: 236-244. Goffe, E. R.— The genus Ceria Fab.
1794, nee Scopoli 1763, and the several names proposed or
used in its stead. [9] 78: 120-122. Goldschmidt, R. B.-
Note on the action of the bar series in Drosophila.
[Growth] 9: 259-264. Jackson, C. H. N.— Comparative
studies of the habitat requirements of Tsetse fly species.
[97] 14: 46-51. James, M. T. — A new larvaevorid parasite
of the social butterfly Eucheira socialis Westwood (Dip-
tera). [91] 35: 328-330, ill. (*). Joyce, C. R.— Occurrence
of Psorophora mexicana (Bell.) in U. S. [Mosquito
News] 5 : 86. Kelman, M. — The forces influencing chromo-
some pairing in Drosophila melanogaster. [90] 79: 567-
570. Koch, J. — Die Oenocyten von Drosophila melano-
gaster. [126] 52: 415-420, ill. Lane, J. — Four new species
of Culex. [105] 16: 204-209. Lane, J.— Os sabetineos
(Culicidae) da America. [105] 16: 132-157. Linsley, E.
G. — A Phorid fly from the nests of Anthophora in Cali-
fornia. [19] 40: 67-68. Lopes, H. de S. — Importance of
female genital apparatus of Sarcophagidae in classification.
[125] 1: 215-221. Lopes, H. de S.— Notochaeta aldrichi
n. sp., parasite of Oligochaetes in Brasil. [125] 2: 361-364.
Masing, R. A. — Egg laying in Drosophila melanogaster as
influenced by sugar content in the food. [99] 47: 296-299.
Meigen, J. G. — Classification of Diptera. Paris. 1800 (fac-
simile reproduction). [Bull. Zool. Nomen. of Intern. Com.
Zool. Nomen.] 1 : 121-160. Melander, A. L. — Ten new spe-
cies of Empididae. [5] 52: 79-87. Najera, L.— .Mt-todo
nuevo para el transporte de larvas de culicidos. [ I'ol. R.
Soc. Espan. de Hist. Nat.] 42: 471-476. Ozburn, R. H.-
Prelim. report on anopheline mosquito survey in Canada.
[29] 1944: 37-44. Paraense, W. L. — Infc-cofiu c

288 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '45

do Culex quinquefasciatus pelo Plasmodium juxtanucleare.
[Ill] 41: 535-540. Peterson, A. G. & Smith, W. W.-
Occurrence and distribution of mosquitoes in Mississippi.
[12] 38: 378-383. Pratt, H. D.— Mansonia indubitans
Dyar & Shannon — a new addition to U. S. fauna. [103]
18: 121-129. Pratt, Wirth & Denning.— Occurrence of
Culex opisthopus Komp in Puerto Rico and Florida. [10]
47: 245-251. Rapp, W. F. & Snow, W. E.— Catalogue of
the Lonchopteridae of the world. [19] 40: 81-83. Rapp,
W. J., Jr. & Snow, W. E. — Catalog of Pantophthalmidae of
the world. [105] 16: 252-254. Ris & Grouse.— (See under
Anatomy, etc.) Sabrosky, C. W. — Three new African
Chloropidae with a discussion of the status of Pseudogaurax
(Diptera). [93] 114: 456-461, ill. Schwanwitsch, B. N.-
Wing pattern in Lycaenid Lepidoptera. [107] 20: 97-100,
ill. Seaman, E. A. — Ecological observations and recent
records on mosquitoes of San Diego and Imperial Coun-
ties, California. [Mosquito News] 5: 89-95. Soenen, M.
A. — (See under anatomy, etc.) Souza Lopes, H. de.—
Sobre un novo genero de "Sarcophagidae" de Surinam
(Diptera). [125] 5: 295-298, ill. Stone & Earner.— Fur-
ther notes on the Aedes scutellaris group (Diptera, Culi-
cidae). [95] 58: 155-162, ill. (*). Teixeira de Freitas, J.
F. & Lopes, H. de S. — A new Brazilian species of Condylo-
stylus Bigot. [Rev. Brasil. Biol.] 1: 27-30. Tomlinson,
T. G. — Control by D.D.T. of flies breeding in percolating
sewage niters. [31] 156: 478-179. Van Emden, F. I.-
Keys to the Ethiopian Tachinidae — I Phasiinae. [93] 114:
389-436, ill. Vargas, L. — Cuatro Nuevas Especies y ostros
Datos Sobre Simulidos De Mexico. [35] 6: 71-82. ill.
Vogl, P. C. — (See under Lepidoptera.) Webb, J. E. — -(See
under Anatomy, etc.) Williams, C. B. — Evidence for the
migration of Lepidoptera in South America. [105] 16:
113-131. Wirth, W. W. — Occurrence of Culex elevator
Dyar & Knab in Florida, with keys to the Melanoconions
of U. S. [10] 47: 199-210.

ORTHOPTERA— Buckell, E. R— Grasshopper outbreak
of 1944 in British Columbia. [4] 77: 115-116. Carpenter,
Hale & Burtt. — Notes on the habits of a species of Oxypilns
(Mantidae) and the flight of the male of a species of Pa-
lophus (Phasmidae). [107] 20: 82-83. Hebard, M.-
Orthoptera of the Appalachian Mts. in vicinity of Hot
Springs, Va. [1] 71 : 77-97. James, H. G.— A note on the
mortality of Mantis religiosa L., in the egg stage. [29]

Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL XKNVS 289

1944: 35-36. Ogloblin, A. — Nota sinonimica sobre un pre-
sunto acridio Chileno. [124] 8: 147-149, 1943. Rau, P.-
Notes on the life history of Periplaneta fulig'inosa Serv.
[5] 52: 107-108. Strohecker, H. F.— Notes and descrip-
tions of Mexican Orthoptera. [7] 38: 207-215.

COLEOPTERA— Arrow, G. J.— Systematic notes on a
few genera of erotylid Coleoptera. ' [108] 14: 117-118.
Blake, D. H. — Six new species of beetles of a eumolpid
genus new to the West Indies. [91] 35: 323-327, ill.
Bondar, G. — Notas entomologicas da Baia (Ctirculionidae).
[105] 16: 89-112. Bruch, C. — Miscelaneas entomologicas,
VII, VIII, IX, X. [124] 6: 353-369, 1941 (Cerambicid ) :
6: 500-517, 1941 (Carabid. & Redivid) ; 7: 1-19 (Passilid) ;
7: 129-151, ill., 1942 (*S). Chu, H. F.— The larvae of the
Harpalinae Unisetosae. [70] 25: 1-71. Fisher, W. S.— A
change in name in Cerambycididae. [10] 47: 251. Gebien,
H. — The genus Gyriosomus. [Mitteil. Mtinchner Ent.
Gesell.] 34: 135-194 (K). Gunn & Knight.— The biology
and behaviour of Ptinus tectus Boie (Coleoptera: Ptinidae),
a pest of stored products. [33] 21 : 132-143, ill. Guerin, J.
-Novos Megalopodidae neotropicais. [105] 16: 254-260.
Hammett, G. G. — An investigation into the life history and
morphology of the mustard beetle, Phaedon cochleariae F..
on watercress. [93] 114: 368-380, ill. Hess, L.— Life of
Lady Bird Beetle. [128] 54: 406-410, ill. Hungerford, H.
B. — The sweetpotato leaf beetle, Typophorus viridicyaneus
(Crotch) in Kansas. [103] 18: 154-155. Kelsey, Spiller
& Denne. — Biology of Anobium punctatum. [New Zealand
Jour, of Sci. & Tech.] 27: 59-68, ill. Kuschel, G.— Un
"gorgojo acuatico del arroz" Argentine (Lissorhoptros
bosqui n. sp.) (Curcul.). [124] 8: 305-315, ill., 1943.
Leech, H. B. — Three new species of Nearctic Deronectes
(Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). [4] 77: 105, ill. Leech, H. B.-
Specific characters and distribution of Agabus vancouveren-
sis and A. hypomelas. [4] 77: 77-78. Macnab, J. A. &
Fender, D. McK. — Occurrence of Trigonurus in western
Oregon. [19] 40: 79-80. Potts, R. w! L.— Key to specie
of Cremastocheilirii of N. A. and Mexico. [19] 40: 72-78.

HYMENOPTERA— Need for suspension of rules for
Prosopis Jurine 1807 (Hymen.). [Opin. & Declar. Intern.
Com. Zool. Nomen.] 2: 443-458. Araujo, R. L. — Cuntri-
buicao para o conhecimento de "Polybia minarum" Duckc.
1906 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). [125] 5: 157-163, ill.
Balduf, W. V. — Bionomics of the rose seed chalcid. Mega-

290 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '45

stigmus nigrovariegatus Ashm. [10] 47: 185-198. Banks,
N. — The Psammocharidae of Northern South America.
[46] 4: 77-122. Banks, N. — Two new species of Psammo-
charidae. [5] 52: 105-106. Benson, R. B. — Further note
on the classification of the Diprionidae. [22] 36: 163-164.
Creighton, W. S. — On subgenus Rhachiocrema with a new
species. [5] 52: 109-118. Eddy, B.— Bees and a Bee Tree.
[Animal Kingdom] 48: 141-145, ill. Gregg, R. E— The
worker caste of Harpagoxenus canadensis Sm. (Formi-
cidae). [4] 77: 74-76. Gregg, R. E.— Two new forms of
Monomorium. [5] 52: 62-69. Melin, D. — The function of
the pore-plates in Hymenoptera. [127] 20: 303-344, ill.
Pratt, H. D. — Taxonomic studies of Nearctic cryptini
(Ichneumonidiae : Hymenoptera). [119] 34: 549-661, ill.
(K). Schaeffer, E. W. — A complementary lethal effect in
the sex-linked group of Habrobracon (Hymenoptera). [90]
79 : 509-522. Schuster, R. M.— A key to the Central Ameri-
can, Mexican and West Indian species of Ephuta. [105]
16: 187-203 (*). Teal, E. W.— World of a wild bee.
[Nature M., Wash.] 38: 461-464. Townes, H. K. &
Townes, M. C. — A key to the genera of Eclytini and a
revision of the Neotropical species. [46] 4: 41-52. Weber,
N. A. — Biology of the fungus-growing ants. [105] 16: 1-
88. Wilkinson, D. S. — Description of Palearctic species of
Apanteles (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). [36] 95: 35-226,
ill.

LIST OF JOURNALS CITED

1. — Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 4. — Canadian Entomologist.
5. — Psyche, Jour, of Entom. 6.— Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.
7. — Ann. Ent. Soc. America. 9.- — Entomologist. 10. — Proc.
Entom. Soc. Washington. 12.- — Jour. Economic Entom.
15. — Ann. Acad. Brasil. 17. — Journ. Parasitology. 19.—
Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 21. — Entomologists Record and
Jour, of Variation. 22. — Bull. Entom. Research. 29. — Ann.
Rept. Ent. Soc. Ontario. 31. — Nature, London. 33. — Jour.
Exper. Biology. 35. — Rev. Soc. Mexicana Hist. Nat. 36.—
Trans. Ent. Soc. London. 40. — Amer. Museum Novitates.
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Hist. 65. — Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 70. — Entom. Ameri-
cana. 75. — Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 81.— Iowa Sta. Coll.
Jour. Science. 90. — Amer. Naturalist. 91. — Jour. Wash-
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Ivi, '45] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 291

99.— C. R. (Doklady), Acad. Sci. URSS. (N. Sen). 102.-
Ann. Escol. Nac. Cien. Biol. Mexico. 103. — Jour. Kansas
Ent. Soc. 105.— Rev. Entomol. R. d. Janeiro. 107.— Proc.
Roy. Ent. Soc., A. 108.— Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc., B. 11 I.-
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— Amer. Midland Nat. 123. — Indian Jour. Entom. 124.—
Notas Mus. de la Plata. 125.— Rev. Brasil. Biol. 126.-
Rev. Suisse Zool. 127. — Zoologiska Bidrag, Uppsala. 128.
— Natural Historv-

Review

BRAZIL, ORCHID OF THE TROPICS. By Mulford and Racine
Foster. Jaques Cattell Press. 6 + 308 pp. Illus. Index.
S3.00.

This book is an interesting account of two expeditions made
to southern and southwestern Brazil by the authors to collect
bromeliads and orchids, both as living and herbarium speci-
mens. These two groups of plants are particularly difficult to
dry, because of their fleshy structure, and the authors were re-
markably successful in getting good herbarium preparations.
Many species were successfully transplanted to the Fosters'
orchidarium in Florida but also many were killed by Govern-
ment fumigation on entry. Their descriptions of the wealth of
beautiful bromeliads, including many new species, are vivid and
enthusiastic. There are numerous good accounts of the collect-
ing localities, which would have been more valuable if a detailed
and adequate map of the region studied had been included.
References to insects and other animals are few and rather gen-
eral, so that the book will hardly serve as a guide to zoological
collecting, but enough is said of the tenants of bromeliads to
show how much is still to be learned about them. There are
137 black and white photographs, four beautiful kodachromes
and 32 line drawings.

This is a fascinating narrative of "botanizing" in a little-
known part of a country that has always beckoned naturalist- —
AMELIA S. CALVERT.

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INDEX TO VOLUME LVI

(* Indicates new genera, species, names, etc.)

ABBOTT, C. E. The mechanics of digestion in the calli-
phorid flies 44

ALEXANDER, C. P. Undescribed species of crane-flies from
the western United States and Canada (Dipt.: Tipu-

lidae). Part III 126

Undescribed species of crane-flies from the western
United States and Canada (Dipt.: Tipulidae). Part IV 155

AMER. Assoc. ECON. ENT. Statement on DDT 38

ANON. Typhus in Naples, Yellow fever (from Rocke-
feller Foundation report) 163

BALDUF, W. V. Raids of Formica sanguinea 40

BANKS, N. Types from the New England Museum of
Natural History 78

BENESH, B. Some remarks on the genus Apterodorcus
Arrow (Coleoptera : Lucanidae) 229

BURDICK, E. DOUGLASS. How long do entomologists live?
Reconsidered 246

CALVERT, A. S. Review : Brazil, orchid of the tropics . . . 291

CALVERT, P. P. Harrison Garman (obituary) 19

Supplementary notes on the ecology of odonate larvae . . 113

CHAMBERLIN, R. V. A new henicopid centiped from Utah 153

Occurrence of a European centiped in Utah 199

On three lithobioid chilopods 197

Two new centipeds from Trinidad 171

CRESSON, E. T., JR. Review : The Diptera or true flies of
Connecticut, Fasc. 1 259

CUTHBERT, N. L. and M. J. CUTHBERT. A cat that eats
cicadas 143

DAMERELL, V. R. A simple method for mounting Lepi-
doptera 74

DARLINGTON, E. P. Notes on some Microlepidoptera . .70, 89

DAY, M. F. Notes and News in Entomology [Review on
insect hormones] 75

(293)

294 INDEX

THE EDITORS. Changes in editorship 106

Current entomological literature

23, 52, 79, 109, 135, 164, 190, 220, 249

EDMUNDS, G. F. Ovoviviparous mayflies of the genus
Callibaetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) 169

EMERSON, A. E. Taxonomic categories and population
genetics 14

FORBES, W. T. M. The geometrid tracheation 242

The position of Epione mollicularia 272

How big is a group ? 279

FREEMAN, H. A. A new species of Lerodea from Texas

(Lepidoptera : Hesperiidae) 203

Notes on some Hesperiidae, with new records for the

United States (Lepidoptera: Phopalocera) 102

Notes on some North American Hesperiidae, with two
new records for the United States 4

FROST, S. W. Spurious veins in the wings of Exoprosopa
fasciata Macq. (Diptera) 104

GATES, D. B. Notes on fleas in Nebraska 10

GILLESPIE, J. Notes on the Odonata of Delaware County. 59

GRANT, C. More on the origin of flight 243

HEBARD, M. The species and races of Hesperotettix in
Utah (Orthoptera: Acrididae, Cyrtacanthracridae) .... 173

HENDERSON, W. F. Additional notes on Papilio aristo-
demus ponceana Schaus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) .. 187
Papilio aristodemus ponceana (Lepidoptera: Papilioni-
dae) 29

HODGE, C. IV. Current entomological literature 280

HULL, F. M. New syrphid flies 182, 210

New syrphid flies from Mississippi 268

KNOWLTON, G. F. Amphorophora aphids notes 206

LINSLEY, E. G. A new species of Paranomada with notes
on Melecta thoracica Cresson 149

MARX, E. J. F. Review: The genus Conotrachelus Dejean
(Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in the North Central United
States 78

INDEX 295

MOUL, E. T. Notes on Arilus cristatus (Linnaeus) in
York County, Pennsylvania, and on its prey (Heterop-

tera : Reduviidae) 57

Current entomological literature 280

MUMA, H. and K. E. MUMA. Biological notes on Atypus

bicolor Lucas (Arachnida) 122

NEEDHAM, J. G. Tracking dragonfly nymphs 141

NEWMAN, J. H. Midwinter collecting of Lepidoptera in

Michigan 7

PHILLIPS, M. E. Current entomological literature 280

RAPP, W. F., JR. A correction 220

Neopaniasis, new name for Paniasis Druce 1890 (Lepi-
doptera) 117

The Andrew Bolter insect collection 209

RAU, P. Food preferences of the cockroach Blatta orien-

talis 276

Notes on the behavior of certain ants 118

Observation hives 218

The Wasmann collection of ants 69

REHN, J. A. G. Forficuline Dermaptera from the south-
ern Cameroons 144

Sequel to the rape of the Wasmann collection of ants . . 278
The status of Stal's Oedipoda venusta, 1861 (Orthop-

tera, Acrididae, Oedipodinae) 132

REMINGTON, C. L. The feeding habits of Uranotaenia
lowii (Diptera: Culicidae) 32, 64

RICHARDS, A. G., JR. Notes and News in Entomology

[Fate of the hemoglobin ingested by insects] 50

[Intracellular symbionts] 107

Review : Tempo and mode in evolution 134

RODECK, H. G. Genus Melanomada Cockerell, new desig-
nation (Hym. : Apoidea) 202

Two new genera of Nomada Scopoli (Hym. : Apoidea) . 179

Ross, H. H. Sawfly genitalia ; terminology and study

techniques 261

SCHMIEDER, R. G. Insects, men and ultra-violet . . . 219

294

INDEX

THE EDITORS. Changes in editorship 106

Current entomological literature

23, 52, 79, 109, 135, 164, 190, 220, 249

EDMUNDS, G. F. Ovoviviparous mayflies of the genus
Callibaetis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) 169

EMERSON, A. E. Taxonomic categories and population
genetics 14

FORBES, W. T. M. The geometrid tracheation 242

The position of Epione mollicularia 272

How big is a group ? 279

FREEMAN, H. A. A new species of Lerodea from Texas

(Lepidoptera : Hesperiidae) 203

Notes on some Hesperiidae, with new records for the

United States (Lepidoptera: Phopalocera) 102

Notes on some North American Hesperiidae, with two
new records for the United States 4

FROST, S. W. Spurious veins in the wings of Exoprosopa
fasciata Macq. (Diptera) 104

GATES, D. B. Notes on fleas in Nebraska 10

GILLESPIE, J. Notes on the Odonata of Delaware County. 59

GRANT, C. More on the origin of flight 243

HEBARD, M. The species and races of Hesperotettix in
Utah (Orthoptera: Acrididae, Cyrtacanthracridae) .... 173

HENDERSON, W. F. Additional notes on Papilio aristo-
demus ponceana Schaus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) . . 187
Papilio aristodemus ponceana (Lepidoptera: Papilioni-
dae) 29

HODGE, C. IV. Current entomological literature 280

HULL, F. M. New syrphid flies 182, 210

New syrphid flies from Mississippi 268

KNOWLTON, G. F. Amphorophora aphids notes 206

LINSLEY, E. G. A new species of Paranomada with notes
on Melecta thoracica Cresson 1 49

MARX, E. J. F. Review: The genus Conotrachelus Dejean
(Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in the North Central United
States , 78

- • • * »

•

• i

INDEX

297

Hemoglobin absorption and fate 50

Hormones in insects 75

How big is a group ? 279

How long do entomologists

live? 189, 246

Microlepidoptera, biology of

some 70, 89

Mosquito sampling, human bait

vs. light-trap 93

Mounting lepidoptera 74

Nomenclature and semantics . 100

Observation hives 218

Odonata, ecology of larvae ... 113

Origin of flight 243

Ovoviviparous mayflies 169

Papilio ponccana 32

Philippine Journal of Science . 247

Prey of Arilus crisfatus 57

Raids of Formica sanguined . . 40

Snakes 248

Sound waves of Oecantlius, di-
rectional 1

Speciation (review of book) . . 134

Symbionts, intracellular 107

Taxonomic categories and pop-
ulation genetics 14

Tracheation, geometrid 242

Tracking dragonfly nymphs . . 141
Types of the N. Engl. Mus.

Nat. Hist 78

Typhus in Naples 163

Ultra-violet vision in insects . 219

Veins, spurious (Dipt.) 104

Vitamins and symbionts 107

Wasmann collection 69, 278

Yellow fever 163

OBITUARY NOTICES

Carl, J 279

Prison, T. H 280

Carman, H 19

Le Cerf, Fd 259

Smith, R. H. 280

PERSONALS

Alexander, C. P 245

Alvarado, D. E 247

Avinoff, A 188

Banks, N 162

Bequaert, J. C 188

Betrem, J. G 189

Blaisdell, F. E., Sr 162

Brues, C. T 245

Costa Lima, A. M. da 245

Cutkomp, L. K 218

Fan, H. Y 218

Haydak, M. H 218

Mickel, C. E 218

Querci, Orazio 22

Richards, A. G., Jr 162

Riley, W. A 218

Stempff er, M 99

Van der Vecht, J 189

GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION

California: Dipt. 132; Hym. .. 150

Cameroons : Dermaptera 144

Costa Rica : Dipt 217

Cuba : Homop 235

Florida: Dipt. 187; Lepid.

29, 91, 187

Georgia : Hem. 238

Guadalcanal : Dipt 212, 215

Idaho: Dipt 128

Illinois: Chilopods 197, 198

Lourenco Marquez : Dipt 184

Mexico : Chilopod 198

Michigan : Lepid 7

Mississippi : Dipt 185, 268

Nebraska : Siphonapt 10

New Georgia : Dipt 213

New Jersey : Lepid 70

North Carolina: Odonate larva 116

Oregon : Dipt 161

Pennsylvania : Odonata 59

Puerto Rico: Hem. 241

298

INDEX

South Dakota : Hym 152

Texas: Lepid 4, 102, 148, 203

Trinidad : Chilopods 171

United States: Lepid. ..4, 102, 148
Utah: Horn. 206; Orth. 175;

Chilopod 153, 199

Washington: Dipt.

130, 158, 159, 216
Wyoming : Dipt 156

COLEOPTERA

Apterodorcus 229

bacchus, Apterodorcus 232

Conotrachclus (review of book) 78

Intracellular symbionts 107

japonica, Popillia 6

Iristis, Apterodorcus 234

DIPTERA

acgypti, Aedes 66

anastasia,* Volucella 270

anmdata, Uranotaenia 33

arcthusa* Mesogramma 185

cladacantha* Tipnla 130

confinnis, Psorophora 36

Digestion in Calliphora 44

Diptera of Connecticut, Review 259

distilobatus* Molophilits 160

erythroccphala, Calliphora ... 44

fasciata, E.roprosopa 104

Feeding habits, Uranotaenia . . 32
Gastrophilus, hemoglobin in . . 52

hcmipennis* Dideopsis 212

hispa* Ormosia 158

lowii, Uranotaenia 32

malleus* Ccrioides 182

margaritus* Brachypalpus ... 271

maritimus* Eristalis 210

minuta* Chrysogaster 215

mississipcnsis* Mallota 268

Mosquito sampling, human bait

vs. light-trap 93

nigrovittata* Eristalis collaris 213

polycantha* Erioptera 156

rastristyla* Tipula 129

sacajawea,* Tipula 126

sapphirina, Uranotaenia 33

separata* Mallota 184

Spurious veins, Exoprosopa . . 104

uncinata* Salpingogaster 216

yellowstonensis,* Limonia 155

HEMIPTERA

Anisops, hemoglobin in 52

Buenoa, hemoglobin in 52

Cimex (digestion) 51

cristatus, Arilus 57

Cryptostemma 238

Macrocorixa, hemoglobin in . . 52

pratti* Cryptostemma 240

prolixus, Rhodnius (digestion) 50

ithleri, Cryptostemma 239

HOMOPTERA

Amphorophora, notes 206

arnicae, Amphorophora 207

Cat eats cicadas 143

crataegi, Amphorophora 207

Coelocara* 237

cubana* Heteropsylla 236

dugesii, Freysitila 237

Epicarsa 237

Freysuila 237

fronki* Amphorophora 206

geranii, Amphorophora 207

grandiceps, Katacephala 238

grindeliac, Amphorophora 207

halli, Amphorophora 207

laingi, Amphorophora 207

linnei, Tibicen 143

masoni, Amphorophora 208

minima, Amphorophora 208

nervata, Amphorophora 208

Platycorypha* 235

prince ps* Platycorypha* .... 235

Psyllidae of Cuba 235

rubi, Amphorophora 208

INDEX

299

rubicola, Amphorophora 208

rubicumberlandi, Amphoro-
phora 208

schwarsi* Coclocara* new

name 237

sensoriata, Amphorophora .... 208

sonchi, Amphorophora 208

tenuipennis, Kataccphala 238

HYMENOPTERA

antonita, Nomada ....'" 181

Ants, notes on behavior 118

barbatus, Pogonomyrmex .... 120

Bees, chrysine in 50

calif arnica,* Paranomada .... 149

Callinomada* 181

castaneus, Camponotns 118

cespitum, Tctramorium 119

daviger, Lasius 119

curvispinosus, Lcptothora.v . . . 120

fulva, Aphaenogaster 40

fusca subscricea, Formica .... 118

Genitalia of sawflies 261

grindeliae, Nomada 202

hcrculeanus, Camponotus .... 118

Holonomada* 179

imparts, Prenolepsis 119

lacviuscula, Crematogastcr . . . 121

melanantha, Mclonomada .... 202

Melanomada* 202

minimum, Monomorium 121

molcsta, Solcnopsis 121

neogogates, Formica 40

occidental{f, Pogonomyrmex . . 120

Pachynomada* 180

sanguined, Formica, Raids ... 40

subscricea, Formica fusca .... 40

thoracica, Mclccta 151

vincta, Nomada 180

Wasmann collection of ants. 69, 278

LEPIDOPTERA

agrimoniclla, Anacampsis .... 90

aleoptera, Enpaniasis 117, 120

aleoptera, Paniasis 117, 120

Anagogini, key to 274

anaphus, Astraptcs 5

argentipunclella, Gelcchia .... 90

aristodemus, Papilio 29

asander, Aguna 102

Biology of some Microlep. . .70, 89

bipunctellus, Dichomcris 91

bosquella, Stegasta 90

Cepphis 274

clonius, Spathilepia 103

comptana, Ancylis 73

concitatricana, Gwendolina ... 73

crataegella, Lithocolletis 91

dacckeana, Endothcnia 71

dolores, Pericharcs phocion . . 5

cdata, Lerodea 103

Ennominae 272

Epione 272

curycles, Urbanus 4

fasciolana, Gypsonoma 72

floridana, Ancylis 73

fulgcrator, Astraptes 5

Geometrid tracheation 242

granitata, Semiothisa 242

hebesana, Endothenia 71

Hesperiidae, N. Amer 4

hopfferi, Astraptes 102

julia* Lerodea 204

kearfotella, Compsolcchia .... 90

Key to Anagoga group 274

liriodendrana, Polychrosis ... 70
liriodendronclla, Pliyllocnistis. 92

lupinella, Anacampsis 90

magnoliella, Pliyllocnistis .... 92

malitiosa, Godmania 103

Mctancma 274

Mctarrhanthis 274

Microlepid., biology 70, 89

Midwinter collecting in Michi-
gan 7

mollicularia, Epione 272

Mounting method 74

mylotes, Papilio 148

Neopaniasis* 117, 220

300

INDEX

packardclla, Gracillaria 91

pertextalis, Pyrausta 93

phocion dolores, Pericharcs .5, 104

platana, Anchylopcra 73

ponceana, Papilio 29, 187

Priocycla 274

robiniclla, Recurvaria 89

Selenia 274

sericoranum, E.rartema 72

Slossonia 274

tertialis, Phylyctaenia 92

trinofclla, Lithocolletis 91

trisignana, Pcronea 89

tyrtacus, Lcrodea 5

ODONATA

alleni, Gomphus 200

argus, Gomphus 201

descriptns, Gomphus 201

floridcnsis, Didymops 141

jucundus, Gomphus 202

mortimer, Gomphus 201

multicolor, Aeschna (oviposi-

tion) 48

notatus, Gomphus 202

Notes on the ecology of larvae 113
Notes on the Odonata of Dela-
ware County, Pennsylvania . 59

Nymphs, tracking 141

Progomphus 142

quadricolor, Gomphus 200

siinplicicollis, Erythemis 114

ORTHOPTERA

curtipcnnis, Hesperotetti.v .... 178
Dermaptera (see under smaller
orders)

Directional sound waves 1

Food of cockroach 276

Heperotcttix 175

nigricornis, Occanthus 1

Oecanthus 1

orien tails, Blatta 276

pictipennis, Dissostcira 133

Species and races of Hcspero-

tettix in Utah 175

venusta, Dissosteira 132

venusta, Oedlpoda 132

venusta, Spharagemon 132

viridis, Hesperotetti.v 175

SMALLER ORDERS

affinis, Hoplopsyllus 11

ajrum, Echinosoma 145

biaffra, Dicrana 145

bruneri, Oropsylla 12

Callibaetis 171

cams, Ptenocephalldcs 10

cheopis, Xenopsylla 13

claudiae, Callibaetis 169

curvicauda, Labia 146

Dermaptera 144

crythrocephalus, Diaperasticus 148

fasciatus, Nosopsylla 12

flavipennis, Chclisochcs 146

qcnalis, Ncarctopsylla 12

hirsuta, Oropsylla 12

Jwwardii, Orchopeas 12

ignota, Dactylopsylla 11

inaequalis, Cediopsylla 10

irritans, Pulex 13

Icucopus, Orchopeas 12

Mayflies, Ovoviviparous 169

montanus, Callibaetis 170

murrayi, Apachyus 146

Notes on fleas (Siphonaptera)

in Nebraska 10

occidentals, Echinosoma 145

Pediculus, digestion in 51

pseudagyrtes, Ctcnophthalmus 11

riparla, Labidura 146

simplex, Cacdiopsylla 10

sp., Oropsylla 13

variagayum, Euenkrates 147

NON-HEXOPODA

Amphibian hosts of Urano-

taenia 67

bicolor, Atypus (Arach.) 122

INDEX

301

European centipede in Utah . . 199

haywardi* Yobiits* 154

hortensis, Cryptops 199

I.vodes, digestion in 51

Leucolinum* (Chilopod) .... 173

oligopla* Newportia 171

Ornithodorus, digestion in ... 51

plesius* Tidabins 198

Pliysobius* 197

rappi* Physobius* 197

trinidadcnse,* Leucolinum* . . 174

victoriae* Mayobhts 198

Yobius* 153

Zygethobiinae, generic key . . . 154

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOLUME LVII, 1946

PHILIP P. CALVERT, EDITOR EMERITUS

EDITORIAL STAFF

F. T. CRESSOX, JR. E. F. J. MARX

.1. A. G. REHN A. G. RICHARDS, JR.

R. G. SCHMIEDER

PUBLISHED BY

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1946

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LUV. INS;
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Vol. LVII No. I

CONTENTS

Beatty — Dragonflies in Pennsylvania and New Jersey 1

Cartwright — A new Phyllophaga from Alabama and Georgia 10

Rapp — Ichneumonidae notes 1 -

Osborn and LeClerq — Notice to Laboratories and Museums 13

Notes and News in Entomology

Sabrosky — Recent opinions on nomenclature 14

Schmieder — Directing the flight of bees lh

Remington — A new entomological publication 19

Bromley — Wheel-bug vs. Japanese beetle 21

Personals

Entomological Literature

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LVII JANUARY, 1946 No. 1

Dragonflies (Odonata) Collected in Pennsylvania
and New Jersey in 1945

By GEORGE H. BEATTY, III, Merion, Pennsylvania

From 6 April to 8 October, 1945, the writer collected dragon-
flies in central and southeastern Pennsylvania and in the south-
ern half of New Jersey. 2251 specimens representing 93 species
were obtained. Four other species x were positively identified
in the field but were not captured, and three species.2 including
one of these four, were collected by a companion but not by the
writer. Four other species,3 not collected by the writer, were
secured in the territory covered by this paper, in 1945, by
another collector.

Date and locality records are occasionally augmented by those
of another odonatist, Mr. John Gillespie, when they provide an
extension of seasonal or geographic range or are otherwise
significant.

The writer is responsible for all specific determinations,
though in some cases confirmation was made by Dr. Philip P.
Calvert. With the exception of specimens deposited in the
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and a few pre-
sented to other dragonfly students, this collection has been re-
tained intact, each specimen being carefully preserved with
complete data. It is available to students who wish to ex-
amine it.

1 Epiacschna hcros, Epicordulia princcps, Dorocordulia Icpida, and
Libcllula julia.

2 Dorocordulia Icpida, Argia bipniictulata, and EnaUagma rccnrvatitm,
all collected on 24 June by John Gillespie.

3 Cordulcgastcr obliqmts, Epicordnlia princcps, Llbclliila ribrans, and
EnaHatjma carunculatum.

(1)

| * '

2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jail., '46

The following list of collecting stations includes only those
which were visited by the author himself. Except for those in
Centre County, Pennsylvania, and Cape May, New Jersey, all
of the localities are well within a fifty-mile radius of Philadel-
phia.4 A number of species are recorded from this Philadelphia
region for the first time in this paper and others are the first
from their respective states. A few dragonflies are being re-
corded for the first time for the faunal zone in which they were
collected this year. In the annotated list which follows, many
of these extensions of geographic range are noted and seasonal
extensions are likewise pointed out.

1945 COLLECTING STATIONS

ALBERTSON BROOK, Hammonton Twp., Atlantic Cy., N. J.

5 Sept.

This typical small cedar stream, about three miles south of
Atsion, was inspected only near the highway. Agrion apicale,
Hetaerina aniericana, Argla vlolacea, Enallagma iveezva, and
Ischnnra posita were the dragonflies collected here.

ATSION LAKE, Shamong Twp., Burlington Cy., N. J. 5 Sept.
Only Libellula pulchclla, Sympetrum vicinum and Argia vlo-
lacea were found at this large artificial pond. In a small cran-
berry bog in the woods nearby, Anomalagrion hastatitin oc-
curred in swarms.

BATSTO POND, Washington Twp., Burlington Cy., N. J. 5. 7

Sept.

A large artificial pond, formed by damming the Batsto River
on the site of a former cedar swamp. The pond has narrow
sandy beaches beyond which there is a shallow zone with a

4 A list of dragonflies known to occur within fifty miles of Philadelphia
is being prepared. Dr. Calvert, in his Catalog of the Odonata of the
vicinity of Philadelphia [Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XX: 152a-272, 1893],
established a twenty-mile radius for the "Philadelphia Odonate Fauna."
However, so many dragonfly habitats near the city have ceased to exist
or have been ruined by pollution since the collecting days of Calvert,
Laurent, Daecke, and Aaron, that today's collector must go farther afield
to find the same species which were formerly abundant in and near
Philadelphia.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL MAYS

dense growth of rushes. Among the rushes, Perithemis do-
inita, Celitlicinis cponina and monomelaena, Libcllnla inccsta,
Sympetrum ainbignuni, rubicundulum, and riciiunn, Pachydi-
plax lonyipennis, Lcstcs vigila.v, and Enallagma geminatum
were collected.

At a small mill-pond near the outlet of Batsto Pond, the fol-
lowing were noted: Ana.r jiinius, Celithemis martini, Sympc-
tnun rubicundulum and ricinuin, Lcstcs rigila.r, .-Irgia violacea,
Enallagma geminatum, E. aspcrsum, and Ischnura posita.

BEAR MEADOWS, Harris Twp., Centre Cy., Penna. 16 June.

This locality consists of a large sphagnum bog at an eleva-
tion of 1824 feet, surrounded by higher mountains. The bog
is covered with a dense growth of Kalmia, Rhododendron, Vac-
cinium, and Gaylussacia, and through its center flows a deep
slow stream about ten feet wide. Along the stream and else-
where in the bog twenty-two species of dragonflies were found,
including Gouiphacschna furcillata, Basiaeschna Janata, Cordn-
legastcr diastatops, Cordulia shurtlcffi, Libclluhi Julia, L. quadri-
maculata, Lciicorrhinia Intacta, L. hudsonica, Amphiagrion
saiiciitin, Nehalennia Irene. X . (/racilis. Chromagrion conditum,
and Enallagma liugcni.

BRANCH OF FRIENDSHIP CREEK, Southampton Twp., Burling-
ton Cy., N. J. 31 Aug., 4. 7 Sept.

• A small cedar-stained stream flowing slowly over a sandy
bottom. It was examined only where it is crossed by the high-
way about one mile west of Fisher's Dam, where it is dammed
to form a small pond. Libcllula inccsta, Lcstcs riyila.v, and
Ischnura vcrticalis occurred at the pond, while Argia riolacea,
Enallagma icecii'a, and Ischnura posita were found along the
stream.

BROOMALL, Marple Twp., Delaware Cy., Penna. 6, 9 Apr.,
17, 22, 25, 29 May, 6 June, 16, 20, 23. 26 July. 1, 2, 3. 4, 5,
7, 8, 10, 11, 16, 27, 29, 30 Aug.

The chief collecting ground consisted of several acres of
waste fields, overgrown with small sassafras, dogwood, and
tulip trees, which lie at the edge of a woodland area of about

4 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '46

ten acres containing many tall tulip trees and various smaller
trees. This woodland forms a screen across the head of the
narrow valley of Langford Run, a small, clear stream which
flows into the larger and polluted Darby Creek about three
quarters of a mile below. The screen of trees apparently stops
the progress of most of the dragonflies which come up the valley
and causes them to settle down in the bordering fields.

Gomphus lividits, Droniogouipluts spinosus, Boycria vinosa,
Aeschna unibrosa, Macroinia iUinoicnsis, Somatochlora tene-
brosa and filosa, Perithemis doinita, and Sympetrum scinicinc-
tinn are among the nineteen species found at this unusual and
interesting locality.

CAPE MAY CITY, Lower Twp., Cape Alay Cy., N. J. 22 Sept.
Many dragonflies, apparently part of the autumnal migration,
were seen flying about a weedy plot of about % acre near the
beach. These included Anax jnnius, Epiacschna heros, Syin-
pctrnm rnbicundiiliiin, Pachydipla.v longipennis, Pantala flaves-
cens, Trained Carolina, and Enallagiua civile. Dragonflies were
evident in lesser numbers throughout the town.

CAPE MAY POINT, Lower Twp., Cape May Cy., N. J. 22 Sept.
Migrating dragonflies were collected among the wooded sand-
dunes near the beach.

CECIL, Gloucester Cy., N. J. 5 Sept.

At a small, shallow, artificial lake near N. J. Highway No. 42,
many dragonflies were collected. These were found among the
emergent vegetation which extended for ten to fifty feet from
the shore and included Nannotlicmis bclla, Cclithemis martha,
Sympetrum vie inn in, Hetaerina americana, Lestes vigilax,
Enallagma signatitm, vespennn, and pict-um, Ischnnra rambnri,
and Anomalagrion hastatum.

CENTRAL SQUARE, Newtown Twp., Delaware Cy., Penna. 22,

25, 29 May, 6 June, 8. 10 Aug.

At a small artificial pond of about 1 acre, containing practi-
cally no vegetation, but many fish, twenty-one species were
found but none was of particular interest.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

CLARK'S BROOK, Hammonton T\vp., Atlantic Cy., X. J. 7 Sept.

About one mile north of Albertson Brook, this small cedar
stream proved to be unusually well populated by dragonflies.
Boyeria vinosa, Agrion apicale, Argia tibialis, A. violacca, and
Enallagma weciva were collected.

At Sleeper Brook, about 100 yards north of Clark's Brook.
Argia violacca, Enallagma i\.'ccica, and Ischnura posita were
found.

"CRUM CREEK FARM," Xewtown Twp.. Delaware Cy., Penna.

8 Aug.

The artificial pond of about one acre lies about two miles
west of Xewtown Square and about fifty yards east of Crum
Creek. It is used for swimming and boating but nevertheless
supports an interesting dragonfly fauna. Thirteen species were
found at the pond, but Agrion maculatum was the only dragon-
fly seen along Crum Creek nearby.

DARBY CREEK, Radnor Twp., Delaware Cy., Penna. 27, 29

Aug.

This rather large, polluted stream has not proved to be a
good collecting ground for dragonflies. Most of the collecting
was done at a point about two miles northeast of Xewtown
Square. Boyeria vinosa, Sympetrum rubiciindiilinn, Agrion
inacnlatnm, Hetacrhia americana, and Argia violacca were the
only species occurring here.

DAVIS LAKE, Cape May Point, X. J. 22 Sept.

At this artificial sand-pit pond, few dragonflies were seen
except Enallagma civile and Ischnura ramhuri.

"ECHO VALLEY FARM," Xewtown Twp., Delaware Cy., Penna.

8 Aug.

About l^o niiles west of Xewtown Square, a few dragonflies
were collected at a tiny pond formed by damming a small stream.
The pond was choked with emergent vegetation and surrounded
by alders. Only common species such as Sympetrum ruhicnn-
dulum, Erythcinis siinplicicollis, Agrion maculatum, I.cslcs
rcctangularis, and Ischnura vcrticalis were taken.

6 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '46

ERMA, Lower T\vp., Cape May Cy., N. J. 22 Sept.

A few dragonflies. including Sympetrum ainbiguniii and S.
obtrusiim, were collected at a small sphagnum bog which was
nearly dried up at the time of the writer's visit.

FISHER'S DAM, Southampton Twp., Burlington Cy., N. J.

21, 28, 31 Aug., 4, 7 Sept.

A chain of small lakes was formed when dams were erected
to flood a cut-over cedar swamp. The lakes are now almost
completely dried up, but the odonate fauna is extremely rich
and varied. Among the twenty-three species taken at various
points about the lakes, canals, bogs, and streams are Ha-
i/cnius brevistylus, Boycrla z'inosa, Somatochlora tcncbrosa,
Cclithcmis cponina and martha, Libcllula inccsta, Agrion api-
calc, Argia tibialis, Enallagma gcininatiiin, E. pictum, E. iveewa,
and Anomalagrion hastatnm.

FOLSOM, Atlantic Cy., N. J. 5 Sept.

Dragonflies were collected in a swampy field about one mile
southwest of Folsom.

FRIENDSHIP CREEK, about 300 feet west of "Branch of Friend-
ship Creek," described above. 4, 7 Sept.
At this large cedar stream, Enallagma ivccu'a was abundant.
Agrion apicale, Argia violacca, and Boycrla vinosa also oc-
curred here. This is the same stream which flows out of the
lower lake at Fisher's Dam. Its banks are densely overgrown,
so it was examined only near the highway. At that point the
stream is about twenty feet wide and at least four feet in depth.
Most of the bottom was covered with Vallisneria, on the float-
ing leaves of which E. u'cciva often came to rest.

HOLMES, Ridley Twp., Delaware Cy., Penna. 13, 21 Sept.,

5 Oct.

The collecting locality here consists of two shallow pools on
the site of a former brickyard with a combined area of less than
an acre. They contain an abundance of sedges, cattails, and
many other aquatic plants and are depressed below the level of
the surrounding land, providing a very sheltered habitat for
dragonflies. Only a fraction of the total yearly population is

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 7

represented by the following September and October captures :
Ana.i- jnniits, Aeschna uuibrosa, A tnbcrculijcra, A. vcrticalis,
Sympctruin obtritsuin, S. viciiuun, S. ntbiciindnliim, Tramea
Carolina, Lcstcs jorcipatits, L. rcctaiu/iilaris, L. unguiculatns,
Enollat/nia civile, E. aspcrsum, Ischniira posita, I. vcrticalis,
and Anomalagrion hastatum.

Many other species have been found to occur here on other
dates by Mr. John Gillespie, who has studied this locality ex-
haustively for a number of years.5

LILY LAKE, Cape May Point, N. J. 22 Sept.

Except for Ischnura rauiburl, which was abundant, few
dragonflies were seen at this pond of about 10 acres.

PENN VALLEY, Lower Merion Twp., Montgomery Cy., Penna.

8 June, 30 Aug., 2 Sept.

The collecting area here consisted of several small swampy
pools in an overgrown meadow. They were fed by springs and
contained sedges, cattails, and other vegetation in various de-
grees of density.

POND NEAR FISHER'S DAM, Southampton Twp., Burlington Cy.,

N. J. 31 Aug., 4, 7 Sept.

This pond, about half an acre in area, is located on a side
road, about one mile north of N. J. Highway No. 40 and about
two miles west of Fisher's Dam. Most of the pond is choked
with vegetation and the banks are overgrown with small willows
and other trees. Among the dragonflies occurring here were
Anu.v jitnius, Libcllttla inccsta, Sympetrum vicinuni, Pachydi-
phi.v lon<iipcnnis, Lcstcs congener, L. forcipatns, L. vlgila.v,
Einilltii/nid t/ciniiKititiu. E. aspcrsum, and E. double dayi.

SLAB CABIN RUN, College Twp., Centre Cy., Penna. 17 June.
This is a small, turbid stream, ten to fifteen feet wide, which
flows over a very rocky bed. At the time when it was visited
only Goniphns descriptus and At/rion inacithituin were found
along a mile or more oi its course.

r> See "Notes on the Odonata of Delaware County, Pennsylvania," by
John Gillespie [Ent. News, LVI : 59-64, Mar., 1<M5|.

8 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jail., '46

SPRING CREEK, Banner T\vp., Centre Cy., Penna. 18 June.

Dragonflies were scarce along this stream which drains a
wide area and is one of the largest in Centre County. About
four miles northeast of State College, where the stream flows
through a wooded valley with occasional precipitous rocky
slopes, the following dragonflies occurred : Basiaeschna Janata,
Epicordulia prince ps. Lib ell nl a pnlchella, Sympetrum rubicun-
dnlum, Agrion maculatum, Argia violacea, and Ischnura rcrti-
calis.

STATE COLLEGE, College Twp.. Centre Cy., Penna. 17, 19 June.

Dragonflies were collected at a small artificial pond, evidently
very polluted, less than a mile north of the college campus. At
one end of the pond was an extensive swampy area, choked with
vegetation, where five species of Lestes were found as well as
Nehalennia Irene, Chromagrion condituiu, and Ischnura vcrtl-
calis. About the banks of the pond proper, Ana.v jnnius, Tetra-
goneuria cynosnra, Perithemis doniita, Libellula luctuosa, pul^
chella, and lydia, Sympetrum rubicundulum, Leucorrhinia in-
tacta, PacJiydipla.r longipennis, Enallagma hagcni, cyatJiigeruin,
civile, and aspersnm, Ischnura posita and verticalis, and ^7/0-
malagrion hastatuwi were among the species noted. Goinplius
villosipes, Tetragoneuria canis, Lestes congener, and Enallagma
carunculatum have been taken here on other dates.

Though it did not occur at the pond, Amphlagrion saucium
was found in prodigious numbers in a swampy field about one
mile to the north.

TINICUM MARSHES, Darby Twp.. Delaware Cy., Penna. 26,

29 Sept., 5, 8 Oct.

At the northern edge of this extensive tidal marsh area,
bordering the Delaware River, several interesting dragonflies
were collected in the autumn. Aeschna constricta, Syinpetnun
obtrusutn, and 5\ rubicundulum were abundant. Ana.v jnnins,
Aeschna itmbrosa, Sympetrum vicinum, Pantala flavescetis, and
Trained Carolina were found in small numbers at the marshes
and in nearby fields.

UPTON, Pemberton Twp., Burlington Cy., N. ]. 29 Apr.. 5.
13, 20 May.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL X!.\\S 9

Along sandy roads in a typical pine-barren area, the follow-
ing species were found in the spring: Goinphaesclnnt jitrcillata,
Cordulcgastcr maculatns, Tetragoneuria scuiiaqnca, and Libel-
lula deplttnata, scinifasciata, and lydia. Nearby was a wide
variety of habitats including deep streams, swamps, sphagnum
bogs, sand pits, ditches, and small ponds. Most of the dragon-
flies, however, were found along the roads and in clearings
among the pines, rather than these aquatic situations.

UPTON PONDS, Pemberton Twp., Burlington Cy., N. J. 20

May. 24, 29, 30 June, 8, 22 July. 12 Aug.

At two small artificial ponds near the railroad at Upton,
thirty-six 'species of dragonflies were collected. The locality
and the collections made there are being described in detail in
another paper. Among the most interesting species are Anax
lonyipcs, Nannotlicinis bclla, CclitJiciuis inartJw, C. ornata, Li-
bclliila dcphuuitti, L. u ripcnnis, Leucorrhinia jri(/idd, \clni-
Ii'iinid integricollis, Enallagina dircH/uns, R. pi~ti?in, E. double-
dayi, and E. traviatuin.
WESTTOWN LAKE, Westtown Twp., Chester Cy., Penna. 3

Sept.

This artificial pond of ten or twelve acres is used extensively
for fishing, boating, and swimming. The banks' are wooded in
most places but the shoreline is constantly disturbed by fisher-
men during the summer. On 3 September, the following spe-
cies were collected or seen: Dromogomphus spinosits, Peri-
flicinis doinita, Libcllnla luctiioso and lydia, Sympetrum rubi-
ciiiidulinn, Argia apicalis, A. violacca, Enallagino signatuin
and c.vsnlans, and Ischniira 1'crticalis. On a small stream at
the outlet of the lake Agrion macnlatnm, Hctacrina amcrlciuni,
Argia violacca, and Enallagma c.vsulans were collected.

WHITESBOG, Pemberton Twp., Burlington Cy., N. J. 29 Apr.,

20 May, 24, 29 June. 8, 22 July, 12 Aug.

Dragonflies were collected in the cranberry bogs, along nearby
streams, and at a small pond beside the general store. Occur-
ring at the drainage ditches of the bogs were Progouif<hns ob-
sciirns, Libcllnla cyanca and jlai'ida, Pachydiplax longipennis,
Lestes I'/i/ila.v, .Iryia violac-ea, and Jschnitra posita.

10 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jail., '46

Elsewhere, in and near the bogs, Dorocordnlia lepida, Nanno-
tliemis bella, CcJithemis elisa and martha, Libcllnla deplanata
and semifasciata, Sympetrmn I'icinwn, Leucorrhinia intacta,
Nehalennia gracilis, Enallagma pictnm, Isclmnra posita and
Verticalis, and Anomalagrion hastatum were captured or ob-
served. Gomphus e.vilis, Agrion maculatum, and Argia vio-
lacca were found along nearby cedar-stained streams.

WYOLA, Newtown Twp., Delaware Cy., Penna. 26 Apr., 17.

22, 25, 29 May, 6 June.

Dragonflies were collected in four or five acres of woodland
about two miles north of Newtown Square, Penna. There
were many fallen beech and oak trees in clearings in the woods
and about them, in sunlit spots, Gomphus Hindus, Lanthns par-
vulus, BasiaescJma janata, Cordulegastcr diastatops, Didynwps
transversa, and Libcllnla semifasciata were found. A very
small stream, fed by springs farther up in the woods, was the
only aquatic habitat in the collecting area.

(To be continued}

A New Phyllophaga from Alabama and Georgia
(Scarabaeidae : Coleoptera)

By O. L. CARTWRIGHT,* Clemson, South Carolina

It is a pleasure to name the following new species of Phyl-
lophaga after Prof. T. H. Hubbell of the University of Florida
who has collected this and so many other fine Coleoptera in the
southern states.

Phyllophaga hubbelli n. sp.

Holotype male. — Length 12.4 mm., width 5.3 mm. Elongate,
subcylindrical, parallel, shining, glabrous, castaneus, the head
darker and pronotum slightly darker than elytra. Antennae
8-jointed, club subequal to stem. Clypeus deeply emarginate,
sides arcuate, margin widely reflexed, suture impressed, angu-
late. surface with moderately coarse strong punctures separated

* Technical Contribution No. 125 from the South Carolina Agricultural
Experiment Station, Clemson, S. C.

Ivii, '46]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NKWS

by their diameters or less. Head two-thirds as wide as pro-
notum, similarly punctate, a few punctures densely crowded at
angle of suture, others less closely placed each side of these,
occiput with a medial smooth area and finer punctures each
side. Pronotum not quite three-fifths as long as wide, one-
third as long as elytra, evenly convex except for a shallow fovea
each side two-thirds the distance from median line and anterior
margin, sides weakly subangulate at middle, convergent in apical
half, slightly less than parallel to base, margins sparsely weakly
crenate fimbriate, anterior angles distinct, posterior sharply
right-angled, punctures slightly coarser than on head, separated
by one to three times their diameters, the median line im-
punctate. Elytra parallel, about two-thirds as wide as long ;
sutural costae strong, discal costae weak but distinct ; punctua-
tion slightly finer and closer than on pronotum. Mesosternum
evenly finely hairy punctate. Abdomen glabrous, very finely
sparsely punctate, flattened longitudinally, penultimate seg-
ment with a small posterior median triangular depression, the
low surrounding swelling finely granulate, terminal segment
with a wide smooth transverse anterior ridge interrupted medi-
ally, finely closely granulate posteriorly at middle. Pygidium
evenly convex, sparsely shallowly coarsely punctate. Both pos-
terior tibial spurs apparently movable, acute, short, the shorter
barely twice as long as wide and about one-fourth the length
of the longer, the latter narrow and acuminate. Tooth of claw
strong, two-thirds distance from apex. Aedeagus, Fig. 1.

FIG. 1. Phyllophaija hnbhclli Cart\vriL;ht
Four views of male aedeagus ; one of female genital ia

12 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '46

Allotype jcnialc. — Length 12 mm., width 5.6 mm. Club of
antennae equaling funicle in length, joints 3, 4, and 5 apparently
fused, abdomen evenly convex, posterior half of penultimate
and terminal segments finely setigerously punctate, pygidium
less convex and more sharply rounded apically, both spurs of
hind tibiae thin, slightly curved obtuse, otherwise similar to
male.

Holotypc and one male paratype collected 1.5 miles south of
Oxford, Calhoun County, ALABAMA, July 18, 1938, Hubbell
and Freauf. Allotype female taken on hickory, Summerville,
GEORGIA, August 4, 1937, P. W. Fattig. Paratype female taken
on red oak, Summerville, GEORGIA, August 4, 1937, P. W.
Fattig.

Holotype deposited in Museum of Zoology, University of
Michigan, paratype male in author's collection, allotype and
female paratype in M. W. Sanderson collection.

Phyllophaga hnbbclli though not so pallid a species, is allied
to P. longitarsis (Say) through somewhat similar genitalia and
other characters. The very short spur is not longer than ad-
joining spicules of the terminal fringe.

Ichneumonidae Notes l
By WILLIAM F. RAPP, JR.

Recently while reading Dr. Henry Townes' New Catalogue of
Nearctic Ichneumonidae - I found that I had notes on two items
which Doctor Townes was unable to locate. On page 424 of
Volume 1, he lists the type of Conocaluiua occidcntalis bolteri
(Cresson) (Trogns boltcri) as being in the Andrew Bolter Col-
lection and states that the Bolter Collection is missing. This
collection is at the Department of Entomology, University of
Illinois, Urbana. The type specimen was found in a drawer
containing the other Ichneumonidae, and has been removed to
a special drawer for type material. The specimen is in excel-
lent condition.

1 Contribution from the Department of Entomology, University cf
Illinois, Urbana, No. 253.

-Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 11.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 13

In Volume 2. page 483, the type of Encrosia ricrecki Hertzog
is reported as missing. Until September 1944, the specimen
was located in the private collection of Mr. P. H. Hertzog, The
Peddie School. Hightstown, New Jersey. Some time during
that month it was deposited in the insect collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. I examined the
specimen several years ago and at that time it was in excellent
condition.

Notice

Commission for the Study Commission pour 1'fitude des

of Damage caused to Dammages causes par la

Entomology by War. Guerre a la Entomologie.

HERBERT OSBORN
The Ohio Biological Survey

JEAN LECLERQ
Universite de Liege

To THE DIRECTORS OF ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORIES.
MUSEUMS AND INSTITUTIONS

Has your institution suffered loss from war :

1. By loss or damage to housing, apparatus, collections or
entomological hooks of value? Have you lost, entirely or in
part, noted collections ? Types ?

2. By expenditures or losses due to special means of protec-
tion for collections of special value such as "types"

3. Have you had to regret the loss or depletion of your scien-
tific personnel? Give the names of your collaborators who
have been killed, injured, imprisoned or deported.

To THE DIRECTORS OR EDITORS OF ENTOMOLOGICAL

PUBLICATIONS:

Have you, due to acts of war, had to interrupt publication of
your periodicals? Have any of your staff been killed due to
acts of war?

Reply to: M. Jean LeCler<|.

Universite de Liege, 17 Place Delcour,
Liege. Belgium.

14 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '46

Notes and News in Entomology

Under this heading we present, from time to time, notes, news, and
comments. Contributions from readers are earnestly solicited and will
be acknowledged when used.

Notes on Recent Opinions of the International Commis-
sion on Zoological Nomenclature. Between 1939 and the
end of 1945, The International Commission on Zoological No-
menclature issued 48 opinions upon which action had been taken
long prior to World War II but whose appearance had been
delayed for various reasons. Inasmuch as these opinions are
perused chiefly by specialists, and because their appearance dur-
ing the war years has undoubtedly caused them to be over-
looked or neglected in many cases, it may be of interest to
both taxonomic and economic entomologists to call attention to
action taken in cases where the names involved are familiar and
widely used. Characteristic of the opinions is the obvious de-
sire of the International Commission to avoid disturbing long-
accepted usage, particularly of names that are widely known
and used for large and common groups of species.

1 . Family names : With reference to the long standing con-
troversy of whether the accepted family name should be that
based on the oldest included genus, or on the oldest proposed
family name, the views of the Commission as expressed in
Opinion 133 (Oct., 1936) were even more clearly outlined in
Opinion 141 (Jan. 30, 1943). The Commission reaffirmed the
official position that the oldest available generic name "need not
be taken as the type genus of the family." The use of any
generic name in forming the name of a family automatically
constitutes the designation of the familiotype, or type genus
for that family.

2. Decisions were rendered on the official form of certain
family names :

a. The family founded on Mcropc (Neuroptera) is Me-
ropeidae, and that on M crops (Birds) is Meropidae, thus avoid-
ing similarity in the forms of two existing family names (Opin-
ion 140).

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 15

b. The family name of the lace bugs is Tingidae. rather
than Tingitidae, Tingididae, or Tingiidae (Opinion 143).

3. A number of familiar generic names in entomology, many
of them the basis of well known family or subfamily names, have
been placed on the "Official List of Generic Names in Zoology"
in their commonly used and generally known meaning. In
many cases, "suspension of the rules" was required in order to
avoid the confusion and lack of uniformity that would have
resulted by strict application of the rules of nomenclature :

ORTHOPTERA (sens, lat.) : Gryllotalpa Latr. (Gryllotal-
pidae, mole crickets), Hemimerus \Yalk. (Hemimeridae), Lab I a
Leach (Labiidae, earwigs), Mautis L. (Mantidae, praying
mantis), Myrmecophilus Berth. (Myrmecophilinae, ant-loving
crickets), Ocdipoda Latr. (Oedipodinae, grasshoppers), Steno-
pcliiwtns Burm. (Stenopelmatidae, sand crickets), and Tridacty-
Ins Oliv. (Tridactylidae, pigmy mole crickets), all in Opinion
149; Locnsta L. (Locustidae, grasshoppers), in Opinion 158.
In the last named, under Suspension of the Rules the genotype
was declared to be the Old World migratory locust, Locnsta
inigrotoria (L.). The name is therefore proper for the short-
horned grasshoppers, rather than for the katydids and their
relatives.

LEPIDOPTERA: Morpho Fab. (Morphoidae), Hclicopis
Fab., and Pontia Fab. (butterflies), in Opinion 137; Satyrus
Latr. (Satyridae, grayling and meadow brown butterflies), in
Opinion 142; C alias Fab. (sulphur butterflies, common alfalfa
butterfly), in Opinion 146; Vanessa Fab. (red admiral and
other butterflies), in Opinion 156; and An/yiuiis Fab. (fritillary
butterflies), in Opinion 161.

HYMENOPTERA: Ccpluts Latr. (Cephidae, wheat stem
sawflies), and Astata Latr. (Astatidae. sphecoid wasps), in
Opinion 139; Crabra Fab. (Crabronidae, crabronid wasps),
and Ciitihc.v Oliv. (Cimbicidae, cimbicid sawflies), in Opinion
144; Lasiiis Fab. (common genus (if ants), and Anthophora
Latr. ( Anthophoridae, hairy flower bees), in Opinion 151 ;
Bethylus Latr. (Bethylidae, bethylid wasps), and Dryinns Latr.
(Dryinidae, dryinid wasps), in Opinion 153; *Toryiiuts Dal-

16 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '46

man (Torymidae. seed chalcids), in Opinion 155 (the name
Calliinoinc Spin., cf. Callimomidae. for the same group, is re-
jected in this Opinion) ; Crvptus Fah. (Cryptinae, ichneumon
wasps), Arge Schrank (Argidae, sawflies), and Diprion
Schrank (Diprionidae, sawflies), in Opinion 157; ^Ichneumon
L. (Ichneumonidae), *Pimpla Fab. (Pimplinae), and *Ephialtcs
Grav. (all ichneumon wasps), in Opinion 159; *Bracon Fab.
(Braconidae, braconid wasps), in Opinion 162; *Poinpilus Fab.
(Pompilidae. the spider wasps), in Opinion 166 (the name
Psaininocliai'cs Latr., cf. Psammocharidae, for the same group,
is suppressed in this Opinion). — CURTIS W. SABROSKY.

On directing the flight of bees. No insect had been so
much studied as has the honey bee, no insect has been the sub-
ject of so much discussion, of so many books and articles. Yet
there is still a great deal to be learned. For example, it was
not until the year 1923 that the significance of a peculiar
"dance" of the bees became known, a "dance" consisting of
certain shaking and circling movements that bees, individually,
perform on the combs. Although quite commonly observed
and frequently remarked on by beekeepers, it required, finally,
the work of Karl von Frisch, one of the really outstanding biol-
ogists of to-day, to solve this age-old riddle along with that
other problem of how a bee informs its hive-mates of a newly
found source of food.1

It may be recalled that in one of his earlier papers 2 von
Frisch had demonstrated that bees readily distinguish the scents
of various flowers from each other. This ability plays an im-

* Cases where objection was voiced by a group of American taxono-
mists, and where usage is not uniform in the American literature.

1 K. v. Frisch, 1923, Uber die "Sprache" der Bienen. Zool. Jahrb.
Abt. allg. Zool. u. Physiol. 40: 1-186. (Also in book form, Jena, 1923.)

A lecture on the subject, by Professor von Frisch, was printed under
the title, "The language of bees," in Science Progress, vol. 32, July 1937
and reprinted in the Anual Report Smithsonian Inst. for 1938, pp. 423-431.

- K. v. Frisch, 1919, Uber den Geruchsinn der Bienen und seine bliiten-
biologische Bedeutung. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. allg. Zool. u. Physiol. 37 : 1-
238. (In book form, Jena, 1919.)

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL XE\VS 17

portant role in the means of communication within the hive. i.e..
in the "language" of the hees.

When a bee has found a good source of nectar, that hee will
spread the news of the discover}' to her hive-mates by means of
these circling ''dances" that she performs on the combs. These
dance performances attract the attention of the other bees to
the discoverer and to the flower scent that clings to her body.
Thus the hive-mates are "told" that there is a nectar-source
with the particular odor and they are persuaded to search until,
finally, all the blossoms having that odor and within the fl:ght
range of the hive are being exploited for nectar.3

A few years later, in 1927, von Frisch suggested that this
phenomenon might have a practical application. If, for example,
a few bees are fed sugar solution in the presence of the scent of
red clover blossoms (by placing a little dish with the sugar on a
layer of blossoms covered by a coarse screen), these bees will,
by means of their "dances." stir up many others in the hive to
go out and search for the clover scent and thus come to fre-
quent the clover fields. This idea was put to use by the Rus-

3 This behavior of bees is easily demonstrated by the following experi-
ment, after von Frisch. Near a bee hive, set up a feeding station con-
sisting of a watch-glass containing sugar solution (equal parts sugar and
water) and resting upon a filter-paper covered piece of cardboard upon
which has been placed several drops of oil of bergamot or other available
essential oil. Now start a dozen bees from the hive feeding at this station
and allow them to return to the hive again and again, meantime keeping
the watch-glass filled. After the feeding is under way, place upon the
grass, in a different direction from the hive and about 150 feet distant, a
number of similar cardboards but without solution. These may be placed
about 6 feet apart. One of the cards should be scented with oil of
bergamot, as is the training card, the others with other scents such as
oil of melissa and oil of fennel. Professor von Frisch permitted only the
original 12 bees (marked) to visit the sugar and removed any newcomers.
In the first hour of the experiment 216 bees visited the baitless bergamot
card, only 3 visited the fennel card and a single bee the melissa card. 1 1
more bees are allowed to feed at the training station and if the time of
training is extended the number of visitors to unbaited cards having the
same scent will be correspondingly more striking. In the event that
there is a heavy honey flow at the time the experiment is tried there may
be difficulty in interesting the bees in the sugar solution at the trainin-
station.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '46

sians, beginning about 1936. In order to encourage the flight
of bees to the red clover fields to improve the seed crop, the
Russian practice is to soak clover blossoms in the sugar solution
that is used in training the bees. The solution is fed within the
hives and at night, in order not to incite "robbing." Recently,4
von Frisch has been checking the results obtainable by the
Russian method against those gotten by his own original method
as well as with several modifications. Preliminary work indi-
cates that both methods work well with clover but that the out-
door training method is more economical of sugar. However,
not all flowers will impart their scent to a sugar solution ; rape
is a case in point and the blossoms themselves must be used for
training. Also to be noted is that the training scent must be
identical with the flower scent, not merely similar. Oil of
thyme, for example, is useless for training bees to visit thyme.

These methods of directing the flight of bees to certain plants
by training them to the scent are useful, reportedly, in increasing
bee visits to plants that would otherwise be relatively neglected
by reason of poor nectar secretion or competition with other
plants. The aim, generally, is to secure more effective cross-
pollination. During a heavy nectar flow from some dominant
honey plant it may not be possible to train bees to a lesser
source. However, success may even then be achieved by the
use of colonies containing many young bees that have not yet
begun to gather nectar.

The method may also be used to persuade bees to visit flowers
that are without odor. In one case bees were trained by feeding
100 cc. of sugar solution to which one drop of oil of lavender
had been added. About 30 drops of the same oil were distrib-
uted here and there on the blossoms of a nearby potato field.
During the first hour of training 36 bees were counted on the
field although before the training began no bees at all could be
found. They visited not only the flowers to which the oil had
been applied but searched diligently wherever the air was

4 K. v. Frisch, 1943, Versuche liber die Lenkung des Bienenfluges durch
Duftstoffe. Die Natunvissenschaften 31: 445-460. (The footnotes and
literature in this paper refer to ca. 20 papers and books on training bees
for pollination. Most are in Russian.)

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 19

scented. Only rarely, however, did a bee actually try to suck-
nectar from a blossom. Thus, although the method will direct
bees to blossoms, visits that are really effective from the stand-
point of pollination cannot be secured in the absence of yield.

German experiments on red clover in two different localities
also illustrate this point. At Poing, directive pre-training was
unsuccessful in establishing bee visits to. the clover, while at
Markt Schwaben. 4 km. distant, visits were increased 22-fold.
It was found that at Markt Schwaben the corolla tubes averaged
7.16 mm. in length; at Poing 8.08 mm. Thus, the tubes at
Poing were 0.9 mm. longer and the nectar probably out of reach.
The average amount of nectar per flower was about the same, or
slightly greater at Poing, being 0.030 mg. per flower per 24
hours as compared with 0.023 mg.

Other results of the training are that the bees may be made
to begin work on a given species of plant sooner, that they will
work more intensively and may extend their working hours.
Some beekeepers have reported an increase in honey production
and there should be a better seed crop. — R. G. SCHMIEDER.

A New Entomological Publication. In December. 1945,
there appeared No. 1 of Vol. I of a new Japanese entomological
periodical, THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NIPPON LEPIDOPTERO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY. It is published in Kyoto and its editor is
Yoshio Okada. Unfortunately for foreign lepidopterists, the
papers in the first number are in Japanese, with no English
summaries. The following conditions are listed regarding the
Transactions (transl.) :

"1) The Transactions are issued irregularly throughout the
year. Each volume will contain 4 parts. 2) The price of
each volume (10 yen) should be paid in advance. 3) Manu-
scripts are limited to papers written or introduced by members.
4) Manuscripts are accepted only on the subject of Lepidop-
terology. 6) All manuscripts should be sent to the editor:
Yoshio Okada, Yanagida-cho, Saga, Kyoto."

The Society appears to be newly organized and plans to
publish literature on Lepidoptera in addition to the periodical
Transactions. The charter membership list of 86 men includes

20 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '46

such names as Sugitani and Shirozu, indicative of support from
such recognized authorities on Japanese Lepidoptera.

The editor, Mr. Okada, is a very young man just entering
his twenties, but he appears to lie an enthusiastic lepidopterist
of precocity and ability. The first number of the Transactions
contains 26 pages. The five papers and two notes are all from
the brushes of Mr. Okada and his brother. Mr. Torii, including
a translation from TENTHREDO of Sibatani and Ito's revision of
"the so-called genus Zcphynts." The first paper is on Jap-
anese species of Coenonympha, with the description of a new
subspecies from a type series of six specimens, and with an
excellent photograph of the holotype. The second paper re-
vises the Erebia niphonica group in the "Japanese Empire,"
describing two new subspecies based mainly on differences of
the male genitalia. These genitalic differences are clearly fig-
ured. In this first number of the Transactions, Mr. Okada
does an astounding and heartening thing. He describes an
aberrant form of a Glaucopsychc and two aberrant forms of
Oeneis, and actually refrains from creating a new name for
them. American lepidopterists may note with perhaps some
horror this heretic in their field of interest !

The first criticism of this first number unfortunately holds
true for most Japanese entomological literature : there are nu-
merous misspellings among the scientific terms and names
printed in Roman type. To be regretted is the absence of Con-
gress language summaries, even of the descriptions of new sub-
species. Many Japanese periodicals usually carry these sum-
maries and thus make the papers available to foreign scientists.
If this new publication were in English it would be of consider-
able interest to American lepidopterists, and if future members
carry such clear illustrations, they alone may make the periodi-
cal useful to us.

All of Japan's important entomological serials ceased publi-
cation during the War: INSECTA MATSUMURANA, KONTYU,
MUSHI, TRANSACTIONS KANSAI ENT. Soc., TENTHREDO, and
ZEPHYRUS. Thus, at present, the new Lepidoptera publication
is the only active Japanese entomological periodical. — CHARLES
L. REMINGTON, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.

Ivii, '46 1 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 21

Wheel-Bug vs. Japanese Beetle

By S. W. BROMLEY, Ph.D.. Bartlett Tree Research
Laboratories, Stamford, Connecticut

In a very interesting article appearing in Entomological
News, vol. LVI, March 1945, page 67, Mr. E. T. Moul re-
ported on the wheel-hug as an enemy of the Japanese heetle in
York County, Pennsylvania. This confirmed some observa-
tions made by Mr. Herman S. Porter of Orange, New Jersey.
On August 2, 1945, Mr. Porter w-rote to me regarding the oc-
currence of the wheel-bug on the estate of Miss Doris Duke at
Somerville, New Jersey, as follows :

"The superintendent's son, Mr. Russell Shafer, was telling
me about an insect that killed so many Japanese beetles and he
took me over to the linden trees to show me the evidence.

"Each tree had hundreds of dead beetles beneath- it and I
immediately asked if -any spraying had been done, as I suspected
that this was more than the work of the wheel-bug. His re-
sponse was in the negative, so I could only draw the conclusion
that the wheel-bugs were the killers. I have never seen wheel-
bugs so numerous elsewhere and they certainly should be de-
veloped as a beetle control if what I observed had no other
limiting factor.

"Another story that Mr. Shafer told me was of the work of
these insects in killing Japanese beetles on a vine (I do not
remember the kind) on his porch. He said that one could sit
on the porch and see the beetles fall."

Personals

University of Wisconsin. — Dr. Robert J. Dicke has been
appointed assistant professor in research and teaching and began
his work January 23. He has just completed four years as a
naval officer on malaria control. Mr. E. H. Fisher joined the
staff as extension entomologist. He was formerly with Stokely
Foods. Dr. J. T. Medler began lii> duties as assistant profes-
sor, January 1. 1(!46. He was formerly a naval officer on ma-
laria control. Promotions include Dr. T. (". Allen from asso-
ciate professor to professor, and Dr. J. 11. Lilly from assistant
professor to associate professor.

22 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '46

Current Entomological Literature

COMPILED BY CHARLES HODGE IV, EDWIN T. MOUL,
MAURICE E. PHILLIPS AND HENRY K. TOWNES JR.

This list gives references of the current or preceding year unless otherwise noted.
Continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installment.

NOTE: The figures within brackets [ ] refer to the journal in which the paper ap-
peared, as numbered in the List of Journals given at the end of the literature. The num-
ber of the volume, and in some cases, the part, heft, &c. is followed by a colon (:).
References to papers containing new forms or names not so stated in titles are followed
by (*); if containing keys are followed by (k): papers pertaining exclusively to Neo-
tropical species, and not so indicated in the title, have the symbol (S).

Papers published in ENTOMOLOGICAL XE\VS are not listed.

GENERAL — Baptist, B. A. — Control of insect pests by
Agricultural methods. [Tropical Agriculturist] 101 : 13—17,
1945. Beilmann, A. P. — Some fungus diseases and insects
of -evergreens. [Mo. Bot. Garden Bull.] 33: 221-223, 1945.
Bess, H. A. — Influence of natural mortality factors on insect
survival. [7] 38: 472-481. Blanchard, E. E.— Insects and
nematodes of tobacco. [13] 1, no. 1. Brues, Charles T.—
The future of Entomology. [90] 80: 19-21. Champlain,
A. B.— Classified collections of insects. [17] 19: 26-30.
Dendy, J. S. — Fate of animals in stream drift when carried
into lakes. [27] 14: 333-357. Eddy, B.— Let us take a look
at insects in Winter. [Animal Kingdom] 48: 176-181.
Eyndhoven, G. L. Van. — In Memoriam Dr. A. C. Oude-
mans. 12 Nov. 1858-14 Jan. 1943. [101] 86: 1-56, 1943.
Frost, S. W.— Teaching Entomology. [17] 19: 30-33, 1945.
Gardner, J. C. M. — A note on the insect borers of Bamboos
and their control. [Indian Forest Bull.] 125: 1-17, 1945.
Goldschmidt, R. B. — Mimetic polymorphism ; a controver-
sial chapter of Darwinism. (Concluded.) [Quart. Rev. of
Biology] 20: 205-230, ill., 1945. Guyton, T~. L.— A sym-
posium on insect problems in Pa. Introduction. [17] 19:
24-26, 1945. Haber, V. R. — Insects in relation to public
health. [17] 19: 35-38, 1945. Nabours, R. K.— Derivation
of Hymenoptera. [7] 38: 457. Pepper, J. O. — Insect con-
trol in Pa. [17] 19: 33-34, 1945. Sorenson, C. J.— A pre-
liminary study of cattle grubs in northern Utah. | Farm
& Home Science] 6: 11-12. Starcke, A. — Definition of
species, subspecies, variety and aberration. [58] 11 : 40-48.
Stabler, R.— Insect mounts. | Turtox Newsl 24: 23-24.
Watson, J. R.— Bayard Franklin Floyd. [39] 28: 39.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NK\VS

Weiss, H. B. — Early entom. ideas and practices in Amer-
ica. [6] 53: 309-308.

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, MEDICAL— Andre, M.

-Hibernation in Tetranycha. [131] 14: 57-61. Begg, M.
& Hogben, L. — Chemoreceptivity of Drosophila melam<-
gaster. [108] 133: 1-19. Barendrecht, G.— On gynando-
morphy in Osmia rufa L. [58] 11 : 146-147. Cook, W. C.
-Vitality of beet leafhopper on favorable and unfavorable
host plants. [84] 27: 37-46. David, M. — Action of col-
chicine and acenaphthene on spermatogenesis of Orthoptera
of the genus Stauroderus Boh. [5] 221 : 185-186. Davis,
M. B. — The effect of population density on longevity in
Trogoderma versicolor Crentz. [84] 26: 353-362. Fernald,
H. F. — A colony of solitary wasps. [7] 38: 458— 1-60. Ham-
nett, G. G. — An investigation into the life-history and
morphology of Phaedon cochleariae F. [93] 114: 368-381,
ill. Haskins & Enzman. — Occurrence of impaternate fe-
males in the Formicidae. [6] 53 : 263-277. Henson, H.—
Theoretical aspects of insect metamorphosis. [2] 21 : 1-15
Hickin, N. E. — Mode of entry of contact insecticides. [31]
156: 753-754, 1945. Hovanitz, W.— Effects of genetic and
environmental variations on Colias populations. [7] 38:
482-502. Jones, E. T. & Piper, P. A.— Insect photography
with limited equipment. [65] 47: 275-282, ill. Krishna-
murthi & Rao. — Media for rearing Rice moth (Corcyra
cephalonica St.) in work on the egg-parasite Trichogramma
minutum R. [H] 14: 252-253. Kullenberg, B.— Genitalia
of Lygus pratensis (L.) (Hemiptera). [28] 62: 177
Light, S. F. & Illig, P. L. — Rate and extent of development
of neotenic reproductives in groups of nymphs of termite
genus Zootermopsis. [67] 53: 1-40. Lohmander, Hans.-
Vorlaufige Spinnennotizen. [83] 35A : no. 16. 1-21. Mac-
Swain, J. W. — Nesting habits of Andrena rhodotricha
Linsley. [55] 21: 134. Marshall, W. S.— Rectal sac of
Melanoplus femur-rubrum DeG. [7] 38: 461-471. Mat-
thee, J. J. — Biochem. differences between solitary and gre-
garious phases of locusts and noctuids. [22] 36: 343-371.
Park, Thomas. — Life tables for tin- I'.lack Flour Beetle,
Tribolium madens Charp. [90] 79: 436-444. Poisson &
Patay. — A propos de la destruction des insectes parasites
par des matieres "inertes." [4] 16: 123-126, 1939. Querci
& Romei. — Effects of the reflected solar radiation on in-
sects. [39] 28: 36-38. Rau, P.— Longevity as a factor in
psychic evolution. [7] 38: 503-504. Richards & Cutkomp.

-Neuropathology in insects. [6] 53:313-355. Ris, Hans.

-The structure of meiotic chromosomes in the gnis>hop-
per. [92] 89: 242-256, ill. Scott, T. L.— Bee anatomy.

24 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '46

(Microscope and Entomological Monthly] 5: 277-281, ill.,
1945. Talbot, M. — Fluctuations in activity of ants. [84]
27: 65-70. Tauber, O. E. & Bruce, W. N.— Preliminary
studies of starvation — Pyrausta nubilalis. [81] 20: 53-55.
Tauber, A. H., Joyce, C. R. & Tauber, O. E.— Further tox-
icity studies with the dog tick Dermacentor variabilis
(Say). [81] 19: 429-433. Thomas, M.— Instinct in spiders.
[3] 41 : 199-206. Torres, B. A. — Cicadas injurious to agri-
culture (Argentina). [13] 1, no. 4. Webb, J. E.— On the
respiratory mechanism of Melophagus ovinus L. (Diptera).
[93] 115: 218-250. ill. Williams, C. M.— Continuous anes-
thesia for insects. [68] 103: 57-58. Yeager & Munson.—
Survival time in poisoned roaches. [7] 38: 559-600.
Yeager & Munson. — Physiological evidence of a site of
action of DDT in an insect. [68] 102: 305-307.

ARACHNIDA AND MYRIOPODA— Baker, E. W.-
Scheloribates chauhani. a new species of oribatid mite from
India (Acarina : Ceratozetidae). [91] 35 : 386^388, ill.. 1945.
Braendegaard, J. — I. Spiders (Araneina) from northeast
Greenland between Lats. 70° 25' & 76° 50' N. II. On the
possibility of a reliable determination of species of the fe-
males of the genus Erigone. [Meddelelser Om Greenland]
125: 5-31. ill., 1940 (*). Buitendijk, A. M.— Voorloopige
catalogus van de Acari in de collectie — Oudermans. [ 18]
24: 281-391. ill., 1945. Corr, W. H.— Truth about scorpions.
[15] 60: 80-86. Chamberlin & Ivie. — Nearctic mygalo-
morph' spiders. [7] 38: 549-558 (*). Cooley, R. A.-
Ixodes tovari. a new species from Mexico. [55] 21 : 144-
148. Exline, H. — Spielers of genus Conopistha from Peru
and Ecuador. [7] 38: 505-528 (*). Hoff, C. C.— Pseudo-
scorpions from North Carolina. [89] 64: 311-327. ill.,
1945 (*). Lundblad, O.— New and little known Hydra-
carina from South America. [28] 65: 135-162. Mello-
Leitao, A. de. — New species of gen. Pyenogonium Briin-
nich. 1764. [32] no. 42. Thomas, M. — (See Anatomy,
etc.) Tragardh, I. — Comparative morphology and phylog-
eny of the Mesostigmata. [28] 62: 169- 176. Tragardh,
I.— Classification of Uropodida. [28] 65: 173-185. Van
Riper, W. — Jumping spiders. [15] 54 : 467, ill. Van Riper,
W. — How strong is the trapdoor spider? [15] 60: 70-71.
Vergani, A. R. — Transmission of "Lepra explosiva" of the
orange. (Argentina.) [13] 1. no. 3. Wallis, O. L.—
Okinawan trapdoor spiders. [15] 60: 68-69.

THE SMALLER ORDERS— DerWerf, G. J. van.— Een
onbekend Trichopterenlarfje Orthotrichia angustella. [ 101 ]
86: 83-85, ill., 1943. Dias dos Santos, N.— Contrib. to
knowledge of fauna of Sao Paulo. I. Genus Dythemis

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 25

Hagen. [32] no. 40 (*). Kruseman, Jr., G. — Voorloopige
Naamlijst van Nederlandsche Psocoptera, benevens van die.
welke in het aangrenzende gebrid gevonden zijn (4 de
mededeeling over Psocoptera). [101] 86: 94-97, 1943
Montgomery, B. E. — Dist. and relative seasonal abundance
of the Indiana species of Cordulidae and Libellulidae.
(Odonata.) [Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci.] 54: 217-224, 1944.
Ricker, W. E. — A first list of Indiana Stoneflies (Plecop-
tera). [Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci.] 54: 225-230, 1944. San-
tos, N. D. dos. — Contribuiqao ao conhecimento da fauna de
Pirassununga, estado de Sao Paulo. I. Genero Dythemis
Hagen, com a descricao de duas especies novas e notas
sobre outras especies. (Libellulidae: Odonata.) [32] 40:
1-11, ill., 1945 (*). Watson, J. R.— Ecological and geo-
graphic distribution of the Thysanoptera of the Geenton.
[39] 28: 33-36. Werneck, F. "L.— Os Tricodectideos dos
Roedores. [Ill] 42: 85-150 (*). Wright, M.— Dragon-
flies predaceous on the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L)..
[39] 28: 31-32.

HEMIPTERA— Carvalho, J. C. M.— Mirideos neotropi-
cais, generos Diaphinidia Uhler, Hyaliodes Renter, Hyalio-
docoris Knight, Sinervus Stal et Spartacus Distant, com
descricoes de especies novas. [32] 36: 1-79, ill., 1945.
Carvallio, J. C. M. — Mirideos Neotropicais XVI. Revisao
do genero Garganus Sta. (Hemip.). [32] 45: 1-15. ill.,
1945. Cook, W. C. — Beet leafhopper (see Anatomy, etc.).
DeLong, D. M. — New genus — Retusanus — and five new
species of Mexican leafhoppers. [55] 21 : 135-140. Drake
& Hambleton. — Concerning Neotropical Tingitidae. [91]
35: 356-367 (*). Fennah, R. G.— The Cixiini of the Lesser
Antilles. [95] 58: 133-146. ill. (*k). Ferris & Usinger.-
American Polyctenidae. [55] 21: 121-124 (*). Ghani, A.
N. — Studies on cotton Jassid (Empoasca devastatus Dis-
tant) in the Punjab. VII : Age of leaf and Jassid suscepti-
bility. [Proc. Indian Acad. Science] 22: 219-224. 1945.
DeCoursey & Hofmaster. — Some factors affecting the in-
secticidal action of Pyrethrum extracts on the beet leaf-
hopper. [47] 71 : 553-565, 1945. Holgersen, H.— Norske
sikadee I. [Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene]
205-218, ill.. 1944. Huckett, H. C.— Timing rotenone ap-
plications for control of the pea aphid on Long Island, with
special reference to mosaic incidence. [N. V. S. Agric. xp.
Station] Bull. 713: 3-30. ill.. 1945. Kurd, M. P.- \ mono-
graph of the genus Corythaica Stal. [81] 20: 79-99. ill. (k).
Kullenberg, B.— (See "Anat.. etc.). Mansilla, E. E. L.-
Phylloxera (see Anat.. etc.). Poisson, R.— Notes Eauniques
sur les Hemipteres aquatiques des mares, lacs et tourbieres

26 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '46

des environs de Besse-en-Chandesse (Puy-de-Dome). Re-
marque sur la distribution geographique de Micronecta
poweri Dgl. et Scott. [4] 16: 127-132, 1939. Rakshpal, R.
—Mustard-aphid (Rhopalosiphum pseudobrassicae Da-
vis). [11] 14: 272-273. Sleesman, G. B— Coccidae or
scale insects of Pa. [17J 19: 43-48, 1945. Torres, B. A.-
Cicadas (see Anat., etc.). Watson, J. R. — White flies on
gardenias. [39] 28: 30-31.

LEPIDOPTERA— Barros, A. R. do R.— Contribuicoes
ao estudo da familia Arctiidae. (Lepidoptera : Heterocera.)
[32] 38: 1-11. ill., 1945. Bryk, Felix.— Uber die Schmetter-
lingsausbeute der Schwedischen wissenschaftlichen Expe-
dition nach Patagonien 1932-1934. [83] 36A : no. 3. 1-30,
ill. (S). Chermock, R. L. — Notes on life histories of some
Floridian butterflies. [ 17 j 19: 40-43, ill., 1945. Chermock
& Chermock. — Two new races of North American butter-
flies. [17] 19: 38-40, 1945. D'Almeida, R. F.— Novos
Ithomiidae da fauna Brasileira. (Lepidoptera: Rhopalo-
cera.) [32] 39: 1-13, ill. (*). Eisner, C.— 1st im Genus
Parnassius Saison-Dimorphismus anzutreffen? [18] 23:
44-46, ill., 1941. Eisner, C. — Einige Ergebuisse der Sich-
tung der Gattungen Melitaea und Argynnis in Rijksmuseum
Van Natuurlijke Historic, Leiden. [18] 24: 116-124, 1942
(*). Fisher, K. J.— Colias, migrating in U. S. A. [107J
20: 107-109. Freeman, H. A. — A new form of Hesperia
metea Scudder from Texas. [Field & Laboratory] 12:
20-22. Freeman, H. A. — Further notes on the Hesperoidea
of Dallas County, Texas. [Field & Laboratory] 12: 56-58.
Gadd & Fonseka. — (See under Hymenoptera.) Goldfinch,
G. M. — Notes on Australian Boarmiidae and Oenochormi-
dae (Lepidoptera) with description of new species. [16]
69: 189-197. 1944. Goncalves et Silva Cruz.— Lepidopteros
de Portugal Coleccionados por Alfredo W. Tait. [Bro-
teria] 14: 177-187, 1945. Goodson, F. W.— New species of
American Theclinae in British Museum. |9] 78: 169-171.-
Hovanitz. — Colias (see Anat., etc.). Jones, F. M. — Platoe-
ceticus Packard, and a remarkable new species of the genus.
(Lepidoptera: Psychidae.) [1] 71: 99-124. ill. (*).
Knaben, N. — De norske artene av slekta Toxocampa Guen.
(Noctuidae.) [Bergens Museums Arbok] 1939/40. Heft
1. Nr. 6. 1-15. Lempke, B. J. — Catalogus der Nederland-
sche Macrolepidoptera VI. |101] 84:^276-350, ill., 1941.
Lempke, B. J. — Catalogus der Nederlandsche Macrolepi-
doptera VII. [101] 85: 72-143, ill. Martin, K.— Schmet-
terlinge von Madeira. [18] 23: 1-12, 1941. Murthi & Rao.
—Alternate media for large-scale rearing of the rice moth
— Corcyra cephalonica St. — in the work of mass-production

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 27

of the egg-parasite Trichogramma minutum R. (11] 14:
252-253, ill., 1945. Musgrave, A. — Some butterflies of Aus-
tralia and the Pacific. Swallowtails II. [Aus. Museum
Mag.] 8: 421-424, ill., 1945. Olsen, H.— Blitzing the hem-
lock looper. [Nature, Wash.] 39: 34-36, ill. Opheim, M.
-Forteguelse over Macrolepidoptera, saerlig fra Vest-
lanclet og Trondelagen. jBer_,ens Museums Arbok.) 1938
Heft 2, Nr. 7; 1-14. Poisson, Abbage, Barbotin. — Sur une
migration de la Vanesse du Chardon Pyrameis cardui L.
en Bretagne. [4] 16: 116-118, 1939. " Rau, P.— Yucca
plant, Y. filamentosa and the Yucca moth, Tegeticula
(Pronuba) yuccasella Riley : An ecological-behavior study.
[Annal Mo' Bot. Garden]" 32: 373-394. Roepke, W.— On
the genera Dudusa Walk, and Tarsolepis Butl. in the
Dutch East Indies. (Lep., Het., Xotodontidae.) [101]
86: 77-83, ill., 1943 (*). Roepke, W.— On some new or
little known Indo-Malayan Xoctuids. (Lepid., Heter.,
family Agrotidae.) [18]' 23: 13-30, ill., 1941 (*). Scott,
F. B. — Hawk moths of Darjeeling and Sikkim. | Jour.
Bengal Nat. Hist. Soc.] 20: 62-71. ill. (k). Turner, A. J.-
Re vision of Australian Lepidoptera Oecophoridae XII.
[16] 69: 253-273, 1944 (*). Van de Pol, P. H.— Investiga-
tions concerning the Androconia of certain Satyridae, in
particular of Cpenonympha pamphilus L. [101] 86: 91-94,
ill., 1943. Vari, L. — Anacampsis betulinella, a new species
of the Gelechiadae. [101] 84: 351-355, ill. Wahlgren, E.-
Individual variability in Papilio machaon machaon L.
[29] 7: 1-9. Watso'n, J. R. — A new host for Composia
fidelissima vagrans Bates. (Lepidoptera.) [39] 28: 29.
Wilson, G. F. — The leopard moth. [Jour. Royal Hort.
Soc.] 70: 148-150.

DIPTERA — Addis, C. J. — Collection and preservation of
-andflies (Phlebotomus ) with keys to U. S. species. (Dip-
tera: Psychodidae.) [89] 64: 328-332, ill.. 1945. Albu-
querque, D. de O. — Descricao do Alotipo Macho de Fannia
petrochiae Shannon and del Ponte, 1926 e notas sobre a
femea. (Diptera: Muscidae. ) [32] 41: 1-4, ill.. 1945.
Albuquerque, D. de O. — Sobre Fannia trimaculata (Stein,
1897) Malloch 1913. (Diptera: Muscidae.) |32| 34: 1-11.
ill., 1945. Alexander, C. P. — Xew or little-known Tipulidae
-Neotropical species. |75] 12: 234-264; 390-419 (S).
Alexander, C. P. — Xeotropical crane-flies. [6] 53: 279-292
(*). Audcent, H. L. F. — Addition to Bristol Insect Fauna
(Diptera) since 1942. [Proc. Bristol Xat. Soc.] 27: 46-48.
Audcent, H. L. F. — Addition to Bristol insect fauna (Dip-
tera) since 1939. | Proc. Bristol Xat. Soc.] 9: 381-385.
Begg & Hogben. — Drosophila (sec Anat., etc.). Cerqueira

28 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '46

& Lane. — Note on Haemagogus capricornii Lutz. [10] 47:
279-288. Davis, D. E. — Annual cycle of plants, mosquitoes,
birds and mammals in two Brazilian forests. [27] 15: 243-
295, ill., 1945. deMeijere, J. C. H. — Over de metamorphose
vau Metopia leucocephala Rossi, Cacoxenus indagator Low,
Palloptera saltuum L.. Paranthomyza nitida Mg. en Hy-
drellia nigripes Zett. (Diptera.) [101] 86: 57-61, ill., 1943.
deMeijere, J. C. H. — Die Larven der Agromvzinen. [101]
86: 61-76, ill., 1943 (k). Goffe, E, R.— Type-species for
Meigen's "1800" genera in the Syrprnclae. [g] 81 : 241-248.
Harden, P. H. — Occurrence of Orthpodomyia alba Baker in
Louisiana. [14] 5: 131. Herman, C. M. — Nose bot fly of
deer. [Cal. Fish & Game] 32: 17-18, ill., 1946. Hill & Mc-
Dowell.— -Wyeomyia caracula Dyar & Nunez Tovar, descr.
of larva and pupa and redescr. of adult. [10] 47: 296-299.
James, Maurice T.- — A new larvaevorid parasite of the social
butterfly Eucheira socialis Westwood. [91] 35: 328-330,
ill. Lee, D. J. — Notes on Australian mosquitoes (Diptera;
Culicidae). V. Genus Armigeres and new species of Armi-
geres, Theobaldia and Culex. [16] 69: 215-225, ill., 1944.
Michener, C. D. — Seasonal variations in mosquitoes. [6]
53 : 293-300. Morlan, H. B. — Dengue fever mosquito con-
trol at Galveston, Texas. [Proc. & Tran. Texas Acad.
Science] 28: 112-117, 1944. Rapp, W. F., Jr.— New Psy-
chodidae from Barro Colorado Island. [6] 53: 309-312.
Rapp, W. F., Jr. — Pseudolutzomyia, new name for Lutzo-
myia Curran. [10] 47: 278. Rapp & Snow. — Catalog of
Apioceridae. [55] 21: 157-160. Roth, L. M. — Aberrations
and variations in anopheline larvae of the southeastern
United States. [10] 47: 257-278. Smart, J.— Classifica-
tion of Simuliidae. [36] 95: 463-532. Welch, E. V.-
Anopheles albimanus Wied in Florida. [14] 5: 145. Wise-
cup & Shillinger. — Observations on the abatement of pest
mosquitoes with DDT residual sprays. [39] 28: 27-29.
Wright, M. — See under Smaller Orders.

ORTHOPTERA— Ander, K.— Revision of Orthopteran
types oj. C. P. Thunberg. [28] 66: 155-162. Armer, Sister
J. M. — Influence of the diet of Blattidafe on some of their
intestinal Protozoa. [Proc. & Trans. Texas Acad. Science]
28: 93, 1944. Gunn, and others. — Mass departure of locust
swarms in relation to temperature. [31] 156: 628-629, 1945.
Hebard, M. — The Orthoptera of the Appalachian Mountains
in the vicinity of Hot Springs, Va., and notes on other Ap-
palachian species and recent extensions of the known range
of still other southeastern species. [1] 71: 77-97. Jong,
C. de. — Orthopterological notes I. On the Lesini of the
Leiden Museum. (Tettigoniiclae, Copiphorinae.) [18] 23:

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL XK\VS 29

263-272. ill., 1942 (*). Marshall.— Melanoplus (see Anat.,
etc.). Rehn & Rehn. — A contribution to our knowledge of
the Eumastacidae (Orth., Acridoidea) of Africa and Mada-
gascar. Part 1. [41] 97: 179-248, ill., 1945 (*). Yeager
& Munson. — Roaches (see Anat., etc.).

COLEOPTERA— Armstrong, J. W. T.— On Australian
Dermestidae. IV. [16] 70:47-52, ill., 1945 (k*). Bernet
Kempers, K. J. W. — De larven der Helodidae. (Cyphoni-
dae.) [101] 86: 85-91. ill.. 1943. Blake, D. H.— Nine new
species of Metachroma from the West Indies. [91] 36:
22-27 ', ill. Blake, D. H. — Six new species of beetles of a
eumolpid genus new to the West Indies. [91] 35: 323-327,
ill. Brinck, P.— Gyrinidae of Colombia. [29] 9: 19-20 (*).
Bryant, G. E. — New species of African Chrysomelidae
(Halticinae. Coleoptera). [75] 12: 336-340, ill. (*). Cor-
poraal, J. B. — Notes on some Cleridae in the Hamburg
Zoological Museum. [101] 84: 359-361, 1941 (*). Curran,
C. H. — Insects in the house. Spicier beetles. [15] 55: 46-
47, ill. D'Almeida, R. F. — New Ithomiidae of the Brasilian
fauna. [32] no. 39. Decider, C. L. — Revision of the Eroty-
lidae (Coleo) of the Leiden Museum. [18] 24: 49-115,
ill., 1942 (*). Fender, K. M. — New Laricobius from Ore-
gon. [55] 21 : 152. Jong, C. de. — Xotes on Cerambycidae.
I-XIV. [18] 24: 18-48, ill., 1942. Kelsheimer, E. G.-
Notes on the great elm leaf beetle. [39] 28: 25-27, ill.
Marshall, G. A. K.- — On the east African species of Poly-
claeis (Coleoptera, Curcul.). [75] 12: 285-309 (k*). Mc-
Keoun, K. C. — Australian insects. XXV. Coleop. Tiger
Beetles. [Aust. Museum Mag.] 8: 411-414. ill., 1945.
Palm, T. — On development and life cycle of Obrium can-
tharinum L. [29] 7: 19-21. Park, O— New Pselaphid
from Brazil associated with termites. [Bull. Chicago Acad.
Sci.] 7: 445-451. Patay, M. R.— Contribution a 1'etude
d'un Coleoptere (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)). [4]
16: 3-145, ill.. 1939. Potts, R. W. L.— A new Coenonycha
from Calif. [55] 21: 141-143. Ram, G.— Study of the life
cycle of Bruchus analis Feb., the common pulse beetle.
[11] 14: 273-274. 1945. Saylor, L. W.— Synoptic revision
of the U. S. scarab beetles of the subfamily Dynastinae.
[91] 35: 378-386; 36: 16-21, ill. (k). Schedl, K. E.— Neue
Scolytidae aus Java. Beitrag zur Morphologic und Syste-
matik der Scolytoidea. [101] 85: 1-49. ill., 1942 (*).
Tanner, V. M. — New species of Araeoschizus (Coleoptera-
Tenebrionidae). [120] 6: 125-126, 1945. Upton, R. G.-
r>ark beetles of the pines of Stephen F. Austin State Teach-
ers College. fProc. M: Trans. <>f Trxa-; Acad. Science] 28:
100-102, 1944. VanDoesburg, P. H.— A new Ili

30 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan-, '46

Ophrygonius (Zang) from Borneo. [101] 84: 356-357,
1941. VanDoesburg, P. H. — Aceraius lamellatus Grav.
from Celebes. [101] 84: 358, 1941.

HYMENOPTERA— Buren, W. F.— Leptothorax longi-
spinosus subsp. lowensis nom. n. [10] 47: 288. Cockerell,
T. D. A. — Descriptions and records of Bees. [75] 12: 350-
356 (*). Fernald.— Wasps .(see Anal:., etc.). Gadd &
Fonseka. — Neoplectrus maculatus Feiri'ere — a predator and
parasite of Natada mararia Mo. and other nettlegrubs.
[Ceylon Jour. Sci.] 23: 9, 1945. Gregg, E. V.— Statistical
study of taxonomic categories in ants. [7] 38: 529-548.
Haskins & Enzrnan. — (See Anat., etc.) Holgersen, H.—
The ants of Norway. (Hymen., Formicidae.) [Nytt Ma-
gasin for Naturvidenskapene. Oslo] 84: 165-203. ill.. 1944
(k). MacSwain. — Andrena (see Anat., etc.). Malaise, R.
-Key to the saw-flies of the world. [28] 62: 131-140.
Malaise, R. — New South American saw-flies. [28] 63 :
89-119. Mao, Y.-T. — Synopsis of Mexican species of Car-
diochites Nees. [55] 21: 125-134 (*). Roman, A.— Die
Ichneumoniden des Nordlichen Norwegens. [Tromso Mu-
seums Arshefter] 54: 3-25, 1936. Ross, H. H.— New tribe
and genus of Nematine sawfly. [55] 21 : 153-156. Roszler,
Paul.— Myrmecologisches 1938. [101 ] 85 : 50-71. Schuster,
R. M. — New brachypterous species of Photopsis. [55] 21 :
149-151. Scott, T. L— (See Anat., etc.) Soukup, J.— Los
Proscopidos del Museo de Historia Natural "Javier Prado."
[66] 8: 242-259, ill. (S). Talbot, M.— Ants (see Anat.,
etc.). Wahlgren, E. — Leafmining Tenthredinid larvae.
[29] 9: 138-148.

SPECIAL— On Article 25 of the International Code.
[87] 3: 129-136. On the status of the name Rhynchonella
alta. [87] 3: 109-128, ill. Need for suspension of the rules
for Prosopis Jurine. [87] 2: 443-458. On the type of the
genus Lycaeides Hubner. 1819. [87] 2: 431-442. Suspen-
sion of the rules for Area Linnaeus, 1758. [87] 3: 93-108.
Suppression of the name Cobra Laurenti, 1768, and suspen-
sion of rules for Bitis Gray, 1842. [87] 3: 77-92. Suspen-
sion of the rules for Nummulites Lamarck, 1801. [87] 3:
137-160. On Article 30 of the International Code. [87]
2: 347-358; 411-430.

LIST OF JOURNALS CITED

1. — Trans. Anier. Ent. Soc. 2. — Biol. Rev. of Cambridge
Philos. Soc. 3.— Bui. et An. Soc. Ent. de Belg. 4.— Bull.
Soc. Sci. Bretagne. 5. — Comptes rendus de 1'Acad. Sci.,
Paris. 6. — Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 7. — Ann. Entom. Soc.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 31

America. 8. — Entom. Monthly Mag. 9. — The Entomolo-
gist, London. 10. — Proc. Ent. Soc. \Yashington. 11.-
Current Science, India. 12. — Entomologische Tidskrift.
13. — Minist. d. Agric. d. la Nacion (Argentina). 14. — Mos-
quito News. 15. — Natural History. 16. — Proc. Linn. Soc.
New South Wales. 17. — Proc. Pa". Acad. Sci. 18. — Zoolo-
gische Medeelingen. 22. — Bull. Entom. Research. 27.—
Ecological Monographs. 28. — Entomologiske Tidskrift.
29. — Opuscula entomologica. 31. — Nature, London. 32.—
Bol. Mus. Nac., R. d. Janeiro. 36. — Trans. R. Entom. Soc.
London. 39. — Florida Entomologist. 47. — Jour. Agr. Re-
search. 55. — Pan-Pacific Entomologist. 58. — Entomolo-
gische Berichten. 65. — Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 66. — Bol.
Mus. Hist. Nat. "Javier Prado," Lima. 67. — Univ. Calif.
Publications Entom. 68. — Science. New York. 75. — An-
nals & Mag. Nat. Hist. 81. — Iowa Sta. Coll. Jour. Sci-
ence. 83. — Ark. f. Zool., K. Svenska Vetensk. i. Stockholm.
84. — Ecology, Brooklyn. 87. — Opinions & Declar., Inter-
nat. Comm. Zool. Nomen. 89.— Trans. Amer. Microscop.
Soc. 90. — Amer. Naturalist. 91. — Jour. Washington Acad.
Sci. 92. — Biological Bulletin. 93.— Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don. 95.— Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington. 101.- -Tijdschrift
v. entomologie, Amsterdam. 107. — Proc. R. Entom. Soc.
London (A). 108.— Proc. R. Entom. Soc. London (B).
111. — Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 120. — Great Basin Nat..
Provo, Utah. 131.— Bol. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat., Santiago
de Chile.

Review

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

FEBRUARY 194« DIV- INS

U.S.
Vol. LVII No. 2

CONTENTS

Riegel — Wasps and Water 33

Obituary— Rosvvell C. Williams, J r 34

La Rivers — On the genus Tro.nlnderus 35

Stallings and Turner — Texas Lepidoptera 44

Beatty — Dragonflies in Pennsylvania and New Jersey (cont.) 5n

Notes and News in Entomology

Steyskal — The number of species in a genus 57

Entomological Literature 58

Review — The adelid moths of South Africa .63

PUBLISHED MONTHLY, EXCEPT AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER, BY

THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
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MAY 10 1946

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LVII FEBRUARY, 1946 No. 2

Wasps and Water

3y GARLAND T. RIEGEL, Capt., Sn. C., A. U. S.

Much lias been written about the interesting habits of wasps
by observers who have devoted years to this fascinating study.
At the suggestion of Mr. Phil Ran, I wish to add a fragment
to this mass of information — an observation made in North
Africa upon a curious activity of one species.

During the height of the dry season in Tunisia during the
summer of 1943. wasps were frequently observed alighting
right on the surface of quiet pools and streams, picking up a
load of the liquid and, when ready to return to the nest, taking
off directly from the water surface. On July 17 near Mateur
two of these relatively large insects were collected after they
had settled on the water of the Oued el Malah at the village of
Sidi Salem. They proved to be females of Polistcs gallic us
(L.) (det. Townes, 1945). I had often observed our Ameri-
can species walk to a pool for water after alighting nearby, but
this behavior was new to me. Mr. Ran, however, has recorded
this same remarkable procedure for four American Polistes
(pallipes, annularis, nihiginosis and variatus), and given obser-
vations on their use of the water to cool the nests during hot,
dry clays in Missouri (1 & 2 ) . Undoubtedly the same use was
being made of the water in the semi-desert conditions then pre-
vailing in Tunisia.

Mr. Ran states in a personal communication that there are a
few records of Hymenoptera alighting on and taking off from
water without breaking the surface tension, and that he has
also recorded such behavior in the mining bee, Anthophora
ithntpta, but I have been unable to review the literature.

Polistcs (/ullicns (Fig. 1 ) apparently has no structure on the
tarsi other than eight fairly large setae on or near the claws

^33)

•••• i

34 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '46

and the empodium that might assist in preventing the breaking
of the water surface. Both the specimens collected are about
eleven millimeters long, and after drying over 25 months
weighed 17.74 and 20.74 milligrams respectively (after the aver-

FIG. 1. Polistcs (/al liens (L.), female-
age weight of a large number of the same size insect pin was
subtracted in each case). As insects go, this is fairly large and
heavy, and its ability to "land" on water and take off again with
a full load arouses admiration in the observer.

REFERENCES CITED

1. RAU, PHIL. 1931. Polistes wasps and their use of water. Ecology,

12 (4) : 690-693.

2. - —. 1933. The Jungle Bees and Wasps of Barro Colorado Island

(Rau, Kirkwood, Mo.), 324 pp.

Obituary

MR. ROSWELL C. WILLIAMS, JR., research associate of the
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and a member of
its Council, past recording secretary and past president of the
American Entomological Society, student of the Rhopalocera
and specialist in the Hesperiidae, died March 7. A sketch of
his life will appear in a future issue.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

On the Genus Trogloderus Le Conte
(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

By IRA LA RIVERS, Nevada Academy of Natural Sciences,

Reno, Nevada

The genus Trogloderus Le Conte 1879, among other insects,
may be likened to some of the weird extinct mammals ex-
emplified by the titanotheres and uintatheres ; like them, its
members have embarked on that phase of evolutionary growth
which seems to characterize any ancient group in the last stages
of its existence — they are developing fluidly and rapidly into
grotesque caricatures of their plain and drab ancestors. At
first glance, to one uninitiated to the group, their deviation from
the parent stock would seem of little moment in contrast to the
apparently striking growths achieved by more noticeable ele-
ments among the scarabs — but among these latter, there are
ready links to fit the chain when the group is viewed as a whole,
thus reducing the total effect. The differentiation of Trog-
gloderus is nearly as pronounced when the staid drabness of
their predecessors is taken into account, and while they have
not developed such eccentricities as horns, and probably never
will, they have achieved a rugosity of prothorax and a costate
elytral condition which will compare favorably with the ex-
crescences which, in other animals, have been taken as indica-
tions of an explosive growth phase, generally purporting an
early extinction of the line. As an additional indication, ani-
mals in this stage of evolution, with small exception, appear to
have achieved their maximum adjustment to an environment
which has for some time been relatively static — and perhaps
this final flareup is merely an external expression of somatic
flexibility which, unable to produce any variations of value to
a system already in equilibrium, continues to exert its influence
in meaningless changes in morphology. It is certain, and quite
apparent, that in their initial stages such changes are neutral in
character; they perform no useful function in adjustment, but
seem not to militate against the adjustment. In the final stages
even, they may not be of intrinsic importance in any elimina-

36 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '46

tion of the animal from the scene. Probably the greatest opera-
tive factor in the death of a line is the changing environment
itself. Since all environments change eventually, and often
with comparative suddenness, the well-adjusted animal is not
able to meet the demands required of it to operate as part of
the new flux and succumbs.

Troglodcrns gives further indications of being in the initial
phases of this flareup by the state of flux of its members. All
subspecies possess pronounced elytral costation with small in-
dividual variation, but the rugosity of the prothorax is ex-
tremely variable, and almost defies classification. Differentia-
tion has been based exclusively on these prothoracic variations,
but they are of such complexity as to present a problem dif-
ficult of solution with adults only. There is considerable field-
work yet to be done before these variations in the imago can
be evaluated — however, enough is now known to indicate re-
liably the extent of these variables, and the chief objective now
is to fill in the gaps, obtain the "missing links" of the line and to
verify conclusively that which, until now, we have had to
relegate to theory in the absence of all the facts.

When the author first reviewed the genus (1942). he added
the species nevadns to the already described costatits and tnber-
cnlotits. It was evident that nevadns was closely allied to
costatns, but in the absence of truly transitional elements, al-
though the former was represented by an adequate series (14
specimens), there was no alternative but to give nevadns specific
status, with the reservation that intermediates might be dis-
covered with more extensive collecting. At that time, there
were several specimens of undescribed variables in the collection
of the California Academy of Sciences which it was not possi-
ble to work out, and so they were not included. A recent
perusal of these has convinced the author that, in some re-
spects, they show "missing link" characters still sought in the
group, and make it possible to crystallize convictions which had
hitherto been held only in theory.

The author is deeply indebted to Dr. E. C. Van Dyke for the
privilege of examining the specimens of the California Academy
of Sciences and for his kind and unstinting aid.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 37

SUBFAMILY BLAPTINAE

Tribe Elcodiini
Genus TROGLODERUS Le Conte

Trogloderus Le Conte, 1879, North American Entomologist.

Troglodcrus Le Conte & Horn, 1883, Smithsonian Misc. Collec-
tions 507.

Troglodcrus Blaisdell. 1909. U. S. N. M. Bulletin 63.

Troglodcrus La Rivers. 1942, Annals Ent. Soc. Am.. 1943. P.
C. Jour. Ent. & Zool.

The distribution of the genus includes the western half of
Nevada, southern California, northwestern Arizona, southwest-
ern Utah, and southern Idaho. Trogloderus was erected to in-
clude the first described species, costatus. It is peculiar that
no specimens have been found in eastern Nevada — Trogloderi
have been found up to a line which almost exactly bisects
Nevada from north to south, but not east of this line ; yet their
area of distribution curves around southern Nevada into Ari-
zona and Utah. It is probable that they exist in some portions
of eastern Nevada and remain to be discovered. Altitudes of
collecting localities vary from 900 ft. in southern California to
6,300 ft. at Lake Tahoe, California, and the zonal range is from
Lower Sonoran in southern California, Upper Sonoran over
most of Nevada and Idaho, and Transition in Nevada and
California. The group is primarily an eremophilous one. and
is obviously a product of the Great Basin, perhaps much as we
know it today, with arenophilous preferences. The most stable
subspecies, tiiberculatits, inhabits the southern limits of the
generic range, which is the most static portion, lacking the ex-
tremes of temperature prevalent over the northern portions;
this and the variable humidities, flora, etc., are reflected in the
confusion of variants constituting the remainder of the costatus
complex. It is also likely, in the case of these latter costatus
variables, that Pleistocene Lake Lahontan which covered wide
areas of west-central and northern Nevada in the geologically-
recent past is responsible for much of the variation exhibited.
(Geological estimates vary from 10.000 to 50,000 years ago for
the last body of water to occupy the Lahontan basin proper.

38 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS "[Feb., '46

This ancient inland sea is represented now only by such rem-
nant desert lakes as Pyramid, Walker and the recently-dried
Winnemucca, and the vast, white alkali flats known as Deserts
or Sinks, stretching for over a hundred miles across northwest-
ern Nevada, and now bearing a thin sheet of water only during
the winter and spring rain season, being deserts in the most
literal sense of the word during the rest of the year.)

Typical northern ncvadus has obviously been influenced by
the distribution of Lahontan waters. All the author's speci-
mens have been taken within the confines of the old lake itself,
while additional specimens are from well within the drainage
system supplying the lake. It may be that this preference for
the Lahontan system is merely the result of an arenophilous
species seeking the best sand dune areas ; in this case, the lake
itself, which seems to have converted many thousands of tons
of surrounding volcanic rock into fine sand along its numerous
shores. After final recession of Lahontan, this sand has been
gathered here and there, where consistent wind currents pre-
vailed, into aeolian dunes, often of large size and extent, and on
these Troglodcri have prospered.

Typical costatus, the most northern of the complex, is dis-
tributed from southern Idaho across north-central Nevada to
the mid-eastern edge of California. While it has been found
on two sand dune areas, one of which (Paradise Valley) it
shared with ncradus, it alone of the entire genus, in the author's
experience, has been taken in typical Upper Sonoran sagebrush
(Artemisia tridcntata) and Transition pine timber (Finns [>on-
dcrosa jcffrcyi) country. In the vicinity of Reno, it is a com-
mon species along the cottonwood (Populits trichocarpa and
P. jrcuwntl) choked Truckee river-bottom, while it has been
found at other spots on the eastern face of the humid Sierras,
as well as at middle altitudes in the Sierras themselves. It is
too early to conjecture on the origin of the group, but their
initial invasion of the Sierras at this, the only known point, may
have been accomplished by following the Truckee river from
its desert mouth to its source in these mountains.

The four new specimens tentatively referred to ncvadus, and
detailed more fully under the discussion of that form, have no

Ivii. '46 1 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 39

connexion with the Lahontan system and are obviously, al-
though seemingly not now technically separable, of different
origin than the northern series. Little can be said of vandykei
since but one specimen is known.

The author's previous key (1942) is modified below to in-
clude the new form, as well as to reflect the present status of
those remaining.

1. Pronotum entirely tuberculate on dorsum

costatns tuberculatus
Pronotum reticulate, at least in the center of the disc. . . . (2)

2. Pronotal median foveae deep, distinct, separate

costatns costatns

Foveae absent or faint and connected, appearing as a shallow
furrow (3)

3. Pronotum entirely reticulate, smoothly rounded on top

costatns ncvadits

Pronotum tuberculate along marginal bands, dorsum bilobed
on cross-sectional view costatns randykci

Trogloderus costatus costatus Le Conte

Trogloderns costatns Le Conte, 1879. N. A. Ent.. Jan. 1. p. 3,

pi. l.fig. 3.
Trogloderns costatns Le Conte & Horn. 1883, Smiths, Misc.

Colls. 507.

Trogloderns costatns Blaisdell. 1909. U. S. N. M. Bull. 63.
Trogloderns costatns La Rivers, 1942, Annals Ent. Soc. Am.,

1943. P. C. Jour. Ent. & Zool.

No new distribution records can be added to the published
account of this variable, but some diagnostic features should be
elucidated. Size within the confines of typical costatns varies
from 10mm. to 15 mm. (including both sexes), and color ranges

of living mature material are from jet black to a weak purplish-
brown, with the teneral light brown commonly met in the field.
Pronotal reticulation varies from fine and evenly-spaced to
large and irregular. The posterior pronotal margin is evident
on most specimens unless the foveation is extreme, when the
marked crenulations and buckling of the pronotal dorsum in-
vade and destroy the continuity of the margin. In these cases,
the reticulum is markedly elevated above the plane of the side
pronotal margins, which are relatively smooth and flat, as a

40 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '46

plateau above the surrounding plain. A marked, but never
complete, breaking down of the intervening reticula between the
foveae is noted in many of these extreme specimens. Gen-
erally, the sinuosity of the pronotal marginal outlines is gently
and progressively curved, but some of the extreme forms evince
the more marked outlines characteristic of an occasional tubcr-
cnlatus and of the lone specimen upon which vandykei is based,
but these lack the complete marginal serration of randykei—
tubcrculatiis.

Trogloderus costatus nevadus La Rivers

Trogloderus nevadus La Rivers, 1942, Annals Ent. Soc. Am.,
December 4/35 : 437-440, 1943, P. C. Jour. Ent. & Zool.

There is no additional distributional datum to be added to the
northern forms. The length variation is from 8 mm. to 11 mm.,
averaging considerably less than costatus. The purplish-brown
color is much more common than in costatus, but black speci-
mens are not rare ; the teneral light brown often predominates
in many sandy localities where nci'adns is the only form present.
All specimens of ncvadns examined possess well-defined pos-
terior pronotal borders, and the reticulations are, almost with-
out exception, small and regular, in consequence of which the
cross-sectional view of the pronotal dorsum shows a smoothly-
curved outline, and appears nearly flattened from above, in
contrast to the generally roughly-broken costatus pronotum.
Nearly all specimens are consistent in the possession of a sug-
gestion of the two distinct median foveae of costatus and tnber-
culatus, either as faint depressions caused by a lowering of the
reticule walls, or as a widening at front and rear of the narrow
median furrow.

Among the California Academy of Sciences specimens re-
cently examined are four I am referring to ncradus on the basis
of pronotal structure, but which are considerably larger than the
average of the specimens hitherto known under the name. The
largest of these reaches 15 mm., the maximum of costatus, and
all are jet black. All came from southern California : Kern
County (Randsburg. 5/IV/27, el. 2.500 ft.. Thos. Craig).
San Bernardino County (Yermo, 9/VI/40. el. 2.100 ft., W. F.

Ivii, '46 1 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 41

Barr & K. S. Hagen). The author is only generally familiar
with the Randsburg locale, hut spent a month collecting in the
Yermo region, which contains considerable areas of sand dunes
and sandy soils, from which these specimens seem to have come ;
these are similar to typical ncvadus habitats in Nevada. In
fact, the form is known only from such environs. While there
is yet little of a concrete nature to bulwark the supposition, it
may be that these specimens represent a southern variable in
the process of formation, for they are incongruous when assem-
bled with the northern specimens.

Trogloderus costatus vandykei n. subsp.

The jet-black variable is described from a single specimen in
the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, taken by
Dr. E. C. Van Dyke in San Bernardino County (Baker,
22/V/25, el. 920 ft.). While more material will be needed to
evaluate finally the form's position in the complex, the fact that
no further specimens have been taken in the 20 years since its
initial discovery makes it necessary to utilize this unique in com-
pleting a survey of the entire group. Of all the specimens so far
unearthed, this alone seems to combine elements of all the other
known forms. The conspectus is that of the genus, which has
been admirably given by Blaisdell (1909), and the differential
diagnostic features are mentioned below. It differs from most
other variables in ( 1 ) possessing reticulations over the center
dorsum of the pronotum and tubercles along the lateral margins,
thus suggesting the affinities between costatus and tnbcrctilatiis,
and (2) carrying distinct serrations the entire distance of its
lateral pronotal margins, which margins in turn are distinctively
sinuate, flaring out in a pronounced bulge near its caudad end
before bending back sharply to end at the posterior pronotal
collar. This pronounced sinuosity plus the entire serrations is
found only in vandykei and some tnbcrcitlatits, although, as
mentioned, some extreme costatus show a similar sinuosity,
in which case the posterior half of the lateral edge producing the
sinuosity is smooth and free of serrations; in most ncradns. and
many costatus, serrations are common the entire lateral edge ot
the pronotum, but the sinuosity in these is naturally symmetrical
in the manner of an unstrung bow. bulging evenly in the middle-.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NKWS

[Feb., '46

and tapering gently on either side. In this set of characters in
vandykei can be seen obvious ties between costatits and ncvadus.

Vandykci possesses a shallow median pronotal furrow as in
ncvadus, with a mild but noticeable widening at the posterior
end, an incipient fovea. Although vandykei has a relatively
smooth pronotal surface, as does ncvadns, unlike the rough
dorsum of costatits, in cross-section it differs from ncvadus in
exhibiting a bilobed appearance due to two parallel, rounded
ridges lying in the center of the disc on each side of the median
furrow, whereas in ncvadus, such a section presents a smooth
curve across the center. Vandykci also resembles ncvadus in
the relative smoothness of the elytra between their conspicuous
costae, both lacking the pronounced cross-ridging usually pres-
ent in costatits and tuberculatus. These cross-ridges, however,
even when strongest, never compare in height with the costae
themselves. Another feature shared between vand\kci and
ncvadus is the near obliteration of the median elytral costa,
especially in the anterior half; this is generally well-developed
in costatus and slightly less so in tuberculatus.

The following table will serve to formulate these differences
more fully :

T. c. T. c. T. c. T. c.

costatus nevadus vandykei tuberculatus

TUBERCULA-

TIONS ON
PRONOTUM

none to faintly
on extreme
lateral margins

same as
costatus

on lateral

margins

onlv

entire
pronotum

SERRATIONS complete to
ON PRONOTAL incomplete

EDGES

complete complete complete

SINUOSITY
OF PRONOTAL

EDGES

regular to
irregular

regular

irregular

regular to
irregular

MEDIAN

ELYTRAL
COSTA

prominent

repressed

prominent

PRONOTAL

MEDIAN
FOVAE

prominent
distinct and
separated

obsolescent

prominent
distinct and
generally
separated

ELYTRAL IN-
TRA COSTATE

RIDGING

pronounced

repressed

pronounced

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 43

Trogloderus costatus tuberculatus Blaisdell

Troglodcnis tuberculatus Blaisdell, 1909. U. S. N. M. Bull. 63:

490-492. pi. 6. fig. 14.
Trogloderus tuberculatus La Rivers. 1942. Annals Ent. Soc.

Am.

There is little to be added to what is already known of this
variant. It rivals costatus in size, and has been diagnostically
delineated in the preceding discussions. However, one of the
California Academy specimens shows considerable foveal ob-
literation and coalescence, approaching nevadus in this detail ;
all other specimens seen have possessed deep, distinct foveae
resembling those of costatus.

In conclusion, it may be said that tuberculatus is perhaps the
most distinctive and readily-differentiated subspecies of the en-
tire group, and vandykci with its partial tuberculation indicates
the affinities of tuberculatus with the remainder of the costatus
complex. At the present state of our knowledge of the species.
costatus is a variable compounding of four recognizable entities
and probably others, as yet unknown and undescribed, whose
eventual appearance will undoubtedly be of aid in resolving the
problem of relationships. Complete solution, however, will de-
pend, in the author's opinion, on a thorough study of larval and
pupal chaetotaxy. Many groups of tenebrionids show similar
tendencies, particularly the ELEODIINI and CONIONTINI within
the author's experience, in which the immature forms possess
differential characters completely lost in the adults ; even genitalia
fail miserably in attempts to analyse satisfactorily the differ-
ences between many adults of Elcodcs and Coniontis, and the
Trogloderi, like certain other ELEODIINI, have a generalized
type of genital construction which possesses no adequate specific
diagnostic characters.

REFERENCES

BLAISDELL, FRANK E., SK. 1909. A Monographic Revision of the
Coleoptera Belonging to the Tenebrionide Tribe Elcodiini Inhabit-
ing the United States, Lower California, and Adjacent Islands;
U. S. N. M. Bulletin. 63: 29, 483-492, pi. 6. figs. 7. 14.

LA RIVERS, IRA. 1942. A New Troglodcnis from Nevada. With a Key
to the Known Species (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) : Annals Ent.
Soc. Am., 4/35 : 435-440.

44 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '46

— . 1943. A List of the Elcodcs of Nevada, with the Description
of a New Subspecies (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) ; P. C. Jour.
Ent. & Zool.. 4/35: 53-61, 1 fig.

LE CONTE, JOHN L. 1879. New North American Coleoptera; North
American Entomologist, p. 3, pi. 1. fig. 3.

LE CONTE, JOHN L., and HORN, GEORGE. 1883. Classification of the
Coleoptera of North America ; Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collec-
tions 507 : 374.

Texas Lepidoptera (Rhopalocera: Papilionoidea)

By DON B. STALLINGS and J. R. TURNER, Caldwell, Kansas

When H. A. Freeman moved to Pharr, Texas in 1944, he
immediately began to make some remarkable catches of butter-
flies in that vicinity.* From the butterflies caught at Pharr
and the surrounding territory we are of the opinion that this
area of the Rio Grande Valley is in the Tropical Zone (the same
as Southern Florida) rather than in the Lower Austral Zone.
Late life zone maps of North America do not indicate this area
to be tropical ; however, the life zone map by C. Hart Merriam
corrected to Dec. 1897 as published in Bulletin No. 10, U. S.
Dept. of Agric., Division of Biological Survey, 1898, shows this
area to be tropical. There are other indications which tend to
prove this to be true.

Mr. Freeman's interests are chiefly with the skippers (Hes-
perioidea) and hence he has passed on to us for determination
most of the other Rhopalocera. In addition he has contacted
several other collectors in the vicinity, all of whom have been
most generous with their finest specimens. In as much as a
number of these represent new records for the LTnited States,
some of which are native, we asked Dr. Wm. P. Comstock of
the American Museum of Natural History to check our de-
terminations. We wish to give our thanks for his valuable
assistance.

Since many collectors will want references to these new
records we have given some data on the literature. To save
space we will refer to "Macro-Lepidoptera of the World,"

* See also Ent. News, vol. LVI, No. 1, p. 4, and Ent. News, vol. LVI,
No. 4, p. 102.

Ivii, '46 | ENTOMOLOGICAL NKXVS 45

Vol. 5, edited by Seitz, simply as "Seitz," and "Biologia Cen-
trali Americana" (Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera), by Godman and
Salvin as G. & S.

The following list is by no means complete, but includes only
the more interesting and unusual catches.

Papilio polydamus L. A number of specimens were collected
at Pharr in July. September and October. It can be con-
sidered native.

Papilio ornythion Bdv. Thus far only a few specimens have
been collected by Mr. Freeman during September, but this
species should be native to the area.

Paf>ilio anchisiadcs idaens Fabr. Freeman collected two
specimens on May 12th. 1945, at Pharr. Seitz gives the food
plant of this species as "Citrus," so we see no reason why this
should not be native in southern Texas.

Antcos macrnla Fabr. A single specimen of this large species
was collected in August and a number of other specimens seen.
It appears to be native.

Phoebis philae form obsolcta Niep. One specimen of this
form was collected in August. The species should be native in
this region.

Enrema daira Godt. ( ?). A female albino of this species was
collected in October by Freeman. Until other specimens are
collected we will not know for sure whether it is of the typical
race daira or race lydia Felder, although we are inclined to think
it is daira. In any event this specimen can be referred to as
form pallid ula Klots as this name should be sufficient for all
albinos of this species.

Enrcma protcrpia Fabr. Flies in good numbers in Septem-
ber and into October.

Enrcma protcrpia f. hiem. ynndlachia Poey. This winter
form begins to appear in October.

Enrcma nisc pcrimcdc Pritt. This race appears to be com-
mon at Pharr. showing a distinct summer and winter form.
The best collecting period is in September and October.

Appias drnsilla Cramer. This species until of late has gone
under the name of Appias ilairc Godt. It is native in this area,
collected during August. September and October.

46 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '46

Ascia josephina joscplia S. & G. This race was collected in
September and October. Undoubtedly native.

Danaus cresnuus montczmna Talbot. A series of this race
was collected by Freeman at Pharr during September and
October. Dr. Comstock advises us that the A. M. N. H. has
a series collected at Brownsville, Texas, in December which
are considerably smaller than the specimens collected by Free-
man. It is probable that this race shows seasonal variation.
See Talbot, "Revisional Notes on the Genus Danaus Kluk"
(Lep. Rhop. Danaidae), Trans. Royal Ent. Soc.. London. 93:
115-148. Native in southern Texas.

Heliconius petiveranus Doubleday. This beautiful specimen
was collected in August at Pharr by Mrs. J. A. Cook and repre-
sents a fine new record for the United States. The species is
well depicted on plate 78b Seitz under the name petiverana D.
& H. This must be considered a stray in the United States.

Dryas Julia modcrata Stich. This distinctive race is native
to the area and is collected during August and September.

Enptoicta Jicgcsia hoffmanni Comstock. This newly de-
scribed race is native and is in full flight in September. For
original description see Comstock, "Insects of Porto Rico and
the Virgin Islands," vol. XII, part 4, page 446, note 1.

Melitaca thcona thckla Edw. This race is native to the area,
being collected in October, March and April.

Melitaca clada callina Bdv. Another native collected during
October.

Chlosync janais Dm. A native species collected during
October.

Chlos\nc cndcis G. & S. A native species collected during
October.

Chlos\nc htciilia calijornica Wright. Several specimens of
lacinia caught at Pharr in October can not be distinguished from
California specimens of calijornica, hence at best calijornica is
not more than a race of lacina, though at Pharr it occurs as a
form.

Biblis hypcria aganisa Bdv. A single specimen was collected
by Mrs. E. J. Kelso in July at Pharr. This represents another
fine new record for the United States. This race has previ-

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 47

ously gone under the name of Didonis biblis aganisa Bclv. For
picture see Seitz, Plate 94f. See also, Comstock, "Insects of
Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands," page 460. A second speci-
men was seen by Freeman in February in an orange grove, but
for the time being we must consider this as a stray.

Anartia jatrophac Intcipicta Fruhst. A native, best flight in
September and October.

. I mirtiu jiitiuia Fabr. Common during March and April.

Victorina stelenes biplagiata Fruhst. In flight during Au-
gust. It should be native.

Victorina stelenes biplagiata f. pallida Fruhst. This winter
form flies during December and January.

Myscclia ctlnisa Bclv. Probably a native. Flies in October
and December.

C \clogramma astcria (G. & S.). One specimen collected by
D. Ring at Almo. Texas, in July. This is a further new record
for the United States, but must be considered a stray. The
species is well pictured in G. & S.. plate 108. figs. 31-32.

Tinictcs cliiron Fabr. A single stray was collected in Feb-
ruary.

Athena petrens Cram. A single stray was collected in Feb-
ruary.

Adelpha jcssonia Hew. Freeman collected a specimen in
August, a second specimen in October and a third in November.
There is a chance that this species may be native as the speci-
mens are in good condition. For pictures, see Seitz, plate 109c
and G. & S. plate 29, figs. 18-19.

Chlorippe pavon Latreille. Mrs. Freeman had the good for-
tune to capture the first specimen of this new record for the
United States in October. A second specimen was caught in
May. These specimens do not look like the figure shown in
Seitz on plate HOBc but are very similar to lanre Dru. pic-
tured at llOBe. Probably a stray in the United States.

Anaea glycerin in Doubleday. A single specimen was col-
lected by Mrs. E. J. Kelso in July at Pharr. This species is
shown in Seitz at plate 118c. We would judge that the speci-
mens shown in Seitz represent the winter form as they are

48 ENTOMOLOGICAL XFAYS | Feb.. '46

darker and more heavily marked than the Pharr specimen.
This is another new record for the United States.

Anaca pitliynsa Feld. Several specimens (all badly worn)
have been caught at Pharr. For picture, see Seitz, plate 118f.
One specimen of the winter form of this species was caught at
Pharr on March 2nd, 1945. It looks a great deal like Anaca
cnbacna Bsd. as shown by Seitz on plate 118f. We are in-
clined to treat cnbacna as the winter form of pith\itsa how-
ever. Dr. Comstock is not so sure of this. In any event pithynsa
has a winter form that looks just like cnbacna, as pictured by
Seitz.

Apodemia u'alkcri Godm. Native to the region with main
flight in October.

Eincsis cincsia Hewitson. Mr. Freeman collected a good
series of this new record for the United States in October and
November at Pharr. This species has a well developed bulge
on the costa of the forewing. See "Exotic Butterflies." Hewit-
son, vol. 4, plate 45, fig. 7.

Lasaia scssilis Schauss. There has been some confusion
about this genus and its occurrence in the United States. This
particular species is often confused with Lasaia agcsilas narscs
Stand, both of which are supposed to be native in Texas, al-
though Freeman has not as yet caught narscs. Scssilis un-
doubtedly is the species that Holland was speaking about in his
"Butterfly Book" when he mentioned Lasaia sula Stand, at page
216. Mr. Freeman sent these specimens to us identified as
narscs. The Stallings-Turner Collection had a series of speci-
mens caught at Victoria, Mexico, which we had identified as
scssilis. Seeing that the specimens we had received from Free-
man did not correspond to Holland's picture of narscs or to
our Mexico scssilis we decided that the Texas specimens were
probably the sula mentioned by Holland. The whole mess was
passed on to Dr. Comstock who determined the Texas speci-
mens as scssilis and our Mexican specimens as sula. It might
be well to mention that our Mexican specimens agree with the
Seitz figure of scssilis, much better than do the Texas speci-
mens. Dr. Comstock remarks that the genus is variable and
a big series would be needed for study.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 49

Tlicclu hurjocliii Godart. Another ne\v record for the United
States collected by Freeman in October and May at Pharr. It
is a native of the area. This species has usually gone under
the name of Tlicclu thins Hbn. For figures see Seitz. plate
145i, k; Geyer. "Zutrage Sammlung Exotische Schmetterlinge,"
plate 619 (128). figs. 743-744; Hewitson. "Diurnal Lepidop-
tera," vol. 2. plate 58. figs. 369-370. See also Comstock and
Huntington. "Lycaenidae of the Antilles." Annals of N. Y.
Acad. of Sciences, vol. XLV, art. 2. page 88.

Strvinon siiiiacthis Dru. This species is also native to the
area and is collected in October.

Strvinon coluuiclla istapa Reak. Appears to be common in
January, February, March. April, May, September and October.

Strvinon laccyi (B. & M.). One female was collected by
Freeman in October. This is one of the least known species in
North America. So far as we know the type and this specimen
are the only specimens known. We have compared this speci-
men with the pictures of the type and find them alike although
the Freeman specimen represents the winter form, being some-
what darker. The type, also a female, was caught at Del Rio,
Texas. July 9th. We join with Comstock and Huntington in
considering this a good species, although the fact that no males
have been caught does suggest the possibility that we may be
dealing with a rare female form of some other species.

Str^mon clvtic Edw. This species which is still rare in most
private collections is collected during August, September. De-
cember. April, May. June and July.

Strvinon azia Hew. This tiny hairstreak is native to the
area although nowhere common. Collected in April and May.

Mitoura .vtnni Reak. A series of this native was collected in
October.

While this paper is factual it does have some of the charac-
ters of a fish story, so it will not be amiss to mention the "one
that got away." March 25th. 1945. Mr. Freeman wrote us.
"I am still cussing for something I missed this afternoon.
Today I chased a Morpho and finally lost it in the maze of
jungle. It was orange beneath and very shiny blue above."

50 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '46

Dragonflies (Odonata) Collected in Pennsylvania
and New Jersey in 1945.

By GEORGE H. BEATTY, III, Merion, Pennsylvania

(Continued from page 10}

In the following list of species, full data are given for all
captures of species which may be of interest. Briefer data are
supplied for the better known species for which extensive infor-
mation on their distribution, etc., is already available. Locality
names refer to the preceding list of collecting stations. The
location of localities other than those visited by the writer is
noted briefly as they occur in the list of species. These supple-
mentary records are indicated by the collector's name which fol-
lows them in parentheses. The order of species and, but for a
few changes resulting from more recent knowledge, the nomen-
clature are based upon those of Needham and Heywood.'5

ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES '

Progomphus obscurus Rambur.

NEW JERSEY : Whitesbog, 2J, 24 June ; 4 J1. 1 $. 8 luly ;
1 c?, 22 July.

This species was found only along the larger drainage ditches
of the cranberry bogs where it squatted in characteristic fashion
on the little sand bars and beaches. It was most abundant on
8 July when nearly every suitable spot had an ohscnnts squatting
on it.

Hagenius brevistylus Selys.

NEW JERSEY: Fisher's Dam, 1 5- 21 August.

The female was captured when it alighted on the sandy shore
of the lower lake, near the outlet. Other females of Hat/cnins
were ovipositing in the small streams at the outlet on 21 and
28 August, though none of this species was seen on 31 August
or 4 September. When not flying over the water, they usually
perched on high dead branches near the stream. On such a

0 A Handbook of the Dragonflies of Nortli America. Charles C.
Thomas. Springfield, 111., 1929. Pp. viii + 378, ill.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 51

perch, one Hagenius was found on 28 August, eating a Lib ell nl a
incesta.

Gomphus lividus Selys.

PENNSYLVANIA : Wyola, 1 d\ 1 ?, 17 May ; 1 J, 25 May ; 1 <$,
29 May ; 1 ?, 6 June ; Broomall. 1 <•?. 1 $. 22 May ; 1 <$, 25 May ;
2 $, 29 May ; Darby Creek, 1 <$, 6 June.

Gomphus exilis Selys.

PENNSYLVANIA : Central Square, 4 <$, 7 $, 22-29 May.
NEW JERSEY : Whitesbog, 1 $. 29 April ; 1 J\ 20 May : Upton
Ponds, 1 ?, 24 June ; 1 <?, 30 June ; 1 ?, 8 July.

Gomphus descriptus Banks.

PENNSYLVANIA: Slab Cabin Run. 1 J1, 17 June. Field about
1 mile from Slab Cabin Run. 1 $, 19 May/ (J. Gillespie.)

This species has not heretofore been reported from Pennsyl-
vania though several other collectors have taken it in the state.

Gomphus villosipes Selys.

PENNSYLVANIA: Central Square, 1 5- 22 May.
This female is the only villosipes seen in 1945.

f Dromogomphus sp.

PENNSYLVANIA : Broomall, 1 5- 20 July.

The color of the hind femora, which are largely yellow, and
differences in venation and the structure of the vulvar lamina
distinguish this specimen from D. spiuosns.

Dromogomphus spinosus Selys.

PENNSYLVANIA: Broomall. 1 $. 20 July; 1 ?. 26 JulyM ?,
1 Aug.; seen at Broomall, 7 Aug. and Westtown Lake. 3 Sept.

Although this species is usually found at ponds and lakes,
there are no such habitats within several miles of the fields where
it was collected.

t After the ms. of this paper was completed, Dr. Calvert and the writer
compared this specimen with others of both spinosns and spoliatus from
several localities. Since specimens of a third species, D. annatus Selys,
are not presently available, and because this specimen differs as much
from spoliatus as from spinosus, no final decision has yet been reached
on its identity. The results of further investigation will be published
in the near future.

52 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb.. '46

Lanthus parvulus Selys.

PENNSYLVANIA: Wyola. 1 ^. 1 $• 25 May; 3 <?. 4 $, 29 May.

None of this species was found when the same locality was
visited on 6 June, though it was abundant on 29 May. It was
undoubtedly a case of "explosive" emergence and dispersal
such as is frequently reported for gomphines. In sunny clear-
ings in the woods parvulus flitted slowly about, the males often
perching high up in the small trees while the females stayed
close to the ground. This is a new record for the Philadelphia
region.

Gomphaeschna furcillata Say.

PENNSYLVANIA: Bear Meadows. 1 J\ 2 5- 16 June.

NEW JERSEY : Upton, 3 J, 29 Apr. ; 1 ?, 5 May ; 1 J, 2 $.
13 May.

This was the most abundant species along the pine-barren
roads in late April and early May. Many were seen in addition
to those captured. At Bear Meadows several pairs in coitu
were seen but no oviposition was observed.

Basiaeschna Janata Say.

PENNSYLVANIA: Wyola, 1 5. 26 Apr. ; seen at Bear Meadows,
16 June and at Spring Creek. 18 June.

Boyeria vinosa Say.

PENNSYLVANIA: Broomall. 4 J1. 23 July-8 August; Darby
Creek, 2J, 29 August.

NEW JERSEY: Seen at Fisher's Dam, 28 Aug., 4 Sept. :
Friendship Creek, 4 Sept. ; Clark's Brook, 7 Sept.

In the fields at Broomall, vinosa was very abundant late in
July. It flew in the shade and hung up frequently among the
leaves of shrubs and small trees, much like many of the tropical
Aeschnines. During the period when it was common in the
fields, no vinosa were found along the nearby streams. It later
became extremely abundant along Darby Creek.

Anax junius Drury.

PENNSYLVANIA : Broomall ; seen at the following : Central
Square. Bear Meadows, State College, Crum Creek Farm.
Holmes, Tinicum Marshes, 6 April-8 October.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 53

NEW JERSEY : Cape May City, Cape May Point ; seen at Up-
ton Ponds, Pond near Fisher's Dam and Batsto Pond. 24 June-
22 September.

Anax longipes Hag en.

XEW JERSEY: Upton Ponds. 1^. 24 June; 1 J\ 29 June;

1 J1, 30 June ; 1 J1, 8 July ; seen, Upton Ponds, 22 July. 1 2
August.

On 29, 30 June, this species was very abundant, at least
twenty individuals being present at the ponds. They often
flew slowly along the banks, hovering here and there, and then
dashing far out over the water. After this date, they dimin-
ished in numbers until only one or two were left on 12 August.

Epiaeschna heros Fabricius.

PENNSYLVANIA: Seen at Bear Meadows, 16 June.
NEW JERSEY : Seen at Cape May City, 22 September.

Aeschna umbrosa Walker.

PENNSYLVANIA: Broomall, 1 5- 27 August; Holmes, 2 J1, 5
October ; Tinicum Marshes, 1 J. 8 October.

Seen on many other occasions, until 18 October.

Aeschna constricta Say.

PENNSYLVANIA: Tinicum Marshes, 2 J\ 2$, 26 Sept.; 3 J\

2 $, 29 Sept. ; 1 ?, 5 October.

Capture of ovipositing females of constricta furnishes evidence
that this species breeds as far south as Philadelphia. A num-
ber of males have been taken previously, but these females (3
homoeochromatic and 2 heterochromatic) are the first to be
recorded from Pennsylvania. They were all ovipositing on
young green shoots of Typha which grew at the extreme edge
of the marsh and which were in the water only at high tide.
When the dragonflies were captured, they were ovipositing on
these shoots about six inches above the ground which was at
that time dry. Many males flew up and down the edge of the
marshes, only a foot or two above the ground.

Aeschna tuberculifera Walker.

PENNSYLVANIA: Holmes, 3$, 13 Sept.: 1 $, 21 Sept.

These females were taken as they oviposited on the sedges
growing in shallow water.

54 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS |Fel).. '46

Aeschna verticalis Hagen.

PENNSYLVANIA : Holmes. 2 J1. 3 <j>. 13 Sept. ; 3 <?. 3 $. 21 Sept.
Cordulegaster obliquus Say.

PENNSYLVANIA : Shingletown Gap, 4 miles southeast of State
College, Centre Cy., 1 J1, 1 ?, 9 June (J. Gillespie).

Cordulegaster diastatops Selys.

PENNSYLVANIA: Wyola, 1 <f, 22 May; 1 $. 29 May; 1 ?, 6
June; seen at Bear Meadows. 16 June.

Cordulegaster maculatus Selys.

NEW JERSEY : Upton. 1 <$, 29 April ; 2 $, 20 May ; seen, Up-
ton. 24, 29 June.

In the early spring, macnlatus flew very languidly along the
sandy roads. Late in June, this species was seen flying along
a road at great speed, late in the afternoon.

Macromia illinoiensis Walsh.

PENNSYLVANIA: Broomall, 1 $ , 5 August.
The only Macromia seen in 1945.

Didymops transversa Sav.

PENNSYLVANIA : Wyola, 1 J, 1 <j>. 26 April ; 2 J1, 1 ?, 17 May ;
1 $. 22 May ; 1 J1. 25 May.

Epicordulia princeps Selys.

PENNSYLVANIA: Seen at Spring Creek. 18 June. Westtown
Lake. 1 J1. 23 June (J. Gillespie).

Tetragoneuria cynosura Say.

PENNSYLVANIA: Central Square. Wyola, Broomall, 22 May-
6 June.

NEW JERSEY: Upton, 1 <$, 29 April.

Tetragoneuria semiaquea Burmeister.7

NEW JERSEY: Upton. 3 J. 29 Apr.; 2 J\ 1 £. 13 May; 7^,
4 ?, 20 May.

T. sciniaqttca was abundant and easily collected at this local-
ity. The writer believes that this form is specifically distinct
from T. cynosura. Wing coloration, size and color of abdomi-

7 This is scininqiica as defined by Muttkcnvski [Bull. \Yisc. Nat. Hist.
Soc., 9 (3) : 118-122, July, 1911].

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

nal spots, width of abdomen, and general size all set it apart
from c \nosi i ni, though no structural differences are apparent.

Somatochlora tenebrosa Say.

PENNSYLVANIA: Broomall. 1 J1. 1$, 16 [uly: 2^, 1$, 23
July ; 1 <?, 26 July ; 3 J\ 1 ?, 2 Aug. ; 2 $. 3 Aug. ; 1 ?. 4 Aug. ;
1 ?, 7 Aug.; 1 J, 10 Aug.; 1 J1, 1 ?, 11 Aug.; 1 ?. 16 Aug.;
1 $. 27 Aug.

NEW JERSEY: Fisher's Dam, 1 J\ 4 Sept. (J. Gillespie).

The oviposition site of tenebrosa was not discovered, but
dried mud on the abdomens of several females indicates that the
eggs were laid in mud. probably in a swampy spot. The nearby
streams did not have muddy shallows or banks where this spe-
cies might oviposit. A pair in coitu which was taken on 23
July suggests that oviposition site of tenebrosa is not far dis-
tant from the fields where it occurred so commonly in late July
and early August.

Somatochlora filosa Hagen.

PENNSYLVANIA: Broomall, 1 ?, 26 July; 1 J\, 2 Aug.: 1 <?.
5 Aug.

This is the first Pennsylvania record for filosa. It flew with
tenebrosa, from which it was difficult to distinguish on the wing.
The flight of filosa, however, is generally more sustained and
involves more up and down motion.

Cordulia shurtleffi Scudder.

PENNSYLVANIA: Bear Meadows, 2 J\ 16 June.

This species was moderately abundant along the sluggish
stream which flows through the center of the meadows. It often
hovered motionless over the water and then dashed swiftly to
another spot a few feet away where it hovered again.

Dorocordulia lepida Hagen.

NEW JERSEY: \Yhitesbog, 1 J\ 24 June ( J. Gillespie).

Nannothemis bella l.'hler.

NEW JERSEY: Upton Ponds. 4 J1. 24 June; 2 J1, 29 June;
4J\ 8 July; Whitesbog, 8 J. 3 $. 24 June; 3 J. 4 $, 29 June;
1 J, 1 ?, 8 July; Whitesbog. 22 July (seen) ; Cecil. 1 <$, 5 Sept.

56 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '46

This rather rare species has not been recorded previously for
the month of September. This is a significant extension of its
seasonal range.

Perithemis domita Drury.

PENNSYLVANIA: Central Square. 2 J\ 3 $, 6 June; State Col-
lege, 19 June; Broomall, 1 <$, 20 July; Central Square, 1 J\
25, 10 Aug.; seen at Westtown Lake, 3 Sept.

NEW JERSEY: Batsto Pond, 1 $. 5 Sept.; Batsto Pond. 7
Sept. (seen).

Celithemis eponina Drury.

PENNSYLVANIA: Central Square, 1 J*. 8 Aug.
NEW JERSEY : Fisher's Dam, 1 J1. 28 Aug. ; Batsto Pond, 1 tf,
5 Sept. ; seen at Fisher's Dam, 4 Sept.

Celithemis elisa Hagen.

NEW JERSEY: Upton Ponds, 16 J\ 7$, 24 June-12 August.

Celithemis monomelaena Williamson.

NEW JERSEY : Batsto Pond, 1 J1, 5 Sept. ; 1 Jl. 7 Sept.

On each occasion, live or more other individuals of 1110110-
inelaena were seen in addition to the one captured. Oviposition
was observed on 5 September. These are exceptionally late
records for this species.

Celithemis martha Williamson.

NEW JERSEY: Upton Ponds. 5 J1. 1 ?. 24 June: 3^. 1 ?, 29
June ; 3 J1, 1 ?, 30 Tune ; 8 <$. 4 $. 8 July ; 2 J. 22 July ; 5 J1,
12 Aug.; Whitesbog. 1$, 29 June; Upton, 1$, 12 Aug.;
Fisher's Dam, 1 J, 28 Aug.; Batsto I'oml. 1 J. 7 Sept.

Celithemis ornata Rambur.

NEW JERSEY: Upton Ponds. 1 $, 29 June.

Although this species is widely distributed in North Carolina
and states to the south, it has never been reported from any
point north of that state. This capture extends the range of
oniala more than three hundred miles, into the Upper Austral
life zone. Except for an individual seen on 24 June, which is
presumed to be the same one captured on the above date, no
other ornata were seen.

( To he continued}

Ivii, '46 1 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 57

Notes and News in Entomology

Under this heading we present, from time to time, notes, news, and
comments. Contributions from readers are earnestly solicited and \\ill
be acknowledged when used.

The Number of Species in a Genus. Win. T. M. Forbes
in this journal (vol. 56, p. 279, Dec., 1945) arrives mathe-
matically at the conclusion that "the ideal number would appear
to be about 20 or 30" species in a genus, and then states "Ac-
tually, of course, the numbers in a proper classification would
not be definite, but would vary enormously." The latter is true.

If we plot the numbers of species in the genera of any larger
group against the number of genera including those numbers of
species, we find on one end of our graph a large number of
monotypical genera and on the other end a few very large gen-
era. We furthermore find that the intermediates are distributed
in a characteristic "hollow curve." This phenomenon was dis-
covered by J. C. Willis in 1922.1 recently extended by the same
author,- and discussed by Sewall Wright,3 Ernst Mayr,J and
Stanley Cain/"'

In Hampson's revision of the moths of the family Arctiidae
(Cat. Lepidoptera Phalaenae Brit. Mus.. vol. 3. 1901 ) the num-
bers of species in the genera are as follows, the number of spe-
cies in a genus being followed in parentheses by the number of
genera including that number of species. 1 (69). 2 (14), 3
(14). 4 (8). 5 (4), 6 (3). 7 (4). 8 (4). 9 (4). 10 (4), 12 (2).
13 (1 ),15 (2), 17 (3), 18. 21 (1 each), 22 (2). 24. 25 (1 each).
29 (2). 34, 58. 61. 126 (1 each) := 934 species in 148 genera.
This results in an average of 6.3 species to a genus, but as a

1 Willis, J. C. 1922. Age and area. Cambridge Univ. Press.

— . 1940. The course of evolution by differentiation or diver-
gent mutation rather than by selection. Cambridge Univ. Press.

:; Wright, S. 1941. The "Age and Area" concept extended. Ecology
22 (3) : 345-347.

1 Mayr, E. 1942. Systematics and the origin of species. Columbia
Univ. Press. See p. 288.

5 Cain, S. 1944. Foundations of plant geography. Harper Bros. Sec
pp. 224, 310, 315.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '46

matter of fact there are only 3 genera of 6 species and 4 genera
of 7 species. The "ideal" number of species per genus would
seem to depend upon the phylogenetic nature of the genus.

The Diptera of the subfamily Ulidiinae (Hendel, Gen. Ins.,
Fasc. 106. 1910) are comprised in 156 species distributed
among 26 genera, as follows. 1 (17), 2 (6). 3 (1), 4 (1), 8
(1). 9 (2). 11 (1), 29 (1). 54 (1). This is an average of
exactly 6 species per genus, but there is no genus with 6 species
and only one each with the nearest numbers to 6.

The family Carabidae in Blackwelder's checklist of the Cole-
nptera of Central and South America (U. S. Xat. Mus. Bull.
185, 1944) includes 3939 syecies in 307 genera, as follows.
1 (104), 2 (45), 3 (17). 4 (19), 5 (11), 6 (12), ^ (6), 8 (11 ),
9 (6), 10 (7), 11 (7), 12 (3), 14 (3), 16 (2). 17 (2), 19 (4),
20 (2), 22 (2), 23 (1),24 (4), 25 (3), 26 (2), 27 (D.29 (3),
32, 33, 35, 38, 40 (1 each), 43 (3), 46, 47. 51. 54. 55 (1 each),
57 (2), 74. 80. 101, 112. 115, 124, 141. 167, 221, 330, 332 (1
each). This time the average is 12.8 species per genus.—
GEORGE C. STEYSKAL.

Current Entomological Literature

COMPILED BY CHARLES HODGE IV, EDWIN T. MOUL,
MAURICE E. PHILLIPS AND HENRY K. TOWNES JR.

Under the above head it is intended lo note papers received at the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, pertaining to the Entomology
of the Americas (North and South), including Arachnida and Myriopoda. Articles irrele-
vant to American entomology will not be noted; but contributions to anatomy, physiology
and embryology of insects, however, whether relating to American or exotic species will
be recorded.

This list gives references of the current or preceding year unless otherwise noted.
Continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installment.

NOTE: The figures within brackets [ ] refer to the journal in which the paper ap-
peared, as numbered in the List of Journals given at the end of the literature. The num-
ber of the volume, and in some cases, the part, heft. &c. is followed by a colon (:).
References to papers containing new forms or names not so stated in titles are followed
by (*); if containing keys are followed by (k): papers pertaining exclusively to Neo-
tropical speries, and not so indicated in the title, have the symbol < S > .

Papers published in ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS are not listed.

GENERAL — Beaumont, J. de. — Systematique et crois-
sance dysharmonique. [14 1 19: 45-52. Bornebusch, C. H.

—Animal life in relation to vegetation and soil. |7| 23:

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 59

240-254. Brues, C. T— Future of Entomology. [90| 80:
19-21, 1946. Hayes, W. P. — Taxonomic type names and
identification terms used for immature insects. [19| 40:
123-127. Poisson & Patay. — A propos de la destruction des
insects parasites par des matieres "inertes." |5| 17: 37^40.
Wilson, G. F. — Insects pests of Cotoneaster horizontalis.
[12] 70: 271-275, ill., 1945. (Hemiptera & Lepidoptera.)

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, MEDICAL— Anthon, H.

—Structure of the head of dipterous larvae : Olbiogaster
sp. (Rhyphidae). [7] 23: 303-320. Bolwig, N.— Vitamin
E on larvae of honey bee. [7] 22: 295-298. Christensen,
P. — Serosa and amnion of Lepidoptera. [7] 23: 204-223.
Faester, K. — Biological observations on Crabro planifrons
Thorns. (Fam. Sphegidae). [7] 24: 97-114. Haarlov, N.

— Chaetotaxis of tarsus 1 in some Merostigmata. [7] 23:
273-294. Kettlewell, H. B. D.— Female assembling scents.
[9] 89: 8-14. Krogh, A. — Some experiments on the osmo-
regulation and respiration of Eristalis larvae. | 7 | 23 : 49-
65. Larsen, E. B. — Importance of master factors for activ-
ity of Noctuids. [7] 23: 352-374. Lemche, H.— On gen-
etics of Ephestia Kuhniella Zell. (Lep. Pyral.). [7] 23:
37-48; 24: 127-157. Mohr & Mossige. — Cytogenetic analy-
sis of the spontaneous 3rd. Chromosome deficiency vein in
Drosophila melanogaster. [18] 1942 : 7 : 1-51, ill. Nielsen,
S. — Biology of Cicindela campestris L. [7] 24: 170-174.
Nielsen, E. T. — X-ray observations on the passage of food
in Orthoptera. [7] 23: 255-272. Norgaard, E.— Feeding
habits of Linyphia (Aran.). [7] 23: 82-100. Salt & Sea-
mans. — Experimental starvation of larvae of pale western
cut-worm. Agrotis orthogonia Morr. [4] 77: 150-155.
Silvestri, F. — Intercastes of Syntermes grandis (Rambur)
caused by a protozoan. [Acta] 9: 77-89 (S). Wesenberg-
Lund, C.— On Biology of Chironomidae. [7] 23: 179-203.
Wolff, N. L. — Asymmetrical Lepidoptera: somatic mosaics.
[7] 23:443-456.

ARACHNIDA & MYRIOPODA— Haarlov, N.— (See
Anat.. etc.) Lees, A. D. — Water balance in Ixodes ricinus
L. and certain other species of ticks. [116] 37: 1-20, 1946.
Lewis, E. A. — Nairobi sheep disease: The survival of the
virus in the tick Rhipocephalus appendiculatus. |116] 37:
55-59. Lewis, Piercy & Wiley. — Rhipicephalus neavei
\\arburton. 1912, as a vector of East Coast Fever. [116|
37: 60-64. Milne, A. — Ecology of the sheep tick, Txodes
ricinus L. Distribution of the tick on hill pasture.

60 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '46

|116| 37: 75-81. Norgaard, E.— (See Anat., etc.) Rad-
ford, C. D. — Notes on Trombicula deliensis Walsh, 1923
( Acarina ; Trombidiidae) with description of the adult.
1 116] 37: 42-45, ill. Smith, C. N.— Biology and control of
the American dog tick. [U.S.D.A. Tech. 'Bull. 905] 1-74.
ill.. 1946.

SMALLER ORDERS— Carriker, M. A., Jr.— Studies in
Neotropical Mallophaga VII. Goniodes and allied genera
from Gallinaceous hosts. [17] 6: 355-399. ill.. 1945 (*).
Gisin, H. — Material for revision of the Collembola. ( 14]
19: 121-156 (*). Hopkins, G. H. E.— On Harrisoniella
(Mallophaga) with special reference to the genotype. [9]
89: 4-7. Needham, J. G.— Dragonflies of S.W.' Florida.
| 19 1 40: 104-110. Santos, N. D. do. — Ypirangathemis cal-
verti. n.g. and n.s. (Odonata). | 105] 16: 457-462 (S).
Scheinert, C. A. — Silverfish. rayon enthusiast. [15] 39:
149. ill. Silvestri, F. — New conception of castes in correla-
tion to state of colony, and two new species of Syntermes.
|3| 6: 1-16 (S). Silvestri, F.— (See Anat.. etc.') Wahl-
gren, E. — Gall-making Thysanoptera. [16| 10: 119-126.

HEMIPTERA — Carayon, J. — Les elements bacilliformes
secretes par les glandes genitales annex de certains Hemip-
teres. [6] 70: 11-14, 1945. DeLong, D. M.— The genus
Tinobregmus (Homoptera-Cicadellidae) in Mexico. [19]
40: 97-102 (*). Fisher, K. J. — Two species of Colias mi-
grating in central U. S. A. 1 107] 20: 107-109. Gorham,
R. P. — Use of flight traps in the study of aphid movement.
|1| 2: 106-111. 1946. Poisson, R.— Contribution a 1'etude
des Gerris de France et de 1'Afrique du Nord (Hemipteres:
Gcrridae). [5] 17: 140-173, ill.. 1940 (*k). Poisson, R.-
Sur la biologic de Myzoides (Myzus) per sicae (Sulz) . . .
a propos des plantes notes secondaires de cet Aphidien.
| 5] 18: 18-20. 1941. Poisson, R.— Sur quelques Hemipteres
aquatiques des collections du Musee Royal d'histoire Natu-
relle de Belgique. [5] 17: 54-71. ill., 1940 (*). Richter, L.
-Membracidae Colombianae. [17| 6: 339-354. ill. (*).
Usinger, R. L. — Review of genus Saldoida with new rec-
ords for Georgia and Virginia. 1 19] 40: 116-118 (k).
Wygodzinsky, P. — On genus Metapterus Costa, 1860. with
notes on other neotropical Emesinae. [105] 16: 462-470

(*)•

LEPIDOPTERA— Christensen, P.— (See Anat., etc.)
Gardner, J. C. M. — Immature stages of Indian Lepidoptera
(Cossidae, Indarbelidae). [ 1 1 ] 45 : 390-396. Larsen, E. B.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 61

-(See Anat.. etc.) Lemche, H. — (See Anat., etc.) Mc-
Dunnough, J. — New North American Eupithecias (Lepid.,
Geometridae). [4] 77: 168-176. McDunnough, J. — North
American Coleophorids. [4] 77: 145-150 (*). Smith, C.
C. — Notes on the birch shoot borer, Epinotia solicitana
Walker (Olethrentidae : Lepidoptera). [1] 2: 114-121.
ill. Wolff, N. L.— (See Anat., etc.)

DIPTERA— Alexander, C. P. — Notes on tropical Ameri-
can species of Tipula Linn. [105] 16: 330-356; 415-440
(*). Alexander, C. P. — Records and descriptions of Tipu-
liclae from tropical America VI. [105] 16: 373-393 (*).
Alexander, C. P. — New or little known Tipulidae LXXIV.
Neotropical species. [75] 12: 390-419. Alexander, C. P.
—New nearctic craneflies. [4] 77: 140-144. Anthon, H.—
(See Anat., etc.) Bequaert, J. — Dr. L. Vargas on Ameri-
can black-flies — a review with critical notes. [19] 40: 111-
115. Bohart & Ingram. — Four new species of mosquitoes
from Okinawa (Diptera: Culicidae). [91] 36: 46-52. ill.
Bromley, S. W. — Bee-killing- Asilidae of the southeastern
states. ' [10] 48: 16-17. Harmon & Knowlton. — Three
new western Dolichopodidae. |4| 77: 137-139. Henrik-
sen, K. L. — Two South American warble-flies, parasites of
rodents. [7] 22: 284-289. Krogh, A.— (See Anat.. etc.)
Kryger, J. P. — The Chalcid subfamily Eunotinae. |7| 23:
66-81. Lane, J.— New species of Dixa. [105)16:444-446
(S). Lane, J. — Redescription of Ceratopogonidae. |105]
16: 356-372 (S). Lopes, H. de S. — Two neotropical Sarco-
phagidae of the British Museum. [105] 16: 450-456 (*).
Steyskal, G. — Pseudacteon onyx n.s., a Phorid attacking
ants. | 114[ 489 (k*). Wesenberg-Lund, C.— (See Anat..
etc.) Wishart, G. — Aplomya caesar (Aldrich). a tachinid
parasite of the European corn borer. [4| 77: 157-167.

ORTHOPTERA— Nielsen, E. T— (See Anat.. etc.)
Rehn & Rehn. — A contribution to our knowledge of the
Eumastacidae (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) of Africa and
Madagascar. Part 1. [41] 97: 179-248, ill.. 1945 (*).

COLEOPTERA— Barber, H. S.— Note on Ceratoma and
Andrector (Col., Chrysom.). [19| 40: 121-122. Bondar,
G.— Entomological notes XVI." |105| 16: 315-329 (S*).
Bridwell, J. C. — Genera of beetles of the family Bruchidae
in America north of Mexico. [91] 36: 52-57 (k). Dietrich,
H.— Elateridae of New York State. 1 13] 269: 3-79. ill..
1945, (k). Guerin, J. — Ne\v Clytridae (Col.) from Argen-
tina. | 105 1 16: 447-449. Hoeg, Niels. — On systematic*

62 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '46

of Aleoeharini. [7] 24: 264-286. Jeannel, Dr. R. — Sur une
modification insolite de 1'organe Copulateur male de certain
Coleoptera. [6] 70: 8-1 1, ill.. 1945. Liljeblad, E.— Mono-
graph of Mordelliclae of N. A. north of Mexico. [20] 62
(k*). Loding, H. P. — Catalogue of beetles of Alabama.
[Geol. Sur. Alabama Monog. 11] 7-172, 1945. Maria, H.
A. — Miscelanea entomologica y catalogo sistematico, sino-
nimico y geografico de los insectos del genero "Carabus.''
1 17] 6:" 322-327. ill.. 1945. Nielsen, S.— (See Anat., etc.)
Poisson, R. — Sur une invasion de Cassides (Coleoptere:
Cassididae) dans des Champs de betteraves en Ille-et-
Vilaine. [5] 18: 29-32, 1941. Poisson, R. — A propos d'une
invasion de Lema (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) sur des
cereales dans le departement de la Mayenne. [5] 18: 21-
25. Poisson, R. — Sur la presence en Bretagne du Lyctus
(Xylotrogus) brunneus Stepli. (Coleoptere: Lyctidae).
| 5]" 17: 21-28, ill. Saylor, L. W.— A new Melolonthine
genus, Ulata. from Argentina. [105] 16: 441-444 (*).
Saylor, L. W. — Synoptic revision of the U. S. Scarab beetles
of the subfamily Dynastinae No. 3: Tribe Oryctini (Part).
[91] 36: 41-45, 'ill. \k). Saylor, L. W.— Revision of genus
Athlia (Scarab.. Melolonthinae). [10] 48: 18-25 (k*).
HYMENOPTERA— Barbotin, F— Sur les Cynipides
gallicoles (Hymenopteres) du departement d'llle-et-Vilaine.
[5] 18: 42-50. 1941. Bolwig, N.— (See Anat., etc.)
Faester, K. — (See Anat., etc.) Holgersen, H. — Ant stud-
ies in Rogaland (S.W. Norway). [2] 7: 1-75. 1943.
Moure, J. — Apoidea of the collection of Conde Barbiellini.
[105] 16: 394-414 (kS*). Moure, J.— On Epicharitina
(Hym. Apoidea). [105] 16: 293-314 (S*). Richards, O.
W. — Revision of the genus Mischocyttarus de Saussure
(Hymenoptera: Vespidae). [36] 95': 295-462. ill.. 1945
(*k). Weber, N. A. — Two common ponerine ants of pos-
sible economic significance. [10] 48: 1—15.

LIST OF JOURNALS CITED

1. — Acadian Naturalist. 2. — Avhandl. Utgitt av Det
Norske Videnskaps-Akademi. 3. — Boll, del Lab. di Ent.
Agraria di Portici, Naples. 4. — Canadian Entomologist.
5. — Bull. Soc. Sci. de Bretagne. 6. — Bull. Soc. Zool. de
France. 7. — Entomologiske Medelelser. 9. — Entomologist.
10. — Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington. 11. — Jour. Bombay
Nat. Hist. Soc. 12.— Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. 13.— Mem.
Agric. Exp. Sta.. Cornell L'. 14. — Mitteilungen der

Ivii, '46 1 I:\TOMOLOGICAL NEWS 63

schweiz. ent. Gesellschaft. 15. — Xature. Washington. 16.
— Opuscula Entomologica. 17. — Rev. de la Acacl. Colom-
biana. 18. — Skrifter Utgitt av Dot Xorske Viedenskaps-
Akademi. 19.— Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 20.— Univ. Mich.
misc. publ. Mas. Zool. 36. — Trans. Ent. Soc. London.
41.— Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. IMiila. 75.— Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist. 90. — American Xat. 91. — Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci.
105.— Rev. Entomol. R. d. Janeiro. 107.— Proc. Roy. Ent.
Soc., A. 114.— Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. L'niv. Mich. 116.-
Parasitology, London.

Review

THE ADELID MOTHS OF SOUTH AFRICA. THE MOTHS OF
SOUTH AFRICA. Vol. IV. Part 2. By A. J. T. Janse.

I suppose most lepidopterists can recall their surprise when
they first caught an adelid, one of those minute delicate things
with excessively long antennae. Dr. Janse remarks on their
strong resemblance to the trichopterids of the family Lepto-
ceridae and speculates on a possible caddis-fly ancestry for them,
perhaps more direct than in any other group of Frenatae. The
maxillary palpi and the male genitalia tend to support this idea.

About 250 species are described from all over the world, and
of these 68 are recorded from South Africa. The genus Adela
has only two recorded South African species, but Ccroinitia has
the great majority of its species in that region. Janse divides
Ccroinitia into three groups, based primarily on the male geni-
talia. He says : "It is doubtful whether one can consider these
three groups as true genera, so I here treat them as subgenera,
writing, for example, Agisana tnrpis, instead of Ccroinitia (Agi-
sana) titrpis.

Of the S. African Adelidae, two were described by Walker,
two by Zeller. four by Walsingham, one by Stainton, 34 by
Mc-yrick and 25 now by Janse. As in all Janse's work, the
descriptions are excellent and the drawings of structures are
exquisite, while the various moths are illustrated by enlarged
photographs. Although this book is on the African fauna it
should be in the hands of all lepidopterists, who will learn much
from it. — T. D. A. COCKERELL.

EXCHANGES

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Wanted — Viennese Entomological Printing Press, for printing 3,
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Fort Worth 7, Texas.

Wanted — Mosquitoes for determination, or exchange for S. E.
specimens. Particularly desire larvae. H. R. Dodge, Box 1095,
Macon, Ga.

Arctic Lepidoptera on hand, including Erebia, Oeneis and Brenthis.
R. J. Fitch, Lloydminster, Sask., Canada.

Odonata — Will buy or exchange North and Central American
species, both imagos and nymphs. Also will exchange other orders
for Odonata. Carl Cook, Crail Hope, Kentucky.

I want to collect Rothschildia farbesi, agapema, galfina and io
moths for interested persons. E. Frixzell, Route 4, San Benito,
Texas.

I want to collect Pennsylvania insects from York and Adam.s ( <>.
E. W. Mange, 307 W. Walnut St., Hanover, Pa.

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

DIV.

MARCH 1946 u>s. WA-CL. *»,

Vol. LVII No. 3

CONTENTS

Alexander — Undescribed crane-flies, Part V 65

Carpenter — Tick collections 71

Beatty— Dragonflies in Pennsylvania and New Jersey (cont.) 76

Rapp — Translation of introduction to Meigen, 1800 81

Personal 86

Entomological Literature 86

Review — Insect dietary 91

PUBLISHED MONTHLY, EXCEPT AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER, BY

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LVII MARCH, 1946 Xo. ,

Undescribed Species of Crane-Flies from the

Western United States and Canada

(Dipt.: Tipulidae). Part V

By CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, Massachusetts State College,
Amherst, Massachusetts

In the present article I wish to describe three new species of
the vast genus Tif>ula from the Rocky Mountain and Pacific
states and provinces. Except where indicated to the contrary
in the text, the types of the novelties are preserved in my per-
sonal collection of world Tipulidae. I am very much indebted
to Messrs. Hallahan, Leech, Melander and Michener for their
kindly interest in saving these flies.

Tipula (Yamatotipula) jacintoensis n. sp.

J1. Length about 10 mm.; wing 9-9.5 mm.; antenna about
2 mm.

9- Length about 12-14 mm.; wing 10-11 mm.

Closest of land in the small size and darkened wings, differ-
ing especially in the highly contrasted yellow and black pattern
of the thorax and abdomen.

Thorax black, variegated with light yellow, including the
pronotal scutellum. pretergites. dorsopleural membrane, median
region of scutum, parascutella and the broad posterior portions
of the scutal lobes ; cephalic two-thirds of mediotergite and the
entire anapleurotergite similarly brightened. Pleura dark
brown, the pteropleurite and metapleurite light yellow. Legs
yellow, the femoral tips narrowly blackened, on the posterior
legs including the outer sixth or seventh. Abdomen black, the
broad posterior and lateral borders of the tergites. and less
evidently of the sternites, bright yellow. Male hypopygium
with the median tergal lobe low and broad, without lateral
shoulders as in spcrna.v.

(65)

O» •• 31 t6

66 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '46

Holotypc: J1, San Jacinto Mountains, CALIFORNIA, Tahquitz
Valley, altitude 8,000 feet, June 3, 1940 (C. D. Michcncr).
Allotopotypc: $; pinned with type. Paratopotype: J1; para-
types: 1 d\ 1 $, Round Valley, altitude 8,800 feet, June 14, 1940
(C. D. Michener).

Further collections and study may show that this fly is a race
of the northern Tipula (Yaiuatotipnla) land Alexander (Mount
Hood. Oregon).

Tipula (Oreomyza) shoshone n. sp.

Allied to pseudotruncorum; antennae black, the apex of
pedicel restrictedly yellow ; mesonotal praescutum gray, with
five dark brown stripes, the median one capillary ; male hypo-
pygium with the ninth tergite having a narrow rectangular
median notch, the broad lateral lobes produced into a small
tooth ; margin of lobes with microscopic denticles ; outer disti-
style gradually narrowed outwardly ; inner dististyle long and
narrow, with both the beak and lower beak united into a single
blackened structure ; outer basal lobe entirely pale.

J\ Length about 13.5-14 mm.; wing 14.5-15.5 mm.; an-
tenna about 2.9-3 mm.

Frontal prolongation of head uniformly gray ; nasus small ;
palpi brownish black. Antennae black ; scape elongate, gray
pruinose ; apex of pedicel restrictedly obscure yellow ; flagellar
segments short-cylindrical, with poorly indicated basal enlarge-
ments ; verticils long and conspicuous, much exceeding the seg-
ments in length. Head gray ; vertex with a brown median
stripe.

Pronotum gray, with three small brown spots. Mesonotal
praescutum gray, conspicuously patterned with dark brown,
including five stripes, the sublateral pair broadest ; intermediate
stripes at anterior end with a narrower backward extension that
passes through the pseudosutural foveae and almost reaches the
suture behind ; fifth stripe a capillary median line ; posterior
sclerites of notum gray, each scutal lobe with two disconnected
dark brown areas ; a slightly paler brown median stripe, begin-
ning at the suture, extending almost to the abdomen, narrowly
interrupted at the posterior end ; parascutella dark. Pleura and

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 67

pleurotergite light gray, restrictedly patterned with somewhat
darker gray ; dorsopleural region huffy yellow ; propleura yel-
low, variegated with small hrown spots. Halteres yellow, knob
brownish black. Legs with the coxae and trochanters gray ;
remainder of legs hlack, the femoral bases broadly yellow, more
extensive on the fore legs where nearly the proximal third is
included, on posterior femora with nearly the basal fifth bright-
ened: claws (male) delicately setuliferous. with a small sub-
basal tooth. Wings cream-yellow, variegated with pale brown
and darker brown areas, the latter most evident at the stigma
and as an arcular darkening ; the paler brown clouds cover much
of the remainder of wing, interspersed with pale ground areas ;
post-stigmal pale band broadest, especially developed in the
holotype, more restricted in the paratype. Venation: Rl+~ pre-
served.

Abdominal tergites dark brown, the more basal segments
light gray pruinose on sides ; at about tergite five and on the
succeeding segments, the caudal borders of the tergites narrowly
yellow; lateral tergal borders broadly yellow; sternites gray,
narrowly darkened medially and sublaterally ; subterminal ster-
nites with broad areas on either side of midline ; hypopygium
relatively large, dark brownish gray, more or less variegated
with yellow. Male hypopygium with the ninth tergite broad,
transverse, narrowed posteriorly, the caudal border with a nar-
row rectangular median notch; behind the notch with a dorsal
furrow that is provided with numerous microscopic setulae from
small tubercles ; lateral tergal lobes broad, the outer lateral angle
produced into a small tooth ; margins of lobes with additional
microscopic denticles. Appendage of ninth sternite dilated at
base, the outer pendulous portion bearing several long yellow
setae, those at apex subequal in length to the outer lobe of the
appendage. Basistyle entire, unproduced. Outer dististyle
relatively long and narrow, broadest subbasally. very gradually
narrowed to the obtuse tips. Inner dististyle long and narrow,
the beak blackened, narrowly obtuse ; lower beak apparently
lacking and evidently fused with the beak ; outer basal lobe en-
tirely pale, one face covered with abundant setulae and with a
submarginal fringe of longer setae ; upper apical angle narrowed
into a small glabrous point. Gonapophysis appearing as a flat-

68 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Alar., '46

tened dark-colored blade, broadly obtuse at apex. Eighth
sternite at apex bearing two low hemispherical lobes that are
provided with unusually long yellow setae, the lobes separated
from the sclerite by pale membrane.

Holotypc: J1; Adna. Lewis County, WASHINGTON, July 10,
1917 (Melander) ; in Melander Collection. Paratypc: J*; Steel-
head, BRITISH COLUMBIA, May 21, 1933 (H. B. Leech).

Although allied to Tipula (Orcomyza} pscndotruncornni
Alexander, likewise from the Pacific and Rocky Mountain
northwestern states and provinces, the present fly is well-dis-
tinguished by the details of structure of the male hypopygium,
particularly of the tergite and both dististyles. The hypopygial
details of pscitdotruncoritin have been described and figured by
the writer in another report (Amer. Midi. Nat., 33: 410; 1945).
The present fly is evidently the species described and figured by
Snodgrass (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc.. 30: 211, pi. 16, figs. 132,
134; 1904) as T. (O.) tnnicontiii Meigen, of Europe. I had
formerly believed that Snodgrass's description referred to
pseudotruncorum (Can. Ent.. 52: 229; 1920) but evidently this
is not the case.

Tipula (Lunatipula) saxemontana n. sp.

Size medium (wing, male, about 15 mm.) ; general colora-
tion gray, the praescutum with four dark brown stripes ; femora
yellow, the tips infuscated ; claws ( male ) toothed ; wings with
a strong brownish tinge, the stigma darker ; conspicuous obli-
terative areas before and beyond the stigma and across the cord ;
abdomen orange-yellow, with a broad blackish median stripe
and less conspicuous sublateral ones ; male hypopygium with
the tergite conspicuously notched ; basistyle produced caudad
into a long flattened blade, its tip obtuse ; inner dististyle with
the outer basal lobe a large subcircular blade that is produced
into two pale points ; eighth sternite sheathing, the emarginate
apex fringed with abundant yellow setae.

J1. Length about 13-15 mm.; wing 14-16 mm.; antenna
about 4.5-5 mm.

Frontal prolongation of head relatively long, nearly equal to
the remainder of head, light brown, more pruinose at base;
nasus exceedingly short to virtually lacking ; first segment of

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 69

palpi brown, succeeding segments black. Antennae with scape
and pedicel obscure yellow ; first flagellar segment obscure
brownish yellow, the tips narrowly 1 thickened, remainder of
organ black ; flagellar segments rather strongly incised ; longest
verticils subequal in length to the segments. Head with an-
terior vertex buffy, posterior vertex gray, clearer gray on pos-
terior orbits, the areas delimited internally by more blackish
lines ; a capillary dark brown median vitta.

Pronotum gray, with three brown spots. Mesonotal praescu-
tum gray, with four conspicuous dark brown stripes, the inter-
mediate pair representing the lateral borders of a slightly darker
gray median area, the latter in front exceeding four times the
width of the brown stripes, narrowed posteriorly ; a slight dark-
ening at the humeral region, the extreme margin of which is
yellowed ; scutum gray, each lobe with two brown areas ; pos-
terior sclerites of notum gray, the lateral border of the medio-
tergite and the pleurotergite more yellowish gray. Pleura gray,
the dorsopleural membrane light yellow. Halteres with stem
yellow, knob infuscated. Legs with the coxae light gray prui-
nose ; trochanters yellow ; remainder of legs variable in color, in
some, including type, with the femora yellow, the tips infuscated,
more broadly so on fore legs where about the outer two-thirds is
included, more narrowly darkened on the fore and middle legs;
in other specimens, the femoral tips are about equally darkened
on all legs, including about the outer twelfth to fifteenth ; tibiae
yellowish brown, the tips narrowly blackened ; tarsi black, the
basitarsi extensively yellowish brown ; claws toothed. Wings
with a strong brownish tinge, the stigma darker brown; pre-
arcular and costal fields a trifle more yellowish brown ; con-
spicuous white obliterative areas before and beyond stigma and
crossing a cord at the fork of .17. the last largest; veins brown,
pale in the obliterative areas. Venation: R^., entire; cell Isf
M., pointed at outer end; /// oblique, a little shorter than the
petiole of cell .I/,.

Abdominal tergites orange-yellow, with a very broad blackish
median stripe that is narrowly interrupted at the posterior
borders and again at the similarly narrow yellowish gray bases
of the segments; on intermediate segments a much less evident

70 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '46

sublateral dusky area, broadly interrupted on the posterior
borders ; lateral tergal margins broadly pale, more or less prui-
nose ; sternites yellow, the intermediate segments broadly dark-
ened medially, the posterior borders narrowly yellow ; hypo-
pygium dark chestnut red to almost blackish. Male hypopygium
relatively large and conspicuous. Ninth tergite longer than
broad, slightly narrowed outwardly, the posterior border con-
spicuously emarginate, including a narrow median incision and
broader and shallower submedian notches ; teeth adjoining the
median notch acute ; outer lateral angles less evidently incised.
Ninth sternite with the appendage conspicuously bilobed, in-
cluding a large oval lobule provided with abundant curved
setae, those at apex shorter and more dense, and a small, more
basal lobule that bears very elongate setae which are decussate
at the midline. Basistyle entire, the outer portion produced
caudad and mesad into a conspicuous flattened blade, its tip
obtuse, usually broadly so, in cases approaching subacute.
Outer dististyle a dark-colored flattened blade, with abundant
long pale setae. Inner dististyle with the beak very obtuse, lower
beak more pointed ; dorsal crest narrow, its margin irregularly
toothed : outer basal lobe very large and conspicuous, appearing
a large subcircular blade, the outer portion produced into two
conspicuous pale points ; surface of blade with numerous long
yellow setae. Eighth sternite sheathing but not projecting be-
yond the other elements of the hypopygium, the posterior border
emarginate and fringed with abundant yellow setae.

Holotype: ^\ Grand Tetons, at Arizona Creek. WYOMING,
altitude 6,800 feet, July 2, 1941 (C. P. Alexander). Paratopo-
typcs: 4 <$<$, altitude 6,790-6,800 feet, July 8, 1941 ; July 5,
1942 (C. P. Alexander) ; Paratypcs: ^, Inv-ermere. BRITISH CO-
LUMBIA, August 15. 1927 (A. A. Dennys) ; JJ. Yellowstone,
Tower Falls" 6.400 feet. June 23. 1941, 2 JJ; Osprey Falls,
7,000 feet. June 25, 1941 ; Northeast Entrance. 7.200 feet. June
26. 1941 (C. P. Alexander) ; Rocky Mountain National Park,
COLORADO, 11.000 feet, July 24. 1941, taken above timberline,
flying above dwarf willows and mountain bog birch. He tula
(jlandulosa Michx. (C. P. Alexander) ; Gothic. Colorado, 10,-
000 feet, July 15. 1934 (J. D. Hallahan).

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 71

This species has long been confused with Tipula (Lunatipnla)
pleuracicula Alexander 1915 (arizonica Alexander, 1916; mono-
chroma Dietz, 1919) and I am particularly indebted to Dr. Alan
Stone for examining the types of my species, now in the United
States National Museum, and thus settling the identity of this
well-marked fly. The above names all pertain to a smaller
yellow crane-fly that is allied to T. (L.) splendens Doane, 1901,
having the basistyle of the male hypopygium produced into a
much more slender stiletto-like point than in the present species.
In an earlier report (Amer. Midi. Nat.. 30: 732; 1943) I had
referred to the present fly as being pleuracicula and this name
should be corrected to saxemontana.

Tick Collections at Army Installations in the
Fourth Service Command

By STANLEY J. CARPENTER.' ROY W. CHAMBERLAIN - and

LEONORA PEEPLES,3 Fourth Service Command Medical

Laboratory. Fort McPherson, Georgia

Numerous collections of ticks have been made by Army per-
sonnel in the seven states comprising the Fourth Service Com-
mand during 1943. 1944. and 1945, and forwarded to the
Fourth Service Command Medical Laboratory for identifica-
tion. The states included in the Fourth Service Command are
Alabama. Florida. Georgia. Mississippi, North Carolina. South
Carolina and Tennessee.

The collections are summarized in Table 1. During 1943 to
1945. the following species were taken: Amblyomma ameri-
cannin (Linnaeus), A. dissmiile Koch. A. tubcrculatum Marx,
Dermdcentor albipictns Packard. D. variabilis (Say). Hacina-
phy sails leporis-palustrls Packard. I. v odes ric inns scapnlaris
Say, Khipicephalus sanguineus Latreille. and Ornithodorus turi-
cata Duges. A total of 3.227 specimens, representing 47 locali-
ties, are included.

1 Major, Sanitary Corps. Army of The United States.

- 2nd Lieutenant. Sanitary Corps, Army of The United States.

3 SP-5, Medical Technician.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Mar

, '46

TABLE 1. Tick Collections in the Fourth Service Command, 1943-1945

(L = larva;

N = nymph)

Number of

Specimens

Collected

Species and

I— fy-iL-f- OT*

Locality

Date

Source L

Adults

Amblyomma americanum

FLORIDA

Marianna

5/15-18/44

Dragging

3d"

6/6-8/17/44

2rf

9/28/44

Dog

GEORGIA

Hinesville

4/9-6/20/44

Man

2d*

MISSISSIPPI

Biloxi

March, 1945

Centerville

6/27/44

Man

Id*

149

6/27-8/15/44

Trap 788

714

4o"

Gloster

8/1-11/44

Man

Hattiesburg

3/30/44

Man

1 9

4/17/44

Cow

4/23/44

Man

1 9

5/15-6/10/44

Dog

Id1

219

NORTH CAROLINA

Fayetteville

5/10/44

2c?

1 9

3/29/44

Deer

3d*

SOUTH CAROLINA

Charleston

5/14-6/6/44

3tf

Debidue Beach

5/4-6/1/44

Man

2<?

1 9

Myrtle Beach

5/26-8/21/44

Man

42 tf

.369

12/22/44

Fox

Id1

3/25-5/4/45

Man

14d"

159

Amblyomma dissimile

GEORGIA

Hinesville

2/9/44

Tortoise

3d1

FLORIDA

Boca Raton

2/29-11/2/44

Snake

5<f

Amblyomma maculatum

FLORIDA

Avon Park

8/28/43

Dragging

GEORGIA

Hinesville

5/22/44

Man

Icf

8/31/44

Man

Id"

9/11/44

Dog

1 9

9/26/44

Man

1 9

Macon

8/2/44

Dog

Id1

Valdosta

8/20-9/30/43

Horse

60*

139

MISSISSIPPI

Gulfport

Sept., 1944

Id1

Hattiesburg

6/6-8/10/44

Dog

Id1

1 9

8/30/44

Man

Id1

Ivii. '46]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

TABLE 1 (Continued)

Species and
Locality

Date

Host or
Source

Number of Specimens
Collected

L N

Adults

Amblyomma tuberculatum

FLORIDA
Boca Raton 6/25/43
11/2/44
Carrabelle 5/18/44
Nov., 1944

Tortoise
Tortoise
Tortoise
Turtle

1(7
IcT
1 9-
2cf 1 9

Dermacentor albipictus
SOUTH CAROLINA

Myrtle Beach 12/5/44

Dermacentor variabilis

Deer

Icf

ALABAMA

Ozark

5/16/44

Man

1<7

Oct., 1944

Ic7

FLORIDA

Boca Raton

5/11/43

Id1

10/27/44

Man

Id1

Panama City

4/14/44

House

1<7

4/12/44

Dog

5/20/44

la*

3/23/45

Man

1 9

W. Palm Beach

8/17-9/27/43

Man

Icf

1 9

9/17-11/16/43

Dog

2c7

3/31/44

Opossum

3c7

6/28-7/3/44

Raccoon

8c7

7/20/44

Dog

1 9

GEORGIA

Atlanta

Mav, 1944

Ic7

8/29/44

Man

Lc7

1 9

Columbus

6/1-7/6/44

Man

Ic7

Decatur

6/13/45

Dragging

Ic7

6/13/45

Dog

23d"

Hinesville

4/11-6/27/44

Man

4c7

Macon

5/18/44

Man

IcT

5/22-8/2/44

Dog

6cT

Ft. Oglethorpe

4/29/44

Id1

Savannah

5/5-6/28/44

Dog

8cf

139

Mav, 1944

Man

Valdosta

8/20/43

Horse

Id1

\Yarner Robins

May, 1944

2cT

MISSISSIPPI

Hattiesburg

5/15/44

Dog

Id1

7/5-8/25/44

Man

6<f

NORTH CAROLINA

I Hirham

7/16/43

Man

IcT

1 9

5/2/44

Tent

Icf

5/16-6/29/44

Man

4<f

6/21/45

Id1

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Mar., '46

TABLE 1 (Continued)

Species and
Locality Date

Number of Specimens
Collected

rlOSt Or

Source L

N Adults

Dermacentor variabilis (Cont'd)

NORTH CAROLINA

Goldsboro 5/8-7/3/44

Dog

lie?

6/13-22/44

Man

2<?

Hoffman 5/24-6/30/44

Dog

44 d"

41 9

6/1-23/44

Dragging

Maxton lune, 1944

1 9

7/6/44

Man

1 9

Swannanoa 5/1-8/7/44

Dragging

7d"

Wilmington 6/17/44

Man

Id1

6/9/44

1 9

SOUTH CAROLINA

Columbia 8/9-12/44

Man

3d1

8/18/44

Dog

1 9

Florence July, 1944

Id1

Myrtle Beach 4/2-8/29/44

Man

9d"

7/31-8/14/44

Dog

2tf

3/28-5/26/45

Man

3<?

1 9

Spartanburg 6/21/44

Man

Id"

1 9

Sumter 9/19/43

Man

4/15-26/44

Dog

3d1

1 9

TENNESSEE

Paris 8/11/43

Bridge

1 9

8/3/44

1 9

Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris

FLORIDA

Boca Raton May, 1944

1 9

GEORGIA

Macon 10/7/43

Rabbit

1 9

4/3/45

Rabbit

1 9

NORTH CAROLINA

Goldsboro 5/30/44

Man

1 9

TENNESSEE

Bairds Mill June, 1943

Rabbit

Id1

Ixodes ricinus-scapularis

FLORIDA

Apalachicola 11/2/44

Man

1 9

Avon Park Dec., 1944

1 9

Boca Raton 3/18/43

Id1

10/16/43

1 9

1/1-31/45

Man

Id1

Daytona 1/6/45

Man

Id1

Panama City 11/22-12/22/44

Man

3d1

1 9

5/15/45

Man

Id1

Venice 12/24/43

Man

1 9

Ivii, '46]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

TABLE 1 (Continued)

Species and
Locality Date

Host or
Source

Number of Specimens
Collected

L N Adults

Ixodes ricinus-scapularis (Cont'd)

FLORIDA

VV. Palm Beach 1/25-2/26/45

Dog

3/31/44

Opossum

2d" 59

GEORGIA

Hinesville 5/5-10/8/44

Man

2 1 9

Valdosta 2/9/44

Horse

Id" 49

MISSISSIPPI

Hattiesburg 1/8/44

Dog

3/19/44

Man

1 9

SOUTH CAROLINA

Mvrtle Beach 10/28-12/2/43

Man

4d" 79

11/2/43

Deer

9d" 12 9

11/3/43

Fox

3d1 39

11/3/43

Dog

1/27-5/10/44

Man

2d" 89

12/12-22/44

Deer

6d" 79

12/22/44

Fox

2d* 29

1/5-4/17/45

Man

1/14/45

Cat

2d" 29

3/12/45

Dog

Id"

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

•

ALABAMA

Selma 9/14/44

House

FLORIDA

Daytona 11/14/44

Dog

27d" 199

Marianna 3/24/44

Dragging

Id1

W. Palm Beach 8/11-12/26/43

Dog

7 36d" 759

1/8-10/11/44

Dog

19d" 259

1/24/44

Man

GEORGIA

Albanv 10/20/43

Dog

4d" 39

Atlanta 6/23/43

Dog

6d" 149

Atlanta 6/26/45

House

1 cf1

Augusta 8/24/44

Dog

Columbus 9/22/43

Dog

ISA

Nov., 1943

I).,.;

1/15-6/24/44

Dog

33 70d" 1109

7/3-12/13/44

House

61 61 d" 609

8/29/44

Man

1 9

1/24-3/5/45

House

H 23d" 269

Hinesville March, 1945

House

Macon 9/18-11/29/43

Dog

2 6d" 159

3/20/45

13 4c? 59

Savannah 3/15-8/24/44

Dog

3d1 49

Ft. Screven Oct., 1943

3d1 29

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

TABLE 1 (Continued)

[Mar., '46

Number of Specimens

Collected

Species and

T_T ,

jiost or

Locality Date

Source L

N Adults

Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Cont'd)

MISSISSIPPI

Biloxi 8/6/43

House

Flora Sept., 1944

Hattiesburg 1/29-6/10/44

Dog

7 37tf

689

Jackson 10/2/43

House

6c?

NORTH CAROLINA

Fayetteville 2/1/44

House

Swanannoa 8/22/43

House

18 10d"

139

1/26-3/28/44

Dog

10d"

11 9

SOUTH CAROLINA

Columbia 8/29/43

House

3d*

109

Myrtle Beach 2/20/44

House

Id"

Omithodorus turicata

FLORIDA

W. Palm Beach 5/18/44

Tortoise

Dragonflies (Odonata) Collected in Pennsylvania
and New Jersey in 1945

By GEORGE H. BEATTY, III, Merion, Pennsylvania
(Continued from page 56)

Erythrodiplax berenice Drury.

NEW JERSEY : Upton Ponds, 1 J\ 22 July.

This individual had apparently wandered from its normal
brackish habitat.

Libellula deplanata Rambur.

NEW JERSEY : Whitesbog, 1 ?, 29 April ; Upton, 2 <f, 4 <j>.
13 May; 8^, 20 May; I j, 24 June; Whitesbog, 1 J, 1 ?,
29 June.

Since e.vnsta Say and deplanata Rambur are evidently forms
of the same species, these specimens from New Jersey, the
tension zone of the two forms, combine the characters of both.
At all manner of small ponds, ditches, and sand pits, deplanata
was abundant in May.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 77

Libellula julia Uhler.

PENNSYLVANIA: Bear Meadows, 16 June (seen).

Several dragonflies which could be identified as this species
with reasonable certainty on the basis of the chalky white stripes
on the dorsum of the thorax were seen flying swiftly about over
the sluggish stream which flows through the meadows.

Libellula luctuosa Burmeister.

PENNSYLVANIA: Central Square. 1 J1, 25 May; also seen at
the following : Central Square, 29 May, 6 June ; State College,
17, 19 June; Crum Creek Farm, 8 August; Central Square,
10 August ; Westtown Lake, 3 Sept.

Libellula auripennis Burmeister.8

NEW JERSEY : Upton Ponds, 1 $, 29 June ; seen at Upton
Ponds, 30 June, 12 August.

Libellula cyanea Fabricius.

NEW JERSEY : Whitesbog, 1 <$, 24 June ; seen at Whitesbog,
29 June ; Whitesbog, 4 ^, 1 <j>, 8 July ; seen at Whitesbog, 22

July-

Libellula flavida Rambur.

NEW JERSEY : Whitesbog, 3 g, 1 $, 8 July ; 1 ?, 22 July.

This species was seen ovipositing in very small ditches, in
the cranberry bogs, which were found to be dried up on 12
August. No flavida were seen about the larger ditches.

Libellula semifasciata Burmeister.

PENNSYLVANIA: Wyola, 2 J\ 1$. 26 Apr.; 1$. 17 May;
Broomall, 1 g, 1 <j>, 22 'May; 1 $. 26 July; and seen at Wyola,
22, 25, 29 May ; Broomall, 25, 29 May ; Bear Meadows, 16 June.

NEW JERSEY: Upton. 1 $. 29 Apr.; 1 $>, 13 May; seen at
Upton. 20 May; Upton Ponds, 24, 29. 30 June, 8 July, 12
August ; Whitesbog, 24 June, 8 July.

s Although the writer is reluctant to discard a name of long standing,
Libellula needhami Westfall should be probably substituted for L. auri-
pennis. See Westfall, M. J., Jr., Synonymy of Libellula auripennis and
L. jesseana, and the description of a new species [Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.,
68: 17-31, 1 pi., 19431.

78 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '46

Libellula pulchella Drury.

PENNSYLVANIA : Broomall, Penn Valley, and seen at Central
Square, Wyola, State College, Bear Meadows, Spring Creek,
and Cruni Creek Farm, Holmes, 6 June-21 September.

NEW JERSEY : Upton Ponds, and seen at Whitesbog, Fisher's
Dam, Atsion Lake, Folsom, and Lily Lake. 24 June-22 Sep-
tember.

Libellula quadrimaculata Linne.

PENNSYLVANIA: Bear Meadows, 1 $, 16 June.

Quadrimaculata was quite abundant and widely distributed
in the bog area. Females were seen ovipositing in small pools
in the sphagnum moss.

Libellula incesta Hagen.

NEW JERSEY: Upton. 1 J\ 30 June; Fisher's Dam. 2 J1. 21
Aug. : 3 c?, 1 $. 28 Aug. ; 1 J\ 31 Aug. ; 1 J1, 4 Sept. ; Batsto
Pond, 1 J\ 7 Sept.; and seen at Pond near Fisher's Dam, 31
Aug., 4, 7 Sept.; Branch of Friendship Creek. 31 Aug., 4 Sept.;
Batsto Pond. 5 Sept., and Whitesbog, 24 June, 8 July.

Libellula vibrans Fabricius.

PENNSYLVANIA: Glenolden, Delaware Cy., 1 $. 31 Aug. (J.
Gillespie).

Libellula lydia Drury.

PENNSYLVANIA: Broomall, Wyola; and seen at Central
Square, State College, Crum Creek Farm, Westtown Lake, 26
April-3 September.

NEW JERSEY : Upton ; and seen at Whitesbog. Upton Ponds.
29 Apr .-12 Aug.

Sympetrum ambiguum Rambur.

NEW JERSEY : Batsto Pond, 1 <j>, 5 Sept. ; Erma, 1 $. 22 Sept.

These were the only individuals of aiiihif/unin seen in 1945.
The species was abundant in southeastern Pennsylvania, south-
ern New Jersey, and Maryland in 1944. many specimens having
been collected in localities where it had never been seen before.

Sympetrum obtrusum Hagen.

PENNSYLVANIA: Holmes, 1 J1, 21 Sept.; Tinicum Marshes,

26 Sept.; 15 J1, 29 Sept.: 2 J1. 8 October.
NEW- JERSEY : Erma, 1 J1. 22 Sept.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NKWS 79

The intergradation between this and the following species
makes positive identification almost impossible in many cases.
The notch of the hamuli varies from one sixth to one third of
the total length and the facial color varies from pale brown and
grayish white to ivory and pure china-white. The difficulty
arises when some of the individuals with the whitest faces are
found to have deeply notched hamuli and those with very shal-
low notches to have brown faces. The specimens cited above
have been segregated upon the basis of hamular structure alone
since both cyanide fumes and drying may have affected the facial
color. Such intergradation as this suggests that obtrusum and
rubicnndnliiin are not specifically distinct or that extensive hy-
bridization occurs. The fact that obtrusum is on the extreme
edge of its geographic range may contribute to this extreme
variability. The New Jersey record is from a point which is
often considered a part of the Lower Austral (Austroriparian)
zone 9 and represents the first recorded occurrence of obtrusum
in that zone.

Sympetrum rubicundulum Say.

PENNSYLVANIA: Broomall, Penn Valley. State College,
Spring Creek. Echo Valley Farm. Darby Creek, Westtown
Lake, Holmes, Tinicum Marshes, 17 June-8 October.

NEW JERSEY : Upton, Batsto Pond, Erma. Cape May City,
12 August-22 September.

Sympetrum semicinctum Say.

PENNSYLVANIA: Broomall. 1 $, 26 July; 1 $, 1 August; Penn
Valley, 1 J\ 30 August ; seen at Broomall, 8 August.

Sympetrum vicinum Hagen.

PENNSYLVANIA: Broomall. Holmes, Tinicum Marshes, etc.,
16 July-8 October.

NEW JERSEY: Upton, Whitesbog, Upton Ponds, Fisher's
Dam. Pond near Fisher's Dam, Batsto Pond. Cecil, and seen at
Atsion Lake, Cape May Point, 8 July-22 September.

9 See Merriam, "Life Zones and Crop Zones of the United States"
(1898). On the basis of total growing heat (sum of daily excesses over
43° F.), the Cape May peninsula qualifies as part of the Lower Austral
Zone by having a t.g.h. which in most years is slightly over 18,000°.
See also Clark [U. S. N. M. Hull. 157: p. 18. 1932). Forbes [Cornell
Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Memoir 68, p. 17. 1923], Stone [Rept. N. J. State
Mus., 1910, p. 41, 1911).

80 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '46

Leucorrhinia intacta Hagen.

PENNSYLVANIA: Bear Meadows, 1 J1, 16 June; State College,
1 <?, 17 June.

NEW JERSEY : Seen at Whitesbog, Upton Ponds, 24 June.

Leucorrhinia hudsonica Selys.

PENNSYLVANIA: Bear Meadows, 17 J1, 6$, 16 June.

Taken for the first time in Pennsylvania, this species was
previously known from Maine, Franconia, New Hampshire,
northern New York, the upper peninsula of Michigan, northern
Wisconsin 10 and northward, and at high altitudes in the west-
ern U. S. It is widely distributed in the Canadian Zone but
attains its greatest abundance in the Hudsonian, where it oc-
curs in swarming hordes. At Bear Meadows, scores were seen
beside those collected, including many ovipositing females and
pairs in coitu. This is scarcely compatible with the idea that
this locality belongs to the Transition Zone as has been hitherto
taken for granted. In spite of its latitude and low altitude
(1824') the affinities of the Bear Meadows are decidedly with
the Canadian Zone.

Everywhere in the great sphagnum bog hudsonica was in
evidence, increasing in numbers throughout the day until at
about four o'clock its abundance was positively distracting.
Many females were teneral or juvenile, suggesting that peak
abundance had not yet been reached. This species outnumbered
Intacta in a proportion of twenty or more to one.

Leucorrhinia frigida Hagen.

NEW JERSEY : Upton Ponds, 1 <$, 24 June.

This is the first capture of jriyida in New Jersey and the
southernmost but for one in Pennsylvania.31 It was the only
jrigida seen in 1945.

10 See Borror [Ent. News, LI: p. 79, 1941], Leonard (Ed.) [Cornell
Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Memoir 101 : p. 56, 1926], Combs [Occ. Pap. Mus.
Zool., Univ. Mich., 41: p. 7, 1917], and Muttkowski [Bull. Wise. Nat.
Hist. Soc., 6: p. 112, 1908] respectively, for records of these occurrences
which, by their very paucity, indicate that they are on the extreme south-
ern edge of the range of hudsonica.

11 See footnote 5.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 81

Pachydiplax longipennis Burmeister.

PENNSYLVANIA: Broomall, Central Square, Bear Meadows;
seen at State College. Crum Creek Farm. 22 May-8 August.

NEW JERSEY : Whitesbog. Upton Ponds, Batsto Pond, Cape
May City ; and seen at Fisher's Dam, Pond near Fisher's Dam,
24 June-22 Sept.

Erythemis simplicicollis Say.

PENNSYLVANIA : Central Square ; and seen at Echo Valley
Farm, Crum Creek Farm, 25 May-10 August.

NEW JERSEY : Upton Ponds. Fisher's Dam ; seen at Batsto
Pond, Lily Lake. Whitesbog, 24 June-22 September.

Pantala flavescens Fabricius.

PENNSYLVANIA: Tinicum Marshes (seen), 26, 29 Sept., 5
October.

NEW JERSEY : Upton Ponds, 1 J1, 24 June ; Cape May City,
1 5, 22 Sept. ; and seen. Cape May Point and Lily Lake. 22 Sept.

This species was abundant at Cape May, apparently being
part of the autumnal migration.

(To be continued)

A Translation of the Introduction and Preface to
Meigen's 1800 Paper on Diptera ]

BY JANET L. C. RAPP

At a time when Dipterists are in danger of losing the familiar
family names in favor of those which have so-called priority, it
seems worth-while to publish a translation of the introduction
and preface to Meigen's 1800 paper on Diptera. A translation
in itself might be of little value, since the French is not difficult,
were it not for the fact that the paper is not generally available.
The copy used for this translation belongs to the University of
Illinois Library and is a photostat of an original copy owned by
the Academy of Natural Sciences, in Philadelphia.

From a rapid reading alone one can easily understand that
Meigen did not intend this for a great work, that it was merely
a sample or prologue. Indeed it was not written for the learned

1 Contribution No. 256 from the Department of Entomology, University
of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

82 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '46

entomologists of the day, but for the amateurs. For this reason
he even used a different system of classification from the one
planned for his advanced work, so that they could more readily
comprehend. Furthermore, it was only because of the urging
of his friend Baumhauer that he even published at that time.
Baumhauer believed that the idea would lie so well accepted
that his friend would drop the study of Botany, which was oc-
cupying all of his time, and return to the classifying of Diptera.
Note, however, it was the idea of work along this line and not
the actual work accomplished that was important.

The author has attempted to gain an English version as close
to the original French as possible. Sometimes, of course, this
leads to rather stilted English. Occasionally a rather free trans-
lation has been substituted for too clumsy a literal one.

This paper appeared as a pamphlet of 40 pages published by
J. J. Fuchs in Paris in 1800.

New Classification of Flies with Two Wings (Diptera L.)
After an Entirely New Plan

BY J. G. MEIGEN
Introduction

The author of this small sample. Citizen Meigen, having been
collecting indigenous insects for a long time, principally applied
himself to observing those of the class Diptera, or flies with two
wings. The preference which he showed for them, comes from
his ardent desire to clarify, by repeated and sustained observa-
tions, this interesting branch of entomology, still in the cradle
and open to quantity of new discoveries. Consequently, he
began to draw all the Diptera which he was able to collect, as
well as the most remarkable parts of the body, gross or micro-
scopic, such as the wings, the feet and the proboscis. — In ex-
amining these parts in the greatest detail, he soon observed that
the genera of Diptera, comprised in the best known methods,
were insufficient for adding to them this or that species ; that
their characteristics were too general, too ambiguous ; and that
they often included species which did not have any relationship
between themselves. Thus, is it necessary to acknowledge that

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 83

this part of entomology was only outlined and that nothing less
than a sustained attention, a patience without bounds, was nec-
essary to examine so scrupulously, not to say minutely, all the
visible parts of the insect, in imitation of my friend ; and to
establish after that and his drawings, the characteristics of each
of the genera contained in this sample ? Among all the parts
which make up the body of a dipteran. the wings, by their sin-
gular structure and the branching of their veins infinitely varied
but always constant in the species of the same genus, seemed to
him more suitable than any other less apparent part to form
the essential characteristics of each genus. He imparted to me
his plan which seemed to me good and unique. I encouraged
him with my best wishes, and gave him some Diptera collected
on a journey in Italy, a country extremely rich in insects, but,
on the other hand, very poor in zealous or intelligent observers.

Before his work advanced, to my regret, major affairs com-
pelled him to suspend it. I tried at various times to make him
take it up again, but uselessly : botany then exclusively occupied
all his moments of leisure. This science offered a more vast
field for his active and curious spirit. Finally at my return
from Paris, where I had had the honor of meeting several dis-
tinguished entomologists who liked his plan. I returned to the
charge and ended by persuading him to publish, not the entire
work (an enterprise so costly it would have exceeded, at the
moment, his energies and his means) but at least a kind of pre-
amble, which would be able to serve as the introduction of the
work, and which, so as not to anticipate the end, would contain
absolutely only the genera. ' As I had to return to Paris, he
gave me the task of having it printed. I will do this with
pleasure, knowing by experience that the most insignificant
entomological treatise more or less attracts the attention of
amateurs.

Thus, here is the small sample that I offer them hoping that
it will merit their approbation and that, encouraged by so pow-
erful an incentive. Citizen Meigen will with a new ardour again
take up his planned work on the Diptera, and will enrich by
his discoveries this part of entomology still so little studied.
However, before ending, I ought to fix the attention of tin-

84 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '4&

naturalist for a moment on the last genus of the classification,
named Cyanca: its simple and unique character, without an-
tennae, is very striking ; also should it seem strange to him,
when he knew nothing of it, that until this day, neither Lin-
naeus nor Fabricius has made mention in their immortal no-
menclatures of a single species of Diptera which was devoid
of this organ. — This exception to the general rule is, however,
although one doubts it, beyond doubt ; for, besides the species
of which the author speaks, I have discovered another of them
in the neighborhood of Aix-la-Chapelle. in the month of messi-
dor, year 6 (10th month of the first republican calendar, begin-
ning on the 19th of June) which will be figured in his time in
the planned work. — This important observation, at the same
time that it alters the generally held opinion that in the insects
the artistically organized antennae serve too as the seat of one
or several senses, will again confirm this constant truth, that
Nature, in her works, loves to deviate from rules that we at-
tribute to her so freely. In noticing the progressive reduction
in the length of the antennae in the different genera of Diptera
(for example, Hippobosca which has very small ones), the ob-
server could very well infer the existence of a fly in which the
antennae would be lacking or at least imperceptible to our eyes
without the aid of better microscopes.

Moreover, if the amateur has some liking for me for having
made known to him a zealous entomologist, he will undoubtedly
pardon me for saying a word about a small collection of Lepi-
doptera collected quite some time ago in my native country, and
always enlarged on my different journeys in Germany, Italy,
and Switzerland. I wait before eventually giving a systematic
catalogue of it ; while waiting I beg the amateur to be persuaded
that I will yield with pleasure to the method of exchanges ; a
method so simple and so customary, for procuring without cost,
the indigenous species which are lacking to one or the other of
two parties. Plate 141, Noct. 62 as well as the 84th Contin.
Bomb. Tab. 5, fig. 1 of the German work of Esper, on Euro-
pean Lepidoptera where five depicted species are found that I
have imparted to the author, among others Noctua oriclialcea
Fabricius which, according to him, is found at Tranguebaren in

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 85

Asia, can give connoisseurs an idea of my collection, as well as
the richness yet unknown and existing in Italy, their native
country.

Paris, Messidor 10, year 7
M. BAUMHAUER

Preface

Seven years have passed since, in contemplating my small
collection of flies with two wings, the idea came to me of making
a new classification based on the veins or nerves of the wings.
I told my idea to several amateurs who approved it. Accord-
ingly, I began to make colored drawings of these small creatures
and to arrange them. I soon saw that a system formed after
this plan would be in much better accord with the first stages
and the metamorphosis of these insects than are all those made
up to the present. I planned to publish my observations some
day when they would be sufficiently increased. The present
sample is regarded as the introduction of this work, with the
difference that, instead of taking as the characters of genera the
veins of the wings, I have substituted here other characters
more within the scope of amateurs. All the species found here
have been discovered in our countries, with the exception of a
small number, indigenous in Italy, which have been imparted
by a zealous amateur. Citizen Baumhauer. from Aix-la-Chapelle.
It is evident that by adding exotic species, the number of genera
would be much larger ; but I do not know any of them except
by descriptions or rather inexact figures.

I beg the connoisseurs and amateurs to judge with indulgence
this first sample which will be followed, if it secures me their
approbation, by a work much more developed and enriched with
exact figures, which will all be made after life. Moreover, I
will spare nothing to rectify the errors which may have slipped
into this small pamphlet, in order to clarify this branch of nat-
ural history, insofar as it will depend on me.

Holberg, near Aix-la-Chapelle
The first of Germinal — year 7
( 7th month of the calendar of the
first French Republic from 21 March
to 19 April).

86 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '46

Personal

DR. R. E. SNODGRASS is visiting lecturer at the University
of Minnesota during the present quarter. Although he has
been on the retired list of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant
Quarantine since last summer. Dr. Snodgrass has continued his
researches as usual at his new office in the United States Na-
tional Museum and has also retained his connection with the
University of Maryland. His "Anatomy of the Fleas" has just
appeared (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection, vol. 104, no.
18, 89 pages, 21 plates) and other works are in preparation.
Dr. Snodgrass was elected a correspondent of the Academy of
Natural Sciences in 1945.

Current Entomological Literature

COMPILED BY CHARLES HODGE IV, EDWIN T. MOUL,
MAURICE E. PHILLIPS AND HENRY K. TOWNES JR.

This list gives references of the current or preceding year unless otherwise noted.
Continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installment.

NOTE: The figures within brackets [ ] refer to the journal in which the paper ap-
peared, as numbered in the List of Journals given at the end of the literature. The num-
ber of the volume, and in some cases, the part, heft, &c. is followed by a colon (:).
References to papers containing new forms or names not so stated in titles are followed
by (*); if containing keys are followed by (k): papers pertaining exclusively to Neo-
tropical species, and not so indicated in the title, have the symbol (S).

Papers published in ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS are not listed.

GENERAL — Anon. — Chronological list of works of Au-
guste Lameere. [21 ] 7 : 205-268. dos Passos, C. F.— Pho-
tography of types of Lepidoptera. [9] 40: 166-169. Hee-
gaard, P. — Phylogeny of arthropods. [6] 37A (no. 3) : 1-
15. Jones, S. E. — Variations in abundance of invertebrates
in Wm. Trelease woods. |1] 35: 172-192. Kennedy, C.
H. — Use of ether in collecting ants. [20] 46: 10-12.
Knowlton, G. F. — Cats eat grasshoppers (attracted to
lights). [9] 14: 18-19. Rau, P. — Encyclopedias again.
[9] 41 : 6-7. Wolfenbarger, D. O. — Dispersion of small or-
ganisms. [1] 35: 1-152.

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, MEDICAL— Airy Shaw,
H. K. — Hyalopterus dactylidis Hayh. and Hyalopteroidt-s

Ivii, '46] KXTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 87

pallida Theob. (Hem.-Hom.). [13j 74: 30-35. Barnes, S.

—Influence of biological factors on resistance of bed bug's to
D.D.T. [10] 36: 419-422. Brindley, T. A. et al.— The pea
weevil and methods for its control. [Farmers Bull.] No.
1971, U. S. D. A. Ferreira Lima, A. D. — Schistocerca para-
nensis in Brazil. [7] 1: 139-145. Goodrich, E. S.— The
study of nephridia and genital ducts since 1895. (Con-
tinued) Arthropoda. |26| 86: 303-324. ill.. 1945. Ho-
vanitz, W. — Note on the direction of flight of butterflies in
northern Florida. [9] 40: 170-171. Leclercq, J. — Effect
of atmospheric humidity on eggs of Carausius (Dixippus)
morosus Br. [24] 21 : 3-5. Podtiaguin, B. — Data for the
medical and veterinary study of mosquitoes in Paraguay.
[27] 6:51-61. Rapp, J. L." C. & W. F, Jr.— Preliminary
list of spiders of the great swamp. [9| 41 : 4—5. Rau, P.

—Notes on the behavior of a few solitary wasps. [9]
41 : 10-11. Roonwal, M. L. — Metasternal interspace a phase
character in Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.). [24] 21 : 13-
15. Severin, H. C. — Grasshoppers ovipositing in a pile of
coal. [9] 40: 159-160. Smith, M. R.— Ant Host of the
fungus Laboulbenia formicarum Thaxter. [23] 48: 29-31.
Watson, J. R. — Distributional notes on two species of Thv-
sanoptera. [14] 28: 53. Wellington, W. G.— Laboratory
method for determining the minimum active temperatures
of insects. |11] 77: 135-136.

ARACHNIDA & MYRIOPODA— Chamberlin, R. V.-
Two new species of the milliped genera Chonaphe and Aniu-
lus. [22] 59: 31-34. Chamberlin, R. V.— New American
genus in the chilopod family Himantariidae. [22] 59: 35-
38 (*). Clark & Zetek.— The Onychophores of Panama
and the Canal Zone. [25 j 96: 205-213. Ewing, H. E.-
Notes on American chiggers. [22] 59: 21-28 (*). Farner,
D. S. — Xote on a gravid Trombiculid mite. [23 1 48: 32-34.
Gertsh & Davis. — Spiders from Mexico v. [2] 1313: 1-11
(*). Goodnight, C. J. & M. L. — Phalangid fauna of Mexico.
[2] 1310: 1-17 (*). Hoff, C. C.— Notes on pseudoscorpions
from Illinois. [28] 38: 103-110. Jellison, W. L.— A new
mite. Laelaps aplodontiae from Aplodontia, ill. [15] 31:
373-374. Kaston, B. J. — North American spiders of the
genus Ctenium. [2| 1306: 1-19 (*). Mello-Leitao, C. de.
-Three new species of Gasteracanthinae. |3j 17: 261-267.
+ 1 table (S). Rapp, J. L. C. & W. F., Jr.— (See Anat.. etc.).
Wharton, G. W. — Two new species of Acariscus : A. pluvius
and A. anous (. \carinida. Trombiculidae). [15] 31: 401-
405, ill.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '46

SMALLER ORDERS AND ORTHOPTERA— Beatty,

G. H., III. — Odonata collected and observed in 1945 at two
artificial ponds at Upton, New Jersey. |9] 40: 178-187.
Boder, R. — Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Thysanopteren—
Fauna von Basel und Umgebung. |29] 53: 136-218, ill.
Ferreira Lima, A. D. — (See Anat., etc.). Gisin, H. — Hilfs-
tabellen zum bestimmen der holarktischen Collembolen.
[29] 55: 1-130, ill., 1943 (k). Handschin, E.— Materialien
zur Revision der Collembolen. Die Gattung Ceratrimeria
C. B. sensu Womersley. [29] 53: 265-284, ill. Hanson,
J, F. — Morphology and taxonomy of Capniidae (Plecop-
tera). [1] 35: 193-245 (*). Knowlton, G. F.— Pygmy
mole cricket. [9] 40: 169. Knowlton, G. F. — Xeuroptera
in light trap. [9] 41 : 19. Leclercq, J. — (See Anat., etc.).
Needham, J. G. — Some dragonflies of early spring in South
Florida. [14J 28: 42^7/ Roonwal, M.' L.— (See Anat.,
etc.). Severin. — (See Anat., etc.). Silvestri, F. — Thysa-
nura of Peru, with two new Argentine species. [8] 4: 444-
458. Werneck, F. L, — Os tricodectideos dos Roedores
(Mallophaga). 1 17] 42: 85-150, ill.. 1945 (*).

HEMIPTERA— Airy Shaw, H. K.— (See Anat., etc.).
Barnes, S. — (See Anat., etc.). DeLong, D. M.— Mexican
species of Idiodonus (Homoptera-Cicadellidae). |20| 46:
13-30. Drake & Hambleton. — New species and new gen-
era of American Tingidae (Hemiptera). [22] 59: 9-16.
Drake & Harris. — A New Mesoveliid from Ecuador. [9|
41 : 8-9. Knowlton, G. F. — Pseudoepameibaphis Aphid
Records. [9] 41 : 5. Knull, D. J.— Erythroneura of the
Obliqua group from Ohio and Tennessee (Homoptera: Ci-
cadellidae). [20] 46: 45-49. Zavaleta, R. D.— Siphuncu-
lata from birds. [4] 16: 431-434 (S*). Zavaleta, R. D.-
Gliricola mexicana n. sp. of Gyropidae. [4] 16: 435-444
(S). Zavaleta, R. D. — New species of Esthiopterum (Ano-
plura). 1 4] 16:445-449 (S).

LEPIDOPTERA— dos Passes, C. F.— (See General.)
Heinrich, C. — N. sp. of Keiferia on eggplant. |23] 48: 35-
36. Hovanitz, W. — (See Anat., etc.). Rogers, W. P.-
Some autumn visitors. |9| 41 : 14. Silvestri, F. — New
genus of termitophilous Tineidae of Brazil. |8| 5: 243-251
(*). Watson, J. R. — Some August skippers of the Great
Smoky Mountain National Park and vicinity. [14] 28: 50-
53.

DIPTERA — Bohart, R. M. — New species of mosquitoes
from the Marianas and Okinawa. [22] 59: 39-46. Brumpt

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 89

& Dao Van Ty.— Distribution des biotypes d'Anopheles
maculipennis en France. [5J 19: 69-73, 1942. Brumpt, E.

—Mecanisme d'eclosion des Moustiques. [5] 18: 75-94, ill.,
1941. Callot, J. — Sur Culex hortensis and Culex apicalis a
Richelieu ( Indre-et-Loire). |5J 19: 129-141. ill.. 1942-43.
Callot & Dao Van Ty. — Localites franchises nouvelles pour
Culex Theileri, Culex (Barraudius) modestus et Culex
(Neoculex) impuclicus. [5] 19: 142-150, ill. Causey &
Damascene. — Estuclo sobre flebotomus no vale Amazonico.
Part II. Descricao de F. dunhami, F. melloi et F. wagleyi.
(Diptera: Psychodidae.) [17] 42: 17-29. ill.. 1945. Cer-
queira & Paraense. — Una nova especie de Aedes transmis-
sora de Plasmodium gallinaceum. [17J 42: 11-15. ill., 1945.
Coutinho, J. O. — Contribucao para o estudo dos vetores de
malaria no Brasil. Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi
Root, em campos. no estado do Rio. [17] 42: 263-280,
1945. Fattig, P. W.— Tabanidae of Georgia. [12] 4: 1-26.
Galliard, H. — Sur le mecanisme d'eclosion des nymphes de
Culicides. [5] 18: 247-250. ill., 1941. Galliard", H.— Par-
ticularites du developpement de la nymphe de Ficalbia me-
tallica. [5] 18: 245-246, ill.. 1941. "Hill, R. B. & C. M.-
Phoriomyia hirsuta, a n. sp. from Jamaica. [23] 48: 39-41.
King & Hoogstraal. — Two n. sp. of Aedes (Finlaya) from
New Guinea. |23J 48: 37-38. Paraense, W. L.— A trans-
missao se Plasmodium gallinaceum pelo Aedes. (Ochlero-
tatus) lepidus. [17] 42: 81-84. 1945. Pechuman, L. L.-
New species of Glutops. [11| 77: 134-135. Podtiaguin,
B. — (See Anat., etc.). Rapp, W. F. Jr. — Catalogue of the
types of genera and subgenera of Psvchodidae. [9] 40:
172-177. Rapp, J. L. C.— The Stratiomyidae of Xew Jer-
sey. [9 1 40: 188-191. Ristorcelli & Dao Van Ty.— Mor-
phologic de la femelle de Phlebotomus panamensis Shannon,
1926. | 5] 18: 67-71. ill., 1941. Ristorcelli & Dao Van Ty.

—II. Phlebotomes d'une region de Colombie ou la veruga
du peron est devenue endemique depuis trois ou quatre ans.
1 5] 18: 72-74 1941 (*). Ristorcelli & Dao Van Ty.— Ill
Phlebotomes d'une region de Colombie ou la verruga du
peron est devenue endemique depuis deux ou trois ans.
[5] 18: 251-269, ill. (*). Seguy, E.— fitude biologique et
systematique des sarcophaglnes myiassigenes du genre
Wohlfahrtia. [5] 18: 220-232 (k*) ill.. 1941. Seguy, E.-
InsecU-s dipteres du genre Hippelates Loew recueillis en
Colombie et au Venezuela — liste et caracteres des especes.

[5] 18: 233-244 (k) ill., 1941. Wilcox, J.— New Nicoclr,
with a key to the species (Diptera, Asilidae). [9| 40: 161-
165.

90 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '46

COLEOPTERA— Balfour-Browne, J.— Aquatic Coleop-
tera of Oceania. [19] 18: 103-132. Brindley, T. A.— (See
Anat., etc.). Brown, W. J. — Food plants and distribution
of Calligrapha in Canada. [11] 77: 117-133 (*). Fender,
K. M.— A n. sp. of Podabrus. [9] 41 : 12. Fisher, W. S.-
Synopsis of the cerambycid beetles of genus Stenosphenus
Hald. in America north of Mexico. [16] 36: 86-93 (*).
Islas, S. F. — Xe\v genus and three new species of Mexican
Aphodiinae. [4] 16: 451-457. Landeiro, R. — A broca da
peroba (Stizocera plicicollis). [7] 1: 123-126 (S). Saylor,
L. W. — New genus and species in the Melolonthinae from
Guatemala. [23] 48: 41. Saylor, L. W. — Revision of the
scarab beetles of the genus Dichelonyx. [9] 40: 137-158
(k). Saylor, L. W.— A New West Indian Scarab. [9] 41 :
1-3. Silvestri, F. — New genus of termitophilous Scarab
from Brazil. [8] 3 : 344-353 (*). Zimmerman, E. C.— Two
new Storeus from the Philippines (Coleoptera, Curculioni-
dae). [19] 18: 139-144. Zwaluwenburg, R. H. van.-
Notes on Samoan Elaterid beetles. [19] 18: 95-101 (*).

HYMENOPTERA— Gomes, J. G.— A new chalcid.
(Minapis pseudonigra n. sp.) [7] 1 : 127-129 (S). Pate, V.
S. L. — New Pemphilidine wasps. I Ectemnius. [18] 171:
1-14. Pate, V. S. L. — On two species of Oxybeles at Wash-
ington, B.C. [9] 40: 165. Pate, V. S. L.— Vernacular vs.
Latin names in the Bees. [9] 41 : 13. Pate, V. S. L.— The
species of the Gorytine Genus Trichogorvtes. [9] 41 : 15-
17. Rau, P.— (See Anat., etc.). Smith, M. R.— (See
Anat., etc.).

LIST OF JOURNALS CITED

1. — -American Midland Naturalist. 2. — Amer. Museum
Novitates. 3. — Anais Acad. Brasil. Cien.. Rio. 4. — Anals
Inst. Biol. Mexico. 5. — Annales d. Parasit., Paris. 6. — Ar-
kiv for Zoologi (Stockholm). 7. — Boletin Fitossanitario.
8.— Boll. cl. Lab. Entom. Agrar. d. Portici. 9.— Bull. Brook-
lyn Entom. Soc. 10. — Bull. Entom. Res. 11. — Canadian
Entomologist. 12. — Emory Univ. Mus. Bull. 13. — Entom.
Monthly Mag. 14. — Florida Entomologist. 15. — Journ.
Parasitology. 16. — Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17.— Mem. Inst.
Osw. Cruz. 18. — Notulae Naturae. 19. — Occas. Papers
Bishop Mus. 20. — Ohio Jour. Science. 21. — Precis de
Zoologie (Brussels). 22. — Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington.
23. — Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington. 24. — Proc. Roy. Ent.
Soc., A. 25.— Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum. 26.— Quart. Jour.
Microscop. Sci. 27. — Revista d. Soc. Cient. d. Paraguay.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 91

28. — Trans. Illinois Sta. Acacl. Sci. 29. — Verhamll. <1. Na-
turfors. Gesells. in Basel.

Review

INSECT DIETARY: AN ACCOUNT OF THE FOOD HABITS OF IN-
SECTS. By Charles T. Brues. Harvard University Press, Cam-
bridge, Mass.. 1946. Pp. .xxvi+466. (Illustrated.) $5.00.

It is astonishing how great a portion of entomological science
has necessarily been included in this book on food habits. Many
phenomena are discussed dealing with the relations of insects to
the animate and the inanimate world about them, with growth
and development. The approach is very comprehensive and al-
ways from the point of view of the entire insect. Details of the
chemistry of food use within the insect (metabolism) are not
included.

The first chapter deals with the abundance and diversity of
insects and cites individual records of actual numbers found in
many insect populations. The second deals with food habits
in a broad way and as related to growth, structure and surround-
ings. Then follow three chapters on "vegetarianism." including
one on herbivorous insects and the very valuable chapters on gall
insects and on fungi and microbes as food and symbioses with
microorganisms. The remaining chapters treat of "carnivorism"
and include accounts of predator insects, parasitism, blood-
sucking and other external parasites, entomophagus insects, and
insects as food. The last considers them as food for various
forms of plant life from bacteria and fungi to the flowering plants
and for animals from protozoa to man himself.

Much of the information given is not available elsewhere in a
form that the average entomologist could find and enjoy reading.
Yet it is of a sort that will interest all that have a predilection
for insects whether they ordinarily pursue morphology, ecology,
taxonomy or some other specialty. In the foreword. Dr. Brues
states that " biology has failed to simply its problems" and pleads
for a broadening of interest on the part of specialists. And in-
deed, in the writing of this book he has encouraged informative
reading by avoiding the temptation to dazzle the reader with a
plethora of confusing detail and by keeping the text very read-
able throughout. At the same time, he has given a selected bib-
liography at the end of each chapter that will serve as a key to
the literature. These references together comprise 191 pages or
over 40 percent of the volume. The book is written in an excel-
lent style, clear and straightforward, and is enlivened here and
there with humorous sallies. — R. G. SCHMIEDER.

EXCH^VTSTQES

This column is intended only for wants and exchanges, not for

advertisements of goods for sale or services rendered. Notices

not exceeding three lines free to subscribers.

These notices are continued as long as our limited space will allow;
the new ones are added at the end of the column, and, only when
necessary those at the top (being longest in) are discontinued.

Lepidoptera — Am still collecting here and have only fine specimens
for exchange. H. W. Eustis, Woodbine Rd., Augusta, Ga.

Wanted — Viennese Entomological Printing Press, for printing 3,
3% and 4 type data labels. Kent H. Wilson, 430 Ridgewood Road,
Fort Worth 7, Texas.

Wanted — Mosquitoes for determination, or exchange for S. E.
specimens. Particularly desire larvae. H. R. Dodge, Box 1095,
Macon, Ga.

Arctic Lepidoptera on hand, including Erebia, Oeneis and Brenthis.
R. J. Fitch, Lloydminster, Sask., Canada.

Odonata — Will buy or exchange North and Central American
species, both images and nymphs. Also will exchange other orders
for Odonata. Carl Cook, Crail Hope, Kentucky.

I want to collect Rothschildia farbesi, agapema, galfina and io
moths for interested persons. E. Frizzell, Route 4, San Benito,
Texas.

I want to collect Pennsylvania insects from York and Adams Co.
E. W. Mange. 307 W. Walnut St., Hanover. Pa.

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

APRIL 1940

Vol. LVII No. 4

CONTENTS

Steyskal — Themira nigricornis in North America 93

Wolcott — Fungus-growing ants and wild fungi 95

Chamberlin — Texophon, a new genus of Diplopod 97

Obituaries — Alfredo Borelli, Carlo Menozzi 99

Henderson — Papilio aristodemus ponceana notes 100

Olson — Mechanical holder for examining insects 101

Beatty — Dragonflies in Pennsylvania and New Jersey (cont.) 104

Personal 112

Entomological Literature 112

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LVII APRIL, 1946 No. 4

Themira nigricornis Meigen in North America,

With a Revised Key to the Nearctic Species

of Themira (Diptera: Sepsidae)

By GEORGE STEYSKAL, Detroit. Michigan

Among material kindly submitted for determination by G. C.
Crampton were three male specimens of a species of The mini
different from any known to occur in North America. Con-
sultation of the Duda monograph 1 showed that the specimens,
captured in Cambridge, Mass., on April 24, May 16, and May
18 respectively, 1940, were Themira nigricornis Meigen, a
species which belies its name in having antennae less black than
its nearest relative, T. pntris. Professor Crampton has graci-
ously allowed the writer to retain the specimens in his collection.

In order to show the relationships of T. nigricornis, as well
as those of two species described by Curran, the following key
is offered. The genus is apparently restricted to the Holarctic
region.

Key to the American Species of Themira

1. Sternopleura largely or wholly polished 2

Sternopleura entirely whitish pruinose 5

2. Males ; fourth sternite with lateral tufts of long hair ; fore

legs greatly deformed (male of T. notmani unknown) . . .3
Females (female of T. macitlitarsis unknown) 4

1 Duda, O., 1926, Monographic der Sepsiden, Ann. naturliist. Mn-.
Wien, 39: 1-153, 1 folding chart, pis. 1-7; 40: 1-110, pis. 1-9. Malloch
(1928, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 53: 611) bus >hn\vn that
although the first part of the Duda \\<>rk ( palacarctic and nrarctic re-
gions) bears the date December, 1925, it did not appear until January
16, 1926; the second part appeared on December 10. 1926.

(93)

94 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '46

3. Middle tarsi yellowish ; fore basitarsus as long as the two

following joints together, the second joint articulating at
one-fourth from the tip of the basitarsus (Hudson Bay—
1917, Wash. Agric. Expt. Sta. Bull. 143: 46)

J1 T. maljormans Melander and Spuler

Middle tarsi with each joint whitish basally, black apically ;
fore basitarsus slightly longer than the second joint, which
articulates at the middle of the basitarsus (Birtle, Mani-
toba—1929, Amer. Mus. Novitates No. 339:10)

<$ T. maculitarsis Curran

4. Legs mostly reddish ; fore femora without bristles below

(Grant Mt, Essex Co., N. Y., running with ants — 1927,

Amer. Mus. Novitates No. 275 : 2) . .5 T. notinani Curran

Legs black ; fore femora on under side with two approximate

spines 5 ^- maljormans Melander and Spuler

5. Small species 2-3 mm. in length ; anterior notopleural bristle

not half as long as posterior 6

Larger species 4-5 mm. in length ; anterior notopleural
bristle over half as long as posterior 8

6. Fore coxae yellow ; male fore femora nearly straight, only

slightly sinuate on upper side ; female fore femora with two
or three small stout bristles on middle of under side (N.
Y., Conn., Pa., 111. [types] ; Mich.— 1917, Wash. Agric.
Expt. Sta. Bull. 143: 46)

T. flavico.m Melander and Spuler

Fore coxae dark brown to blackish ; male fore femora
strongly deformed, strongly sinuate on upper side, with a
long bristle at base of under side ; female fore femora with-
out bristles near middle beneath, with but one, or with
four or five 7

7. Male middle tarsi with last three joints cordate, wider than

long ; female fore femora on under side without or with
but one small bristle near middle (Wash., Ore., Mont.,
Vt, Pa., [types] ; N. Y. (Leonard)— 1917, Wash. Agric.
Expt. Sta. Bull. 143 : 45, fig. 23 [on pi. opp. p. 80] )

T. latitarsata Melander and Spuler

Male middle tarsi with last three joints not broadened, longer
than wide; female fore femora with four or five small,
closely spaced bristles near middle beneath (Islands of
Washington Sound, Wash. — 1917, Wash. Agric. Expt.
Sta. Bull. 143: 44)... T. hicisnrata Melander and Spuler

8. Antennae wholly black ; cheeks white-pruinose ; mesonotum

with very thin brownish pruinosity, supra-alar bristle
strong ; ends of third and fourth veins almost parallel ;
MALE : long lateral hair tufts present on fourth sternite ;
fore femora with backwardly bent spine in emargination ;

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

fore tibiae with conspicuous pale lappet at middle (Europe ;
widespread in northern nearctic region — 1761. Fauna
Suecica, 2d ed. : 456: 1917, Melander and Spuler. Wash.
Agric. Expt. Sta. Bull. 143: 43, f. 25 [on pi. opp. p. 80] ;
1926, Duda. Ann. naturhist. Mus. Wien 39: 92. pi. 3,

f. 13 ) T. putris Linnaeus

Antennae reddish basally ; cheeks brown, not pruinose ; meso-
notum with rather heavy brownish pruinosity. supra-alar
bristle lacking ; third and fourth veins strongly convergent ;
MALE : without tufts on fourth sternite ; fore femora with
distally inclined spine in emargination ; fore tibiae without
lappet (Europe: Cambridge. Mass. — 1826. Syst. Beschr.
5: 291; 1926! Duda. Ann. naturhist. Mus. Wien 39: 94,
pi. 3, f. 14) T. nif/riconiis Meigen

Thcmira minor is not included in the above key; lacking hu-
meral bristles, it belongs in the genus Enicomira Duda. as shown
in the writer's key to the American genera of Sepsidae (Pan-
Pacific Ent., 19: 93, 1943). Duda has expressed the opinion
that T. incisiintta might equal T. pusiHc! Zett. and that T. fla-r:-
co.va might equal the poorly known T. yracttis Zett.

Some Fungus-Growing Ants Eat and Harvest

Wild Fungi

By GEORGE N. WOLCOTT, Agricultural Experiment Station,
University of Puerto Rico

The unique agricultural habits of the fungus-growing, leaf-
cutting, or "parasol" ants of the neotropics are supposed nor-
mally to trend toward one-crop farming. The pieces of leaves
of plants which the larger workers are seen carrying on their
backs "like parasols" are comminuted inside the nest into a
substratum on which is grown in pure culture a specific sym-
biotic fungus which is the only food of the ants. Thus, to have
these ants eating wild and uncultivated fungi, and cutting up
. the wild fungus, as they normally would the leaves of trees, and
carrying bits of it into the nest seems a deliberate and wanton
contamination of the pure culture, besides being a revrr-
froin an agricultural stage of culture to one much more primi-
tive in which natural growths are eaten immediately, and the
incidental surplu^ brought into the nest.

96 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '46

Some laborers of the Institute Agronomico do Norte, at
Belem, Para, Brasil, engaged in clearing the land for planting
rubber, had discarded an unbarked but trimmed pole beside the
path in the forest leading to the clearing where their huts were
located. On this prostrate pole, towards the end of the rainy
season, an abundant growth of "oyster" fungi had appeared,
and when observed on May 24, 1945, the part of it overgrown
with fungi was serving as a path on which the fungus-growing
ants were carrying pieces of cut-up leaves to their nest. Some
of the ants, however, had been diverted from their task, and
were intently feeding on the edges of the fresh white oyster
mushrooms, while minims running about below were cleaning
up all the chips. When the procession arrived at the butt end
of the pole, it consisted of ants carrying only bits of green leaves,
but when it left the pole for the nest, every third or fourth ant
carried a white burden on its back : a bit of freshly-cut fungus.

Observed early the next morning, some fungi had been eaten
down to their main stems, and the ants were beginning on others
that may have developed during the night. T-ime and tide wait
for no man, or ant, especially in a Brasilian forest, and numer-
ous ghostly white beetle larvae were also feeding on the fungi,
as was discovered when the fungus-infested part of the pole was
brought into the guest house of the Institute to dry. The beetle
larvae cleaned out the stems of the fungi until only a hard, dry
shell remained, and then aestivated until a fresh supply of poly-
pore fungus was supplied them in Puerto Rico. This proving
acceptable, they promptly continued growth and development,
eventually becoming small, shining, oval, bright yellow beetles,
identified by Mr. W. S. Fisher of the U. S. National Museum
as a species of Mycotretus (Erotylidae), a genus of which
eighty species have been recorded from Brasil.

The master carpenter of the Institute identified the wood of
the pole as being "cupiuba," of which he had additional lumber
in his shop. Cupiuba is Gonpia ylabra Aubl, a reasonably com-
mon tree in the Amazon and Guiana forests, favorably known
because of its resistance to the attack of dry-wood termites, and
extensively used in construction.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

The least-eaten oyster fungus available was dried in the her-
barium-oven of Dr. W. Andrew Archer, and, via diplomatic
pouch, submitted by Dr. H. M. Langford to Mr. John A.
Stevenson, Senior Mycologist in charge. Division of Mycology
and Disease Survey, Beltsville, Maryland. Of it he writes,
under date of July 11, 1945, as follows:

"The mushroom which the ants were cutting up and carrying
off to their nest is a species of Pleiirotns. The common "oys-
ter" mushroom is a member of this genus. What the Brazilian
or other tropical species of this genus are, no one knows. I
looked through Moller's classical work on the fungi grown by
the leaf-cutting ants of Brazil, and the species involved, in his
account at least, are distinctly not of the genus Pleurotits.
Perhaps the ants were using this form for food direct, and not
mixing it into their fungus plantations."

Specimens of the ants eating and carrying to the nest the
Pleurotus were determined by Dr. Neal A. Weber of the Uni-
versity of North Dakota as being Acromyrmcx (A.} coronatus
Fabricius. To be sure, this is not the most specialized form
of the Myrmicine tribe Attii, but is given by Wheeler as being
next to the least primitive and the nearest to At to. s. str. It
should therefore be among the least likely to exhibit such reces-
>ive traits as eating wild fungi and harvesting them into its nest.

Texophon, a New Genus in the Diplopod
Family Lysiopetalidae

By RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN

In a small collection of millipeds and centipeds taken in Texas
from nests of the wood rat Ncotouta uncrowns Baird. by Maj.
D. E. Hardy, were two males representing the interesting new
species and genus here described. Taken at the same time from
these nests were representatives of two other millipeds, Aniulns
prosoicus Chamberlin and Siphonophora te.vascolens Cham-
berlin. The types of the new form are at present retained in
the author's collection.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Apr., '46

Genus TEXOPHON, new

Distinguished from Spirostrephon and Delophon in the struc-
ture of the gonopods. In these the principal blade is simple,
not bent laterad into a subuncate process as exhibited by Spiro-
strephon and lacking the subapical trifurcate process in the
latter; distally somewhat sigmoidally flexed and curving for-
ward ; from outer side of base of each a slender, less sclerotized,
simple slender process curving about caudal side and then paral-
leling the gonopod proper, a pair of shorter pale processes aris-
ing cephalad of gonopods and distally curving caudo-ectad.

Texophon ncsshis, n. sp.

Fig. 1. Gonopods of male, ventral view, with exoskeleton removed on
one side.

Fig. 2. Left gonopod in situ, ectal view.

Texophon nessius, new species

Body yellowish with a dark longitudinal dorsal band gem-
inated by a narrow median yellow stripe. Head black between
eyes and antennae, the vertex covered with a network of dark
lines. Legs yellow. Antennae dusky. Antennae long, fili-
form; second and third articles longest, subequal, the fourth and
fifth somewhat shorter, with the sixth next in length. Eye

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 99

patch large, composed of 7 or 8 vertical series of ocelli ; e.g.,
from behind forward, 8, 8, 7, 7, 6, 5, 4.

Collum with 20 crests across caudal border low, suheqnal in
length.

First two pairs of legs in the male with a median ventral
comb of hairs. The other anterior legs with ventral surface
studded with numerous short setose points arising from nodular
bases. Third legs in types with fungiform or pustular extru-
sions from coxae.

Gonopods as shown in figs. 1 and 2.

Number of segments in male holotype, 50.

Length, about 19 mm.; diameter, about 1.2 mm.

Locality : — TEXAS : Laguna Madre, 23 miles south-east of
Harlingen. Twro males taken in nest of Neotoina inicropus,
September 26, 1945, by D. E. Hardy.

Obituaries

Dr. Alfredo Borelli, \Ye learn from a recent issue of the
'Annali' of the Civic Museum of Natural History of Genoa that
Dr. Borelli died May 6, 1943, at Boves, near Cuneo, Piedmont,
Italy, at the age of eighty-four. In addition to his numerous
and important studies of the Dermaptera, which constitute the
most outstanding series of contributions on the systematics ot
these insects to appear in the last thirty years. Dr. Borelli also
published papers on reptiles, scorpions and the Solpugida. In
1893 and 1894, Dr. Borelli visited the Chaco of Argentina,
Paraguay and Bolivia and there made important insect collec-
tions.

Dr. Carlo Menozzi. From the 'Annali' of the Genoa
Museum we have also learned of the death of Dr. Menozzi, on
March 4, 1943, at the age of fifty-one. Dr. Menozzi was also a
student of the Dermaptera, and had published other contribu-
tions on ants.

100 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '46

Papilio Aristodemus Ponceana Schaus (Lepi-
doptera: Papilionidae) Notes

By W. F. HENDERSON, Chicago, Illinois

Since the publication of the articles on this species in the
February and July (1945) issues of Entomological News,
further communications have been received.

Mr. Franklin H. Chermock has kindly submitted data con-
cerning the specimens in his possession. It is interesting to
note that he has two specimens which are believed to have been
captured by Schaus himself.

No. 34 £ Miami, Florida, May 1899; collected probably by
Schaus. In F. H. Chermock collection.

No. 35 £ Same as No. 34.

No. 36 $ Matecumbe Key, Florida, May 7, 1943, Mrs. C. N.
Grimshawe. F. H. Chermock collection.

No. 37 $ Same as No. 36, except collected on May 14, 1944.

No. 38 5 Same as Nos. 36, 37, except collected on June 2,
1944.

Nos. 39-44 Six J^, all collected at the Matecumbe Key,
May 3-22, 1945 by Mrs. C. N. Grimshawe. F. H. Chermock
collection.

No. 45 $ Key Largo, Florida, June 14, 1941 ; collected and
owned by Mr. Carl Cook, Crail Hope, Kentucky.

No. 46 g Matecumbe Key, Florida, May 2, 1945; Mrs. C.
N. Grimshawe. Carl Cook collection.

Mr. Cyril F. DosPassos of Mendham, New Jersey, reports the
acquisition of 28 specimens (18 £<$ and 10 5$) from Mrs.
Grimshawe. The writer has also acquired four more specimens
for his own collection, all from Mrs. Grimshawe.

It is now quite apparent that ponceana is coming to be better
known than it was for many years and that this beautiful species
will be represented in more collections as the years pass. The
pioneer collector of this species continues to be Mrs. C. N. Grim-
shawe, who has been responsible for 66 of the 78 specimens
referred to in this series of notes.

Ivii. '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 101

In conclusion, the writer again wishes to express his thanks
to all of those who have cooperated with him in this survey.

A Mechanical Holder for Microscopical Exami-
nation of Pinned Insects

THEODORE A. OLSON. Lt. Colonel. Sn. C.*

Eighth Service Command Laboratory, Fort Sam
Houston. Texas

Taxonomic work in entomology usually involves careful ex-
amination of insects from all angles ; some of the positions are
frequently difficult to attain with the ordinary cork hlocks or
other common devices used as holders for pinned specimens.
In an attempt to overcome some of the difficulties and in an
effort to expedite identifications, a mechanical holder which is
an integral part of the microscope stage was developed at the
Seventh Service Command Medical Lahoratory. Fort Omaha,
Nebraska, in early 1942. This device was produced with the
assistance of Ordnance machinists at that post, and the first
working model was used during the 1942 season. The success
of this device, as measured by its popularity with technicians
who had the opportunity to use the holder, indicated that it was
a practical piece of equipment which could be given further trial.
To date, 5 mechanical holders have been made ; each has re-
ceived a favorable comment by users. The first model has
been in almost daily use for 3 years.

The device can be made by a professional machinist in 21/->
to 3 hours time. Brass stock is used. Dimensions and assem-
bly are indicated in figure 2. When completed the holder is
mounted on the binocular dissecting microscope stage by drilling
a hole (for the threaded center pin) through the stage at a
point approximately \l/s inches from the right side and S}-\
inches from the front edge of the platform when the microscope
is in working position (figure 1). The exact position will
vary somewhat with the type of microscope in use. but there is

* On military leave. School of Public Health, University of Minnesota.

102

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[Apr... '46

considerable leeway and this fitting may be done by anyone who
has a fair amount of mechanical ability. Left-handed persons
may wish to mount the device on the left side of the stage. The
final position should be such that the insect-carrying head may
be centered under the objectives when needed, while it may
readily be swung back toward the center pillar of the micro-
scope, and out of the way, when not in use.

Figure 1

Some of the movements which may be accomplished by the
holder are illustrated in figure 2. Briefly, there is a primary
horizontal rotation about the main upright, a vertical rotation
through the long horizontal rod, another rotation accomplished
by the central sleeve of the head, and. finally, a long, back-and-
forth, horizontal movement produced by sliding the rod through
the upright. By placing a "point mounted" insect at an angle
to center it over the mid-point of the head, the insect will stay
in focus through practically all rotational movements. If bends

Ivii, '46 ]

ENTOMOLOGICAL XE\VS

103

A and B have not been accurate, the centering may be imperfect,
but this may easily be corrected by changing the angle of the
head to a small degree. If, as is the custom with some workers,
the microscope is used with the base removed, a very flat ter-
minal nut must be substituted for the one shown. Because
there is only a limited hollow space beneath the microscope plat-
form, the tension spring and threaded center pin may also have
to be reduced in length to permit proper mounting of the holder.

POSITION NO I

POSITION NO 2

POSITION NO 3 POSITION NO 4

CM— 0-^

SKETCHES OF POSSIBLE ADJUSTMENTS

Assembled head, showing
manner of pinning specimen

, Vertical hole in upright to permit intro-
/ duction of internoljKetsure spring.

Bend 8

Bend A

Drilled to receive
knurled knob
(Intect carrier)

Terminal
bearing

Knurled knob B Imparts
final rotation. It fits into
the terminal bearing.

Threaded pin
passes thru
microscope stage

SCALE

Horizontal rod to Import primary vertical
rotation Rod elides back and forth and rotate*
Horizontal hole in upright.

Internal pressure spring

Leather washer

Pressure spring to make horizontal
rotation smooth and to prevent un-
screwing of terminal nut.

-Threaded terminal nut for
adjusting the pressure of
external spring.-

Figure 2. Mechanical holder for microscopical examination of insects.

104 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '46

Bragonflies (Odonata) Collected in Pennsylvania
and New Jersey in 1945

By GEORGE H. BEATTY, III, Merion, Pennsylvania
(Continued from page 81)

Tramea Carolina Linne.

PENNSYLVANIA : Holmes, Tinicum Marshes, and seen at
Broomall, Central Square, State College and Crum Creek Farm,
22 May-8 Oct.

NEW JERSEY : Upton Ponds, 1 <?, 20 May ; 2 ^, 29 June ; 1 <f,
12 Aug. ; Cape May Point, 1 J1, 1 $, 22 Sept. ; seen at Upton
Ponds, 24 June, 8, 22 July ; Whitesbog, 24, 29 June ; Cape May
City, 22 Sept.

Tenerals were taken on 21 September and 8 October.

Tramea lacerata Hagen.

NEW JERSEY : Cape May Point, 4 <$, 22 Sept. ; seen at Whites-
bog, 24 June.

This was the dominant dragonfly in the migrating hordes at
Cape May which also included A. juniits, E. hcros, L. pnlchclla,
P. flavesccns, and T. Carolina. No matter where one was, an
upward look would reveal several lacerata and often other spe-
cies too. At the beach, they could be seen flying out over the
bay in a general southerly direction. Most of these dragonflies
were teneral or young, suggesting that the urge to migrate
seizes them immediately upon emergence.

Agrion apicale Burmeister.

NEW JERSEY : Upton, 1 J1, 22 July ; Fisher's Dam, 2 J1, 28
Aug. ; Friendship Creek, 2 J1, 1 J, 4 Sept. ; Albertson Brook,
1 J\ 5 Sept. ; Clark's Brook, 4 ^, 2 $, 7 Sept.

Only a few apicale were seen beside those captured.

Agrion maculatum Beauvois.

PENNSYLVANIA: Broomall, Slab Cabin Run, Spring Creek,
Echo Valley Farm, Darby Creek, Westtown Lake, and seen at
Bear Meadows and Crum Creek Farm, 16 June-3 September.

NEW JERSEY: Upton, Whitesbog, 5 May-12 August.

This species is largely replaced by A. apicale on the New
Jersey cedar streams.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 105

Hetaerina americana Fabricius.

PENNSYLVANIA : Darby Creek, 3 <?, 2 $, 27 Aug. ; 4 J1, 7 $,
29 Aug. ; Westtown Lake, 28 J\ 28 ?, 3 Sept.

NEW JERSEY : Albertson Brook, 8 J1, 6 $, 5 Sept. ; seen, Cecil,
5 Sept. "

Lestes eurinus Say.

PENNSYLVANIA: State College, 1 J\ 17 June.
Lestes congener Hagen.

NEW JERSEY: Pond near Fisher's Dam, 8 J\ 5$, 31 Aug.;
26 <$, 21 $, 4 Sept. ; 1 ?, 7 Sept.

Congener was found in moderate numbers when this locality
was visited, for the first time, on 31 August at 3:30 P.M. The
pond was revisited at 11 :00 A.M. on 4 September and not a
single congener was seen, but at 3:00 P.M. on the same day
this species was found in prodigious swarms, hundreds of
coupled pairs being seen ovipositing on dried-up stems of Juncus
sp. one to two feet above the water. At 5 :00 P.M. on 7 Sep-
tember only two or three congener w:ere found. On all four
visits the temperature, humidity, etc., were about the same.
The diurnal distribution of congener is evidently quite restricted
at this locality at least. This is the first capture of this species
in New Jersey.

Lestes unguiculatus Hagen.

PENNSYLVANIA: State College, 2 J1 , 4$, 17, 19 June; Penn
Valley, 9 J, 30 Aug. ; 2 J1, 2 Sept. ; Holmes, 1 J\ 21 Sept.
NEW JERSEY : Whitesbog, 1 $, 24 June.

Lestes forcipatus Rambur.

PENNSYLVANIA: Penn Valley, Broomall, State College,
Holmes, 8 June-13 September.

NEW JERSEY : Pond near Fisher's Dam, Atsion Lake, Fol-
som, Erma, 31 August-22 September.

Lestes rectangularis Say.

PENNSYLVANIA : Central Square, State College, Echo Valley
Farm, Holmes, 16 June-5 October.

Lestes dryas Kirby.12

PENNSYLVANIA: State College, 1 J1, 4 $, 17 June.

12 Formerly known as L. uncatus Kirby. See Cowley, Generic names
of British Odonata (1935).

106 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '46

Lestes vigilax Hagen.

NEW JERSEY : Upton Ponds, 3 <j\ 1 <j>. 24 June ; 6 J\ 1 $, 29
June; 7^, 30 June; 4 <?. 2 $. 8 July; 1 ?, 22 July; 5^. 3$,
12 August; Whitesbog, 3$, 24 June; 1 J, 29 June; Fisher's
Dam, 7 J\ 3 $, 21 Aug. ; 4 J\ 1 $, 28 Aug. ; 3 ?,*31 Aug. ; 2 J\
1 $, 4 Sept. ; Pond near Fisher's Dam, 3 J, 1 $. 4 Sept. ; Batsto
Pond, 6 J\ 1 $, 5 Sept.

Though this is the most abundant Lestes in southern New
Jersey, none was taken in Pennsylvania in 1945.

Argia apicalis Say.

PENNSYLVANIA : Westtown Lake, 5 J\ 2 5- 3 September.

Argia bipunctulata Hagen.

NEW JERSEY: Whitesbog, 1 ^, 24 June (J. Gillespie).
Argia tibialis Rambur.

NEW JERSEY: Fisher's Dam, 1 J1, 31 Aug.; Clark's Brook,
1 c?, 7 Sept.

In both cases, tibialis was taken on a small cedar stream fly-
ing with A. violacea and Enallagma weciva.

Argia violacea Hagen.

PENNSYLVANIA : Broomall, Crum Creek Farm, Darby Creek,
Westtown Lake, 3 August-3 September.

NEW JERSEY : Upton Ponds, Whitesbog, Fisher's Dam,
Branch of Friendship Creek, Friendship Creek, Albertson
Brook, Batsto Pond, Clark's Brook, Sleeper Brook ; seen at
Atsion Lake, 24 June-7 September.

At Fisher's Dam this species occurred in countless numbers
and it was common along all of the cedar streams visited. Its
abundance at the Pennsylvania points noted was neglegible by
comparison with the swarms found in New Jersey.

Amphiagrion saucium Burmeister.

PENNSYLVANIA: Bear Meadows, 4 J*, 5$, 16 June; State
College, 33 J\ 27 $, 19 June.

This species was not seen at all in eastern Pennsylvania or
New Jersey.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 107

Nehalennia gracilis Morse.

PENNSYLVANIA: Bear Meadows, 9 J\ 20$, 16 June.
NEW JERSEY : Whitesbog, 6 <?. 3 $, 24 June ; 2^. 8 July : 2 J\
22 July ; seen, Whitesbog, 29 June.

At Bear Meadows, gracilis occurred in swarms in the late
afternoon, and a few sweeps with the net through the grass
and sedges secured five to ten specimens.

Nehalennia integricollis Calvert.

NEW JERSEY: Upton Ponds, 1 J1, 12 August. Cecil, 1 P, 5
September (J. Gillespie).

In both instances, this species was secured at the weedy edge
of a pond rather than the bog areas which the genus X dialer,
is supposed to favor.

Nehalennia irene Hagen.

PENNSYLVANIA: Bear Meadows, 1 J\ 3$. 16 June: State
College, 1 d\ 3$, 17, 19 June. Holmes. 1 J\ 1 $. 6 Sept. (J.
Gillespie).

Chromagrion conditum Hagen.

PENNSYLVANIA: Bear Meadows, 18 J\ 2$, 16 June: State
College, 2 J\ 17. 19 June.

Enallagma divagans Selys.

NEW JERSEY : Upton Ponds, 1 J1', 24 June.
Enallagma hageni \Yalsh.

PENNSYLVANIA: Bear Meadows, 3 $. 2$, 16 June; State
College, 5d\ 17 June: 7 <$. 19 June.

Like Chromagrion conditum, coupled pairs of this species did
not appear on the stream at Bear Meadows until afternoon.
Tenerals were seen early in the morning.

Enallagma cyathigerum Charpentier.

PENNSYLVANIA: State College, 1 <$. 19 June.
Enallagma geminatum Kellicott.

NEW JERSEY: Fisher's Dam, 16^. 6$. 21 Aug.: 31 <?. 2$.
28 Aug. ; 22 J1, 1 $. 31 Aug. ; 22 J\ 4 Sept. : Pond near Fislu-r'.s
Dam, 4 J\ 31 Aug.; Batsto Pond, 1 J1, 1 ?. 7 Sept.; seen at
Batsto Pond. 5 Sept.

Everywhere at Fisher's Dam. yciuinatnin occurred in swarms,
flying so close to the water that it appeared to be skating on
the surface.

108 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '46

Enallagma recurvatum Davis.

NEW JERSEY: Upton Ponds, 1 J1, 24 June (J. Gillespie).
Enallagma signatum Hagen.

PENNSYLVANIA: Central Square, 3 J1, 2 J, 22 May; 2 J\ 1 $,
29 May ; 4 J1, 9 ?, 6 June ; 2 ^, 4 $, 8 Aug. ; Westtown Lake,
4 d\ 5 ?, 3 Sept.

NEW JERSEY : Fisher's Dam, 1 J1, 4 Sept. ( J. Gillespie) ;
Cecil, 3 d\ 1 ?, 5 Sept.

Enallagma vesperum Calvert.

NEW JERSEY: Cecil, 13 J1, 1 5, 5 September.

Only on 5 September was any New Jersey pond visited late
enough in the day for this crepuscular species to be on the wing.

Enallagma pictum Morse.

NEW JERSEY : Upton Ponds, 4 J, 11 $, 24 June ; 4 J, 8 $, 29
June ; 5 J1. 6 ?, 30 June ; 2 ^, 1 $, 8 July ; 1 J1, 12 Aug. ; Upton
Ponds, seen, 22 July ; Whitesbog, 2 £, 2 $, 24 June ; 1 $, 29
June; Whitesbog, seen, 8 July, 12 Aug.; Fisher's Dam, 4 J1,
2 $, 21 Aug. ; 5 ^, 6 $, 28 Aug. ; 1 ?, 4 Sept. ; Fisher's Dam,
seen, 31 Aug. ; Cecil, 4 J\ 2 $, 5 September.

Enallagma exsulans Hagen.

PENNSYLVANIA: Westtown Lake, 2 J1, 2$, 3 September.
Enallagma weewa Byers.

NEW JERSEY : Fisher's Dam, 7 <?, 2 $, 31 Aug. ; 4 J1, 4 Sept. ;
Branch of Friendship Creek, 15 <?, 31 Aug. ; 27 <?, 1 $, 4 Sept. ;
7 J1, 7 Sept. ; Friendship Creek, 4 J1, 4 Sept. ; 6 3", 7 Sept. ; Al-
bertson Brook, 1 ^, 5 Sept. ; Clark's Brook, 20 J\ 12 ?, 7 Sept. ;
Sleeper Brook, 5 ^, 3 ?, 7 Sept.

This was decidedly the most abundant dragonfly along the
New Jersey cedar streams in early September. Only Argia
violacca approached it in numbers. All of the females were
taken in cop. with males, no single females having been seen.
Ovipositing pairs were extremely abundant on Clark's Brook
where they were seen on the stems of Sparganium and Scirpus
and on the leaves of Vallisneria and other plants floating on the
surface of the water. Both sexes curved their abdomens in
semicircular arcs and the female generally inserted the eggs just
below the water's surface. There are three other recorded oc-
currences of this species in New Jersey 13 but its almost universal

13 See Montgomery [Ent. News, XL1Y: 40-44, 1933] and Gillespie
[Ent. News, LI 1 : 225-226, 1941].

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 109

distribution in the pine barrens has hitherto been unsuspected.
Comparison with the available records from Florida, Georgia,
South Carolina, and North Carolina 14 suggests that New Jersey
may be the metropolis of Enallagma weewa, or that this species
has been largely overlooked in the south.

Enallagma carunculatum Morse.

PENNSYLVANIA: State College, 1 J1, 10 June (J. Gillespie).

Enallagma doubledayi Selys.

NEW JERSEY : Upton Ponds, 1 <?, 24 June ; 2 J1, 29 June ; 5 J,

I $, 8 July ; 1 J\ 12 Aug. ; Pond near Fisher's Dam, 1 J\ 31 Aug.

This species was associated with E. civile, E. aspcrsmn, and
Lestes vigila.v at the Upton Ponds. Females can be separated
from those of civile only with great difficulty.

Enallagma civile Hagen.

PENNSYLVANIA: Central Square, State College, Crum Creek
Farm, Holmes, 22 May-21 September.

NEW JERSEY : Upton Ponds, Cape May City, Lily Lake, Davis
Lake, 24 June-22 September.

Enallagma aspersum Hagen.

PENNSYLVANIA: State College, 7 J\ 1 ?, 17, 19 June; Central
Square, 1 <$, 8 Aug. ; Crum Creek Farm, 2 J1, 8 Aug. ; Holmes,
3 J1, 13 Sept. ; 3 <$, 21 Sept. ; 1 <?, 5 Oct.

NEW JERSEY : Upton Ponds, 2 <?, 29, 30 June ; 7 <?, 8 July ;

II J1, 12 August; Pond near Fisher's Dam, 27^, 3 $, 31 Aug.;
8 <$, 2 $, 4 Sept. ; Batsto Pond, 1 ^, 5 Sept. ; Batsto Pond, 7
Sept.

Enallagma traviatum Selys.

NEW JERSEY: Upton Ponds, 1 <$, 24 June (J. Gillespie) ; 1 J,
29 June.

Ischnura ramburi Selys.

NEW JERSEY: Cecil, 4 ^, 6 $, 5 Sept.; Lily Lake, 45 <?, 18$,
22 Sept.; Davis Lake, 15^, 11 ?, 22 Sept.

Heterochromatic females of this species outnumbered the
homoeochromatic females in a proportion of about five to one.

"See Bytrs [Ann. Ent. S(,c. Anur.. XX: 385-392. 1927]. Davis and
Fluno [Ent. News, XLIX : 44-47, 1938], Westfall [Ent. News, LII :
15-18, 31-34, 1941], and Brimley, "The Insects of North Carolina" (1938).

110 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '46

Ischnura posita Hagen.

PENNSYLVANIA : Central Square, Perm Valley, State College,
Crum Creek Farm, Holmes, etc., 6 June-21 September.

NEW JERSEY : Upton Ponds, Whitesbog, Fisher's Dam, Pond
near Fisher's Dam, Branch of Friendship Creek, Albertson
Brook, Batsto Pond, Folsom, Sleeper Brook, 20 May-7 Sep-
tember.

This species was found at the ponds and cedar streams nearly
everywhere, but never in large numbers.

Ischnura verticalis Say.

PENNSYLVANIA: Central Square, Perm Valley, Bear Mead-
ows, State College, Westtown Lake, Holmes, and seen at Spring-
Creek, Echo Valley Farm, Crum Creek Farm, 22 April-5
October.

NEW JERSEY: Whitesbog, Upton Ponds, Fisher's Dam, Pond
near Fisher's Dam, Folsom, 20 May-5 September.

Anomalagrion hastatum Say.

PENNSYLVANIA: State College, 3 J\ 17, 19 June; Central
Square, 1 J1, 8 August ; Crum Creek Farm, 5 J\ 4 J, 8 Aug. ;
Penn Valley, 1 <j\ 2 $, 30 Aug. ; 1 J, 2 ?. 2 Sept. ; Holmes
(seen), 13, 21 Sept., 5 Oct.

NEW JERSEY : Upton Ponds, 6 J1, 7 <j>. 24 June ; 3 J1, 5 9, 29,
30 June ; 3 J\ 7 $, 8 July ; 2 ^, 1 $. 22 July ; 14 <$, 5 ?, 12 Aug. ;
Whitesbog, 2 J, 24 June ; 2 $, 29 June ; Fisher's Dam, 5 J, 1 <j>,
28 Aug. ; 1 ?, 4 Sept. ; Pond near Fisher's Dam, 1 9, 31 Aug. ;
1 ?, 4 Sept.; Atsion Lake, 22 J\ 16$, 5 Sept.; Folsom. 12 J1,
14 $, 5 Sept. ; Pond near Fisher's Dam, seen, 7 Sept. ; Erma,
seen, 22 Sept. ; Lily Lake, 1 $, 22 Sept.

A. hastatitin occurred in swarms at Holmes-, Atsion Lake and
Folsom, but only in relatively small numbers in the other locali-
ties.

The foregoing list represents about 70% of the combined
odonate faunas of Pennsylvania and New Jersey as they are
now known.15 However, there is good cause to believe that a
considerable number of additional species will be found in
both states.

15 The writer is compiling complete bibliographical catalogues of the
dragonflies of Pennsylvania and New Jersey which will appear shortly.
They will bring together all published records and many hitherto unpub-
lished as well as data on distribution, seasonal range, and habitat.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 111

Two genera are conspicuous in the 1945 collections by their
poor representation. These are. Complins and Argia, both
chiefly restricted to fluviatile habitats. A glance at the list of
collecting stations reveals few such habitats beside the cedar-
stained streams of the New Jersey pine barrens which have a
dragonfly fauna which is in many ways peculiar to them alone.
Their sand bottoms and lack of turbulence, as well as the chemi-
cal nature of the water, make them a highly specialized environ-
ment.

The good representation of such genera as Acschna, Libcllnla,
Lestes, and Enallagma, is due to the writer's concentration upon
lenitic habitats. In the preceding list, most of the dragonflies of
unusual interest are lenitic forms.

Collecting was generally done on a survey basis, attempt being
made to secure specimens of all forms occurring at a given place
and time because of the writer's interest in dragonfly popula-
tions as such. Only in the case of species of unusual interest,
such as Aeschmi constricta, Somatochlora filosa, Sympetrum
obtnisnin, and Enallagma wcewa, was rather intensive collecting
of a single species resorted to.

The writer is indebted beyond hope of repayment to Dr.
Philip P. Calvert who read the ms. of this article, making many
valuable suggestions, and for his help, authoritative informa-
tion, encouragment, and inspiration, freely given. To other
odonatists who, in correspondence, aided materially in this work
he is likewise grateful. Thanks are due to John Gillespie, with-
out whose cheerful assistance many species would not have been
collected, who was the author's companion on many field trips,
and who willingly granted permission for the inclusion in this
paper of any of his records desired. To all who assisted with
field work the writer expresses his deep appreciation, especially
to Alonzo Ellis, George Babb, Helen Gould, Dr. F. H. Forster,
Virginia Orr. and my father, George H. Beatty, Jr. Alonzo
Ellis deserves special credit, for he collected with rare discrim-
ination and, with characteristic generosity, presented to the
writer all of the dragonflies which he secured.

112 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '46

Personal

Dr. Henry K. Townes, Jr., was honored by the Washing-
ton Academy of Sciences on the 21st of March, 1946. The
citation read : Henry K. Townes, Jr., Bureau of Entomology
and Plant Quarantine, Beltsville, Maryland, in recognition of
his distinguished service in the morphology and taxonomy of the
insect superfamily Ichneumonoidea.

Dr. Townes' "A catalogue and reclassification of the Nearctic
Ichneumonidae" was published last year as No. 11 of the
Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, at Philadel-
phia. Much of the work on this memoir was done by Dr.
Townes during his stay, as a National Research Fellow, at the
Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia.

Current Entomological Literature

COMPILED BY CHARLES HODGE IV, EDWIN T. MOUL,
MAURICE E. PHILLIPS AND HENRY K. TOWNES JR.

This list gives references of the current or preceding year unless otherwise noted.
Continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installment.

NOTE: The figures within brackets [ ] refer to the journal in which the paper ap-
peared, as numbered in the List of Journals given at the end of the literature. The num-
ber of the volume, and in some cases, the part, heft, &c. is followed by a colon (:).
References to papers containing new forms or names not so stated in titles are followed
by (*); if containing keys are followed by (k): papers pertaining exclusively to Neo-
tropical species, and not so indicated in the title, have the symbol (S).

Papers published in ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS are not listed.

GENERAL— Cockerell, T. D. A.— Looking- Forward.
[55] 22: 40. du Dresnay, G. — Procedure for keeping- but-
terfly wings horizontal. [33] 9: 307-310. Delamare-De-
boutteville, Cl. — Collection and preservation of minute in-
sects. [12] 2: 66-69. Faure, G. O. — Identificaciones y
datos adicionales de alg-unos insectos y aracnidos de Chile.
[32] 48: 66-76, 1945. 'Freeman, J. A.— Studies in the dis-
tribution of insects by aerial currents. The insect popula-
tion of the air from ground level to 300 feet. [15] 14: 128-
154, 1945. Frost, S. W. — Additional Notes on Baptisia

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 113

Insects. |17| 54: 16. Keen, F. P.— Entomology in West-
ern Pine Silviculture. [26J 22: 1-8. Lhomme, L.— Alight
trap which kills automatically. [33] 10: 121-122. Miller,
D.— Apropos C. V. Riley. [26] 22: 28-30. Monro, H.
A. U. — Low temperature fumigation. [9) 77: 192-196.
Strickland, E. H. — Adult Oclonata as Class-Room Material.
[5] 39: 28-32. Williams, C. B.— Climate and insect life.
[22] 156: 214-215, 1946. Wright, M.— Economic impor-
tance of dragonflies. [19] 21 : 60-70.

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, MEDICAL— Beirne, B.
P. — Notes on Biology of Some Hymenopterous Parasites of
the Beech Weevil (Rhynchaenus'fagil.). [30] 21 : 7-11, ill.
Bodenstein, D. — Corpora Allata of Mosquitoes. [4] 488:
396-405, ill. Bourgogne, J. — Genetics of Lepidoptera.
[33] 10: 34-47, 49-63. Cottier, W.— Effects of rotenone
bearing dusts on the diamond backed moth (Plutella macu-
lipenis Curt.). [23] 27: 244-249, 1945. d'Aguilar, J.-
Bionomics of Chloropidae (Dipt.). [12] 2: 3-6. Deonier,
C. C. — Population Studies on Cochliomyia americana in
Arizona. [16] 19: 26-29. Ferreira Lima', A. D.— Schisto-
cerca paranensis (Brum.) in Rio Grande do Sul. [7]
1 : 139-145. Filho, J. O. — Sobre a morfologia do penis
em Lepidoptera. [8] 50: 1-79, ill., 1946. Groth, K.-
Genetic studies on Lepidoptera. [33] 9: 323-334. Jahn,
T. L. — The electroretinogram as a measure of wave-
length sensitivity to light. [17] 54: 1-8. Kalmus &
Mitchison. — Transplantation of larval ovaries in Drosophila
from and to individuals susceptible to carbon dioxide.
[22] 156: 230-231. 1946. Leclerca, J.— Effect of Atmo-
spheric Humidity on eggs of a Phasmid. Carausius moro-
sus. [30] 21 : 3-5. Le Marchand, S.— Biology of Stig-
mella sericopeza Z. [33] 9: 351-357. Le Marchand, S.-
Sexual organs of the families of Lepidoptera. [33] 10: 22-
33. Lindquist, A. W., Madden, A. H. and Schroeder, H.
O. — Effect of Temp., on Knock-down and Kill of Mosqui-
toes and Bedbugs Exposed to DDT. [16] 19: 13-15.
Melvin, R. — A note on culturing of chiggers (Trombi-
culidae). [5| 39: 143-144. Michener, C. D.— Observ. on
habits and life history of chigger mite. E. batatas. [5] 39:
101-118. Muhsam, B. F. & H. V.— Life tables for Musca
vicina and Calliphora erythrocephala. [31 | 115: 296-305.
Needham, A. E.— Relative proportions in serially repeated
structures. [31] 115: 335-370. Owsley, W. B.— Com-
parative morphology of internal structures of Asilidae

114 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '46

(Dipt.). [5] 39: 33-68. Payne, N. M.— Life history and
habits of the flat grain beetle (L. minutus Oliv.). [17]
54: 9-12. Perry, W. J. — Keys to Larval and Adult Mos-
quitoes of Espiritu Santo (New Hebrides) w/notes on
Bionomics. [26] 22: 9-18. Roeder & Weiant.— Site of
action of DDT in the cockroach. [34] 103: 304- 306, 1946.
Snodgrass, R. E. — The Skeletal Anatomy of Fleas (Si-
phonaptera). [35] 104 No. 18: 1-89, ill." Scares, O. M.

— Scolytus sp. harmful to fruit trees. [7] 1: 137-138 (S).
Strickland, E. H. — (See General). Suomalainen, E.—
Beitrage zur zytologie der parthenogenetischen insekten.
I. Coleoptera. [3] 54: 7: 1-144, ill., 1940. Weiss, H. B.

-Insects and the spectrum. [17] 54: 17-30. Yeager &
Munson. — Analysis of concentration-survival time curves
of arsenite-injected roaches having different resistance.
[5] 39: 141-151.

ARACHNIDA AND MYRIOPODA— Bristowe, W. S.

—Some notes about the American Black Widow Spider,
Latrodectes mactans F. [13] 82: 54, ill. Bristowe, W. S.
-Spider miscellany. [18] Sen 42: 63-67, ill., 1945. Cham-
berlin, R. V.— A New Texas Lithobius. [26] 22: 20-21 (k).
Chamberlin, R. V. — On some centipedes from Georgia.
[9] 77: 215-216 (k*). Ewing, H. E.— Taxonomic notes on
American chiggers (Larvae of the mite family Trombi-
culidae) including the redescription of a genus and the de-
scription of two new species. [27] 59: 21-28. Gertsch,
W. J/ — Five new spiders of the genus Neoantistea. [17]
54: 31-37. Keegan, H. L. — Six new mites of superfamily
Parasitoidea. [36] 65: 69-77, ill., 1946. Mello-Leitao,
C de. — Escorpioes Sud- Americanos. [6] 40: 9-468, ill.,
1945. Melvin, R. — See Anat., etc.) Michener, C. D. — See
Anat., etc.) Needham, A. E. — See Anat., etc.) Sloggett,
B. M. — Introduction of Latrodectus to the Pacific Islands.
[41] 62: 165, 1946. Turk & Phillips.— Monograph of the
slug mite — Riccardoella limacum (Schrank). [31] 115:
448-472.

The SMALLER ORDERS— Badonnel, A. — Psocopteres.
[14] 42: 1-164 (k), 1942. Conde, B.— Protura. [12] 2:
49-53. Dos Santos, N. D. — Redescricao de Micrathyria
artemis (Selys Ms.) Ris 1911 (Odonata: Libellubidae).
[8} 49: 1-4," ill.. 1945. Dos Santos, D. N.— Oligoclada
nemesis (Ris, 1911) nova combinacao e notas sobre outras
especies (Odonata: Libellubidae). [8] 46: 1-4, ill., 1945.
Dos Santos, N. D. — Contribuicao ao conhecimento de fauna

Ivii, '46] I.XTOMOLOGICAL NF,\\S 115

de Pirassununga, estado de Sao Paulo. 3. Micrathyria
almeidai n.sp. (Odonata: Libellulidae). [8] 48: 1-5. ill.,
1945. Dos Santos, N. D. — Contribuicao ao conchecimento
de fauna de Pirassunung-a, estado de Sao Paulo. 2. De-
scricao de Oligoclada borrori n.sp. (Odonata: Libellulidae).
[8] 47: 1-5, ill., 1945. Dos Santos, N. D.— Descricao de
Brechmorhoga travassosi n.sp. e notas sobre Brechmorhoga
nubecula (Rambus 1842). [8] 51: 1-8. ill., 1946. Hanson,
J. F. — Comparative morphology and taxonomy of the
Capniidae (Plecoptera). [1] 35:' 193-249. ill., 1946. Seguy,
E. — Insectes ectoparasites (Mallophages, Anoplure-. Si-
phonapteres). [14] 43: 7-684, ill. (k). 1944. Snodgrass,
R. E. — See Anat., etc.) Strickland, E. H. — (See General.)
Wright, M. — Description of numph of Sympetrum am-
biguum (Rambur). [19] 21: 135-138. 'Wright.— (See
General.)

HEMIPTERA— Beamer, R. H. — Genus Stenocranu in
America Xo. of Mexico (Homo.-Fulgoridae). [16j 19: 1-
11, ill. (*k). Beamer, R. H. — Erythroneura of the Vul-
nerata Group (Homo.-Cicadellidae). [16] 19: 15-22, ill
(*k). Cunha Marques, A. X. de. — Cariologia comparada
de alguns Hemipteros Heteropteros (Pentatomideos e
Coreicleos). [21] 163: 1-105, ill., 1945. DeLong, D. M.-
Xe\v genera and spp. of Mexican leafhoppers. |5] 39: 82-
83. DeLong, D. M. — The Mexican species
(Homoptera: Cicadellidae). [25] 46: 13-30. ill. (k*), 1946.
Drake & Hambleton. — Xe\v species and . new genera of
American Tingidae (Hemiptera). [27] 59: 9-16, 1946.
Froeschner, R. C. — Cercopidae or Spittlebugs of Missouri.
[16] 19: 30-35, ill. (k). Knull, D. J.— Erythroneura of the
obliqua group from Ohio and Tennessee (Homoptera:
Cicadellidae). [25] 46: 45-1-9. ill. (*). Sampson, W.-
Generic classification of California Aphids by first instar
nymphs. [39] 7: 367-402 (k). Usinger, R. L.- Motes on
Cuban Triatominae (Hemi, Reduviidae). [26] 22: 19-20.
White, W. S. — The environmental conditions affecting the
genetic mechanism of wing production in the Chrysanthe-
mum aphid. 1 2] 80: 245-270, 1946.

LEPIDOPTERA— Bourgogne, J.— (See Anat., etc.)
du Dresnay, G. — (See General.) Filho, J. O.— (See Anat.,
etc.) Forbes, W. T. M. — Two new characters in the Geo-
metridae. |17| 54: 39-46. Freeman, H. A. — Notes on
skippers with Xew Records for U. S. ( Lep. Hc-p) |(>| 77:
201. Groth, K.— (See Anat.. etc..) Holik, O.--Xoim-ncla-

116 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '46

tural question of Zygaena purpuralis Brunn. [33] 9: 340-343.
Jerrel & Jaques. — Geometridae of Iowa. [29] 51 : 463-466.
Ladeiro, J. M. — Catalogo dos Lepidopteros exoticos em
coleccao no Museu Zoologica da Universidade de Coimbra
A regiao Palearctica. [21] 170: 1-53, 1946. Leech, H. B.

-Flights of Nymphalis californica Bdv. in British Colum-
bia and Alberta in 1945. [9] -77: 203. Le Marchand, S.-
Classification of the Tineina. [33] 10: 94-111. 125-144.
Le Marchand, S. — Key to genera of Lithocolletidae. [33]
9: 315. Le Marchand, S.— (See Anat., etc.) McGuffin,
W. C. — New descr. of Larvae of Forest Insects: Xvctobia,
Eufidonia (Geometr.). [9] 77: 197-199, ill. Silva" Cruz e
Goncalves. — Notas Lepidopterologicas. Novos elementos
adicionais a lista de Lepidopteros de Portugal de ]"• T.
Wattison. [21 ] 150: 1-138, 1943. Urquhart, F. A.— Giant
silkworm moths. [10] 8: 64-65, ill., 1946. Wallace, P. P.

-Biology and control of the dogwood borer, Synanthedon
scitula Harris. [42] 488: 373-395. Wind, R. G.— New
Spp. of N. A. Satyridae. [26] 22: 25-27.

DIPTERA — Anon. — Identification of female Anophe-
lines of the United States. [38] March 1946: 1-16. Alex-
ander, C. P. — New nearctic craneflies. [9] 77: 186-191.
Alexander, C. P. — Studies on craneflies of Mexico, Part
VIII. [5] 39: 119-139 (*). Bohart, R. M.— New species
of Mosquitoes from the Marianas and Okinawa (Diptera,
Culicidae). [27] 59: 39-46, ill., 1946. Bordenstein, D.-
(See Anat., etc.) Brooks, A. R. — The genus Girschneria
Townsend. [9] 77: 184-185. d'Aguilar, J.— (See Anat.,
etc.) Deonier, C. C. — (See Anat., etc.) Dodge, H. R.-
Identification of Culex males under low magnification.
[5] 39: 140-142 (k). Fattig, P. W.— Tabanidae or horse-
flies and deerflies of Georgia. [11] No. 4, 26 pp. Harm-
ston, F. C. and Knowlton, G. F. — Two New Paraclius
(Diptera: Dolichopodidae). [16] 19: 23-25 (k). Hauber,
V. A. — Life histories and ecology of Iowa midges (Tendi-
pedidae). [29] 51 : 451-462. Owsley, W. B.— (See Anat.,
etc.) Phillips, V. T. — Biology and identification of Try-
petid larvae. [20] 12: 1-161, 16 pis. (k). Rapp, W. F.,
Jr. — Types of Genera and Subgenera of Pipunculidae. [9]
77: 209. Redlinger & Jaques. List of Chloropidae of
Iowa. [29] 51 : 471-472. Ribbands, C. R.— Anopheline
life-cycles and population fluctuations. [22] 156: 232-233,
1946. Sabrosky, C. W. — Two new species of Ogcodes from
Chile (Diptera: Acroceridae). [32] 48: 317-319, ill., 1945.

lyii. '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 117

Smart, J. — Classification of the Simuliiclae (Diptera). [37]
95: 463-532 (k), 1945. Stiles & Luber.— Iowa spiders.
[29] 51 : 473-484. Villee, C. A.— Curled blistered wings, a
digenic character of Drosophila melanogaster. [2] 80:
280-283, 1946.

COLEOPTERA — Alonso, R. G. — Contribucion al cono-
cimiento cle los Scarabaedae Chilenos. Dynastinae ory-
ctini. [32] 48: 112-118, 1945. Beirne, B. P.— (See Anat.,
etc.) Brindley, Chamberlin, Hinman. — Pea weevil and
methods for its control. [U. S. D. A. Farm. Bull. 1971] 1-
24, ill. Cottier, W. — Use of lead arsenate as a control for
the grass grub, Odontria zealandica White. [23] 27: 239-
243. 1945. Gillogly, L. R.— A New Sp. of Xitidulid Beetle.
[26] 22 : 22-24. Hayes, W. P. and Chu, H. F.— Larvae of
genus Xosodendron Latr. (Col., Nosodendridae). [5] 39:
69-79, ill. (k). Hicks, S. D. — Additional notes on Coleo-
ptera taken in Essex Co., Ontaria. [9] 77: 214. Hoff-
mann, A. — Coleopteres Bruchides et Anthribides. [14]
44: 2-184, ill., 1945. Jeannel, R. — Coleopteres carabique.
Premiere partie. [14] 39: 1-571, ill. (k), 1941; 40: 573-
1173, ill. (k), 1942. Johnson, J. P. — The incinerator beetle,
Dermestes cadaverinus Fabr. [42] 488: 311-415. Landeiro,
R. — Stizocera plicicollis on "peroba" (Aspidosperma sp.).
[7] 1 : 123-126 (S). Leech, H. B.— Some Pacific coast spp.
of Tropisternus. [9] 77: 179-184 (*). Liljebead, E.-
Monograph of the family Mordellidae (Coleoptera) of N.
Amen. X. of Mexico. '[40] 62: 9-229, ill. (*k), 1945.
Linsley, E, G. and MacSwain, J. W. — Longevity of Tri-
chodes and Pelonium Larvae (Col. Cleridae). [26] 22: 18.
MacNay, C. G. — Occurrence in X. A. of the European
Staphylinid Deleaster dichrous Grav. [9] 77: 213. Mar-
shall, G. A. K. — XTew Curculionidae from Tropical Africa
(Coleoptera). [4] 12: 429-448, ill. (k), 1946. Marshall,
M. Y. — Xote on Hyperaspidius flavocephalus Blatchley
with description of the female. [9] 77: 177-178. Parker,
R. L. — Additional Host and Distribution Records of the
S \\ectpotato Leaf Beetle, T. viridicyaneus (Crotch) (Coleo.,
Chrvsomelidae). [16] 19: 11-12." Paulian, R.— Colcop-
teres scarabeides. |14| 38: 2-239, ill. (k). 1941. Payne,
N. M. — See Anat., etc.) Saylor, L. W. — l\t/\ isimi of the
scarab beetles of the Dynastine genus Erioscelis. [27] 48:
61-66 (k*), ill. Stehr, W. C.— Xew spp. of Scymnus
(Coleo. Coccinellidae). |5| 39: 80-81. Suomalainen, E.

— (See Anat., etc.) Thery, A. — Coleopteres Buprestides.

[14J 41: 1-221, ill. (k), 1942.

118 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '46

HYMENOPTERA— Beirne, B. P.— (See Anat., etc.)
Cockerell, T. D. A. — Description and records of bees. [4]
12: 46K-475 (*k). 1946. Enzmann, J.— New form of Myr-
mecina. [17] 54: 13-15 (k*). Enzmann, J. — New house-
invading Ant from Mass. [17] 54: 47-49. Gomes, J. G.-
A new chalcid (Minapis pseudonigra n.sp.). [7] 1 : 127-
129 (S). Kennedy, C. H. — Myrmecological technique. I.
The use of ether in collecting ants. [25] 46: 10-12, 1946.
Pate, V. S. L. — N. American spp. of genus Lestiphorus
(Hymen. Sphec.). [9] 77: 210-213 (k). Pate, V. S. L.-
New Pemphilidine wasps, with notes on previously de-
scribed forms. I. Ectemnius (Hymenoptera : Sphecidae).
[24] 171 : 1-14, 1946. Pratt, H. D.— Taxonomic Studies of
Nearctic Cryptini (Ichneumonidae). [1] 34: 549-661.
Rau, P. — Nests and adults of colonies of Polistes wasps.
[5] 39: 11-27. Rayment, T. — New bees and wasps. Part
I. Notes on the biology of Exoneurae with a specific de-
scription. [41] 62: 178-184, ill. (*), 1946. Richards, O.
W. — A revision of the genus Mischocyttarus de Saussure
(Hymenoptera: Vespidae). [37] 95 : 295-462, ill. (k), 1945.

LIST OF JOURNALS CITED

1. — Amer. Midi. Nat. 2. — Amer. Nat. 3.— Ann. Acad.
Sci. Fennicae (A). 4. — Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 5. — Ann.
Ent. Soc. Amer. 6. — Arg. Mus. Nac. R. de Jan. 7.—
Boletim Fitossanitaria. 8. — Bol. Mus. Nac. do R. de Jan.
9. — Canadian Entom. 10. — Canadian Nature. 11. — Emory
Univ. Mus. Bui. 12. — 1'Entomologiste. 13.— Entom.
Monthly Mag. 14. — Faune de France. 15. — Jour. Animal
Ecol. 16. — Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc. 17. — -Jour. New York
Entom. Soc. 18. — Jour. Ouekett Micro. Club. 19. — Jour.
Tenn. Acad. Sci. 20. — Mem. Amer. Entom. Soc. 21.—
Mem. e Est. Mus. Zool. Univ. de Coimbra. 22. — Nature.
23. — New Zeal. Jour. Sci. & Tech. 24. — Notulae Naturae.
25. — Ohio Jour. Sci. 26. — Pan-Pacific Entom. 27. — Proc.
Biol. Soc. "Wash. 28.— Phoc. Entom. Soc. Wash. 29.-
Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 30. — Proc. Roy. Entom. Soc. (A).
31. — Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 32. — Revista Chilena Hist.
Nat. 33. — Rev. franchise de Lepidopt. 34. — Science. 35.
—Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 36. — Trans. Amer. Micro. Soc.
37.— Trans. Ent. Soc. London. 38.— U. S. Publ. Health
Serv. 39.— Univ. Cal. Publ. Entom. 40.— Univ. Mich,
misc. publ. Mus. Zool. 41. — Victorian Nat. 42. — M-th
Ann. Rep. State Entom., Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta.

This column is intended only for wants and exchanges, not for

advertisements of goods for sale or services rendered. Notices

not exceeding three lines free to subscribers.

These notices are continued as long as our limited space will allow;
the new ones are added at the end of the column, and, only when
necessary those at the top (being longest in) are discontinued.

Wanted — Mosquitoes for determination, or exchange for S. E.
specimens. Particularly desire larvae. H. R. Dodge, Box 1095,
Macon, Ga.

Arctic Lepidoptera on hand, including Erebia, Oeneis and Brenthis.
R. J. Fitch, Lloydminster, Sask., Canada.

Odonata — Will buy or exchange North and Central American
species, both imagos and nymphs. Also will exchange other orders
for Odonata. Carl Cook, Crail Hope, Kentucky.

I want to collect Rothschildia farbesi, agapema, galfina and io
moths for interested persons. E. Frizzell, Route 4, San Benito,
Texas.

Wanted — -Information as to the existence and present location of a
copy of Solodonikov, S. V. Contribution a 1'etude de la faune et de la
biologic des larves des Libellules du Donetz et de certains de ces af-
fluents. [In Ukrainian.] Trav. Soc. Nat. Charkow 52: 249-268.
1929. [Quoted from Zool. Rec. 1936, Ins. p. 147, No. 3114.] P. P.
Calvert, P. O. Box 14, Cheyney, Penna.

Wanted — Crane-flies (Tipulidae) of New Guinea, New Caledonia
and Neighboring Islands, for revisional purposes. Also, names and
addresses of individuals or institutions possessing any of these flies.
Correspondence solicited. Chas. P. Alexander, Fernald Hall, Am-
herst, Mass.

I want to collect Pennsylvania insects from York and Adams Co.
E. W. Mange, 307 W. Wa'lnut St., Hanover, Pa.

Lepidoptera — Wanted, Hyloicus (Sphinx) and other Sphingidae in
exchange for U. S. and Wisconsin Lepidoptera. \Vm. E. Sicker, 119
Monona Ave., Madison 3, Wisconsin.

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tors of the Old World: Europe, Asia, Africa
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DIPTERA

1119. — Cresson (E. T. Jr.) — Synopses of No. Amer. Ephydridae. la.
Supplement of part I on the subfam. Psilopinae. II. The
tribes Hydrelliini, Hydrinini and Ilytheini of the subfam.
Notiphilinae, with descr. of n. sps. (70: 159-180, 1944) ... $ .40

1123. — A systematic annotated arrangement of the gen. and sps. of
the Indoaustralian Ephydridrae. I. The subfam. Psilo-
pinae. (71: 47-75, 1945) 60

1127. — A systematic annotated arrangement of the gen. and sps. of
the Neotropical Ephydridae. I. The subfam. Psilopinae.
(71 : 129-163, 1946) 75

1126. — Rapp (W. F.) — Two new Nemocera Diptera. (Sciaridae and

Cecidomyidae). (71 : 125-128, figs., 1946) 20

THE BIOLOGY AND IDENTIFICATION OF

TRYPETID LARVAE
By VENIA TARRIS PHILLIPS

Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, No. 12, 161 pp., 16 pis.,

1946

This is a comprehensive work describing and figuring the important characteristics of the larvae
cf forty five species of American fruit flies (Diptera). An indispensible work for economic en-
tomologists. It includes a glossary of the terms used in the descriptions; a list of 442 species of
the family, with their known hosts; a list of their host plants; and an extensive bibliography.
The plates contain 192 exquisitely executed figures.

Price $5.00 (postpaid, domestic delivery) U. S. Currency, remittance must accompany order.

HYMENOPTERA

1118. — Bradley (J. C.) — A preliminary revision of the Pompilinae of
the Americas exclusive of the tribe Pompilini. (70: 23-157,
2 pis., 1944) 1.60

LEPIDOPTERA

1125. — Jones (F. M.) — Platoeceticus and a remarkable n. sp. of the

genus (Psychidae). (71: 99-124, 6 pis., 1945) 75

ORTHOPTERA

1121. — Tinkham (E. R.) — Sinochlora, a new tettigoniid gen. from

China, with descr. of 5 n. sps. (70: 235-246, 2 pis., 1945) . . .25

1124. — Hebard (M.) — Orthoptera of the Appalachian Mountains in
the vicinity of Hot Springs, Virginia, and notes on other
Appalachian sps. and recent extensions of the known
range of still other southeastern sps. (71: 77-97, 1945) 45

1120. — Rehn (J. A. G.) — A revision of the locusts of the group Hy-

alopteryges (Acrididae). (70: 181-234, 1 pi., 1944) 1.00

1117. — Rehn and Rehn — Studies of certain Cyrtacanthacridoid gen.
(Acrididae). II. Prumnacris, a new No. Amer. gen. of
Holarctic type. (70: 1-21, 2 pis., 1944) 50

1122.— III. Buckellacris, another new No. Amer. gen. of Hoi-
arctic type. (71 : 1-45, 2 pis., 1945) 1.00

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

?. I;:

MAY 1946 ys

Vol. LVII No. 5

CONTENTS

Remington — Insects as food in Japan

Drake and Hambleton — New American Tingidae 121

Sherman — Cerambycidae of South Carolina 125

Personal 1-27

James — The dipterous family Tylidae

Wene — Additions to checklist of Cicadellidae 131

Notes and News in Entomology

Richards — Recent papers on the insect cuticle

Present state of some German museums

Wolcott collection of Cleridae

Correction

Notice

Review — Mosquitoes of the southern United States 139

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LVII MAY, 1946 No. 5

Insects as Food in Japan

By CHARLES L. REMINGTON, Cambridge, Massachusetts

The subject of insects as food has long aroused the curiosity
of American naturalists, perhaps because eating insects is a
custom both foreign and somewhat disgusting to them. An
American's "natural" feeling of repugnance in this case is
merely one of custom, and has little practical basis, since peoples
have eaten insects in all parts of the world, apparently through-
out the existence of Homo sapiens. Americans show no hesi-
tation in eating crabs, lobsters, and shrimp, all rather closely
related to insects as members of the phylum Arthropoda.

In some local areas of the world, where other animal foods
are not available, insects have become a necessary food, supply-
ing needed proteins to the diet of the inhabitants. The writer
recently enjoyed hearing a first-hand account of insect eating in
one of these areas from Professor Tetsuo Inukai, zoologist of
the Hokkaido Imperial University of Sapporo, Japan. Pro-
fessor Inukai's home province is Nagano Prefecture in north-
central Honshu. Xagano is one of the few wholly inland prov-
inces, segregated principally by mountains from ready contact
with the sea. The people of the province are unable to get
enough fish and meat to fill their protein needs, and they exten-
sively tap the insect population.

The favorite insect for food in Nagano is the Yellow-jacket
Wasp (subg. I'espnla), whose larvae and pupae are highly
prized. Pupae of all wasps are eaten when found, but Politics
seems to rank next to Vespitla in frequency of occurrence on
Japanese menus. In Sapporo the writer saw Vcs^uhi pupae
preserved in cans and apparently sold in grocery stores. Pn>-

(119)

120 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '46

fessor Inukai told of various methods of raiding the ground-
nesting Vcspitla colonies for the young forms. One is to place
a small charge of gunpowder into the nest entrance with a long
stick, light the fuse, and stand hack. After the explosion the
wasps are stunned and harmless. A more amusing (to us)
method is for the food hunter to divest himself of every shred
of clothing. If he moves quietly he may tear up the nest and
take the young without being stung, since the vicious little
wasps will not sting a nude person. Professor Inukai claimed
that he had successfully used this method !

Other very popular insects are all species of Cicadidae
(adults), O.rya I'ero.v (called "Inago" in Nagano Prefecture)
and practically all other grasshoppers, all crickets (Gryllidae),
and all praying mantes (Mantodea). These insects are killed
in a hot pan and, like the wasp larvae and pupae, they are
preferably cooked by frying.

Professor Inukai related that all pupae (other than wasps')
taken in the soil are carefully avoided. Apparently some are
very poisonous. On the other hand, all insects found in fresh
water are edible and delicious. Larvae and aquatic adults of

' Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Ephemerida, Plecoptera, Trichoptera,
Odonata, and others are eaten, unsorted. Aquatic insects are
frequently gathered by nets and screens which are held in swift
water while the stream bottom above them is agitated, stones
moved, and trash stirred. Professor Inukai mentioned par-

. ticularly Dytiscns adults and Belostomatidae among aquatic
insects commonly eaten.

Larvae and pupae of Cerambycidae, Elateridae, and certain
other wood-boring beetles, as well as larvae of Cossidae (wood-
boring moths) are dug out of dead wood and are valued as
food.

Lepidoptera pupae not found in the soil are said to be very
tasty. One of the commonest and most easily gathered is the
pupa of the Hag Moth (Eucleidae), a pest insect whose larvae
bear stinging hairs. The pupa of the silkworm (Bombyx
mori} is eaten, not only in Nagano Prefecture, but throughout
Japan. When the silk is reeled from the cocoons the edible

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 121

and nourishing pupae remain, and are not discarded. They
are fried in fat and salted. While a dinner guest of several
zoologists at the Hokkaido Imperial University, the writer was
served Boniby.v pupae prepared in this manner. Achieving
the rather difficult viewpoint of unprejudiced interest, he found
the pupae very delicious, enough so that he determined to in-
vestigate the taste of various American Saturniidae, such as
Platysamia cccropia, Actias lima, and Tdca polyphemus.

Eating insects may have possibilities beyond the food value.
Certainly the Hag Moth population of Nagano Prefecture in
Japan meets a challenge in the appetites of the insect eaters.
Who can tell what crop increases might result from cultivation
of a taste for grasshoppers among the inhabitants of the Great
Plains region of the United States and Canada?

Three New Species and a New Genus of American
Tingidae (Hemiptera)

By C. J. DRAKE and E. J. HAMBLETON

The present paper contains the description of a new genus,
three new species and notes on seven species of American
Tingidae. The specimens were collected by Edson J. Hamble-
ton. The types are in the Drake collection.

Teleonemia prunellae, n. sp.

Head black, with very short testaceous spines, the hind pair
adpressed and a little longer. Rostrum extending beyond meso-
sternum, brown, the apex dark. Bucculae areolate, closed in
front. Orifice with prominent rim. Legs yellowish brown, the
tarsi black. Hypocostal ridge uniseriate, the areolae moderately
large. Antennae moderately long, densely clothed with rather
long hairs, dark fuscous ; segment I short, scarcely longer or
thicker than II ; III slightly more than two and one-half times
as long as IV; IV short, scarcely thickened. Leg> brown, the
tips of femora and tibiae testaceous, the tarsi black.

Pronotum strongly convex, black, shiny, very coarsely pitted,
tricarinate ; carinae thin, whitish, indistinctly areolate; later;;!

122 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '46

carinae deeply, roundly constricted ; collar moderately long,
biseriate, almost truncate in front ; paranota very narrow, thin,
whitish ; triangular process areolate, becoming whitish at apex.
Elytra moderately constricted beyond middle, grayish, opaque,
with numerous areolae dark brown to black-fuscous ; costal area
rather narrow, uniseriate ; subcostal area wider, biseriate ; dis-
coidal area long, extending beyond middle, with outer boundary
nearly straight, widest near middle, there four areolae deep.

Length, 3.40 mm. ; width, 0.95 mm.

Type (male), allotypc (female), and 16 paratypes, Guate-
mala City, GUATEMALA, May 15, 1945, found on Prunella
vulgar is.

This species is most closely related to T. sclnvarzi Drake
(1918) and T. hnachncac Drake (1941) but differs from them
by its larger size, smooth, and shiny black pronotum. The
former feeds on Bcloperonc calijornica.

Tclconciiiia prolixa Stal

Numerous specimens, Finca Moca, Guat., July 7, 1945, taken
on Cinchona blossoms.

Leptodictya tabida Herrick-Schaffer

Many specimens, breeds on sugar cane, Esquinta, Guat., June
27, 1945. It is also known to occur on bamboo.

Leptodictya bambitsac Drake

Common on bamboo, Finca Naranjo, Guat., July 7, 1945.
This species is sometimes found on sugar cane.

Leptopharsa lincata Champion

Numerous specimens, Esquintla, Guat., June 27, 1945.

Leptopharsa divisc Champion

Many specimens, Mazatenango, Guat., May 16, 1945, an un-
determined species of Rubiaceae.

Cqrythucha setosa Champion

A long series of specimens, collected on an unidentified tree,
Guatemala City, June 10, 1945, and Quetzaltenango, Guatemala.
May 19, 1945.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 123

Corythucha deccns (Stal)

Several specimens, Guatemala City, Guat., May 15, 1945.

CorythucJia gossypii (Fabricius)

Very common, Finca Naranjo, Guat., June 13, 1945, taken
on Canavalia cnsifonnis.

PLIOBYRSA, n. gen.

Head short, exposed, with five spines. Antennae long, slen-
der, longly pilose; segment I moderately long, stouter and dis-
tinctly longer than II, the latter short ; III very long, slenderest;
IV moderately long, slightly enlarged. Bucculae reticulate,
meeting or nearly meeting in front. Rostral channel uninter-
rupted, the laminae low ; rostrum moderately long. Orifice in-
distinct. Hypocostal ridge uniseriate. Pronotum moderately
convex, finely pitted, tricarinate ; hood small, tectiform. scarcely
produced anteriorly ; paranota usually widest opposite humeri,
not produced anteriorly or posteriorly ; hind triangular process
short, rounded or triangular at apex. Elytra usually gradually
widened posteriorly, the tips separated in repose, divided into
usual areas ; costal area wide ; discoidal area short, not reaching
middle of elytra; nervure separating subcostal and discoidal
areas raised so as to form an inflated area. Margins of elytra
finely hairy, serrate or nearly smooth, sometimes veinlets finely
hairy.

Generotype, Pliobvrsa inflata Drake and Hambleton ( — Lcp-
topharsa in flat a D. & H.).

Leptopliarsa advcrsa Drake and Hambleton and Lcptobyrsa
inollincdiac Drake and Hambleton, and perhaps Leptobyrsa
translucida Champion are congeneric and are here transferred
to the new genus Pliob\rsa. This genus is distinguished from
Plcscobyrsa Drake and Poor by the distinctly narrower basal
portion of elytra and the nonproduced anterior and posterior
margins of paranota. Planibyrsa Drake and Poor lias uni-
carinate pronotum and no hood.

124 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '46

Pliobyrsa lateris, n. sp.

Head black, the spines moderately long testaceous. An-
tennae slender, testaceous shortly pilose ; segment I dark fus-
cous, thicker and slightly more than twice as long as II, the
latter brown; III scarcely more than twice as long as IV, the
latter a little thicker and pale brown. Rostrum not reaching
middle of mesosternum. Bucculae short, nearly touching in
front. Legs rather slender, testaceous.

Pronotum dark reddish brown, moderately convex, finely
pitted, tricarinate ; median carina testaceous, with dark spot in
front, uniseriate, much higher than lateral ; lateral carinae testa-
ceous, parallel, low, uniseriate, testaceous ; hood small, testa-
ceous, slightly protruding in front ; paranota rounded, moder-
ately wide, biseriate in front, uniseriate behind, the outer margin
serrate ; triangular process triangular, membraneous, areolate.
Elytra broad, testaceous, with transverse dark fuscous band
near base, widened at base, the tips separated in repose, the
areolae hyaline, the nervures in apical half fuscous ; costal area
wide, mostly triseriate ; discoidal area very short, inflated.

Length, 2.80 mm.; width, 1.75 mm.

Type (male), allotypc (female) and 8 paratypes, Mazate-
nango, GUATEMALA, May 16, 1945, E. J. Hambleton. The
shorter antennal hairs, higher median carinae and more abruptly
widened elytra at base separate it from other members of the
genus.

Pleseobyrsa ablusa, n. sp.

Broad, testaceous, the pronotum brown. Head black, the
frontal pair of spines short, brown, directed forward, the median
very short, the hind pair greatly reduced. Rostrum yellowish
brown, extending to base of mesosternum ; laminae low, testa-
ceous. Antennae moderately long, shortly pilose ; segment I
thicker and nearly three times as long as II, the latter short
and brownish; III very slender, testaceous, two and one half
times as long as IV ; IV brownish, slightly thickened, with
longer hairs. Bucculae testaceous, closed in front. Orifice
present.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 125

Pronotum moderately convex, coarsely pitted, tricarinate. the
calli large, smooth and black ; lateral carinae long, parallel, ex-
tending from calli to hind margin of triangular process, indis-
tinctly areolate ; median carina faintly higher, the areolae
scarcely distinct ; collar short, yellowish brown, slightly elevated
at middle ; paranota narrow, testaceous, uniseriate behind, bi-
triseriate in front, the front margin roundly protruding ante-
riorly, scarcely reaching middle of eyes. Elytra broad, the
areolae hyaline ; costal area wide, mostly with five rows of
areolae, a narrow transverse band (nervures only) just in front
of middle and a transverse vein near base fuscous ; subcostal
area very wide, with six rows of areolae in widest part ; dis-
coidal area short, very broad, with outer boundary costate and
sinuate, widest behind middle, there six areolae deep. Wings
short, scarcely longer than abdomen. Abdomen beneath dark
fuscous. Legs testaceous.

Length. 4.10 mm.; width, 2.85 mm.

T\pc, male, Changes. PERU, September, 1912.

This species differs from P. peruviana Drake by its narrower
paranota, long lateral carinae and much wider subcostal area.
The lateral carinae are not present on hind triangular process
of pronotum in peruviana. Type in Drake Collection.

Notes on Cerambycidae of South Carolina
(Coleoptera)

BY FRANKLIN SHERMAN,* Clemson College, Clemson,

South Carolina

Since the writer began faunal survey work in South Carolina
in 1925, he has given the family Cerambycidae some special
attention. Adults have been collected from flowers, at light >.
and on plants in all parts of the state, and a number have been
recorded in association with their host-plants by rearing or
otherwise.

Our records indicate May, June and July as the most produc-
tive months for collecting of adults in this state, particularly with

* Technical Contribution No. 132 from the South Carolina Experi-
ment Station.

126 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '46

the flower-frequenting species. The flowers of Jersey tea and
wild hydrangea, especially in our mountains, attract the greatest
variety of species, with decidedly smaller numbers on flowers
of dogwood, wild rose, spirea, elder, daisies, goldenrod, and
others.

Identifications of many of the species have been made by our-
selves, the more difficult ones by Mr. W. S. Fisher and Mr. J.
N. Knull, to whom our thanks are due, also to Mr. A. Boving
for identification of larvae in a few cases.

Our records show a total of 222 species and subspecies re-
corded from this state, one of which was obviously an accidental
individual introduction.

The western tip of South Carolina with mountains attaining
3.600 ft. elevation, shows a strong infusion of northerly and
westerly forms, while the eastern coastal area shows an infusion
of southerly forms. The main central area of the state gives
some mixture of these extremes, plus numerous species which
are of wide general distribution in this part of the country. This
same condition is exhibited by other faunal groups, i.e., amphib-
ians, reptiles, birds and mammals.

In about 60 species our records represent an extension of the
known range as indicated in Leng's Catalogue. A few new
species or varieties (not yet described) have been taken.

Our 222 species are distributed among 95 genera, of which 66
genera have only 1 species each in our faunal list.

Among the northerly and westerly forms are :

Prionns laticollis (Drury) Obn'iun rnbidum Lee.

Tcssaropa tcnuipcs (Hald.) Hapalosalia aurata Horn

Stromatinm pnbcscens Hald. Hapalosalia ribex Newn.

Romalcum rufuluin (Hald.) Plcctrodcra scalator Lee. and
Hcterachthcs 4-uiaculatns¥ab. many others

Of the more southerly forms there are :

Archodontes melanopus (L.) Methia necydalca (Fab.)
Dcrobrachns brcvicollis Serv. (others)

Scaphlnus iniiticus (Fab.) Callichroina suavcolcns (L.)

Crioccpliahts nnbilis Lee. (a beautiful species!)

Phychodes trilincatus (L.) and
others

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 127

Of rare or unusual species, or ones at least pleasing to se-
cure, there are :

Dcrancistnis taslci Buq. Nccydalis inellita Say

Ebnria distincta Hald. Physocnomum brerilincnin

Ccntrodcra dccolorata Say

(Harris) Arhopalus fiilinhians (Fab.)

Evodinus inonticola (Rand.) Xylotrechus accrina Fisher
Gaurotcs cyanipeiuiis (Say) Xylotrechus tiitidus Horn

Leptnra einaryinata L. (very rare, fide Knull)

Bellamira scalaris (Say) Anthoboscns ntricola (Oliv.)

Enryptera latcralis Oliv. Michthysoma heterodoxum

Encyclops cocrulca (Say) Lee. (an "ant-like" species)

Purpuricenus hunicralis (Fab.)
Cyrtiims pygtnaeits (Hald.)
(our smallest cerambycid)

For years we searched in vain for the "cloaked knotty-horn"
elder borer Desmocents pallia-tits Forst., but in June 1939 we
found it quite common on elder in mountain valleys near our
northern (the N. C.) border.

The most noteworthy recent addition to our list came last year
(1945) when Mr. O. L. Cartwright took a series of the large
and conspicuous Plectrodera scalator Lee., associated with quak-
ing aspen trees in the "sandhills" section of South Carolina ; it
seems to be chiefly a Mississippi valley species.

Our "accidentally individually introduced" species is Chloro-
phorus annnlaris Fabr., from Japan. In August 1934 an adult
was caught in the act of emerging from an imported Japanese
bamboo fishing-rod in a hardware store in Walhalla, South
Carolina, and it was given, still alive, into our possession — an il-
lustration of how potentially serious pests may innocently lie
spread by commerce.

Personal

Dr. J. Linsley Gressitt has been separated from the Navy
where lie was an entomologist in the U. S. Naval Medical Re-
serve Unit No. 2, and is returning to the Lingnan Natural His-
tory Survey and Museum and to the Biology Department of
Lingnan University, Canton, China.

128 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '46

The Dipterous family Tylidae (Micropezidae)

in Colorado

By MAURICE T. JAMES,

Department of Entomology, Colorado Experiment Station,
Colorado A. & M. College, Fort Collins, Colo.1

In his review of trie Neriidae and Tylidae (Micropezidae) of
America north of Mexico, Cresson 2 recorded seven species as
occurring in Colorado. In working over the accumulated mate-
rial in the collection of the Colorado A. & M. College, I was
able to identify all seven of these species, but no others except
for one that is apparently new to science. The present paper
is offered for the purpose of describing that species and of add-
ing to our knowledge of the geographical distribution of the
others. No citations to the literature will be given, since these
can easily be found by consulting Cresson's work. The termi-
nology corresponds to that used by Cresson, except that I am
accepting the Meigen 1800 names as valid and, consequently,
adopting the generic name Tylos instead of Micropesa.

Tylos lineatus (Van Duzee)

This species is common throughout the eastern Colorado
plains and into the foothills. At Roggen, it occurs in June.
Most records are for elevations under 6,000 feet ; however, I
have taken it at Salida (7,050 feet), Aug. 3, 1938. The only
record for western Colorado is from Maybell (5,903 feet) but
it undoubtedly occurs widely at similar elevations, since it is
widespread in Utah.

Tylos setaventris (Cresson)

Costilla County, July 19, 1932. 1 $.

1 Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station Scientific Journal Series
Number 207.

2 Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.. LXIV. pp. 293-366, 1938.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL XRWS 129

Tylos turcanus (Townsend)

Common at Roggen, May 19 to June 16, where it occurs in
general earlier than T. I in eat its, though overlapping that species
in seasonal distribution. The only other localities from which
this species is recorded are in Arizona. This is only one of a
number of southern species that extend into the sandhills area
of the South Platte Valley.

Paracalobata univitta (Walker)

Cresson's record from "Marysville" should read "Mays-
ville." I have several specimens from Fort Collins, June 14
to July 18.

Paracalobata pallipes (Say)

Widespread east of the Rockies and at lower elevations in
the foothills; I have taken it, however, on La Veta Pass (9,378
feet) and at Pingree Park (9,300 feet).

Paracalobata mima (Hennig)

Apparently common in the mountains, mostly above 8,000
feet. The lowest locality from which 1 have a record is Steam-
boat Springs (6,680 feet). In his records of this species,
Cresson erroneously stated that Pingree Park is in Pueblo
County ; actually, it is in Larimer County, north of Rocky
Mountain National Park.

Paracalobata microfulcrum, n. sp.

<$, J. Head mainly black ; frontale usually narrowly reddish-
yellow immediately above base of antennae : parafrontal yellow-
anteriorly, gradually darkening to black on posterior half; face
and bucca yellow; oral margin chiefly yellow but with some
infuscation; proboscis brownish; palpus yellow; antenna yellow.
the arista black, sparsely pubescent basally. Entire head cov-
ered with cinereous pollen, that of the velvety frontale sparse
but evident in an oblique light ; that of the median half of the
posterior orbit likewise sparse. Some yellowish pile on face,
occiput, and proboscis. Thorax wholly black ; pronotum. hu-
merus. pteropleuron. and lower and posterior parts of meso-

130 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '46

pleuron shining ; mesonotum with a large subshining area cov-
ering most of the postsutural region except the broad margins
and extending onto the posterior third of the presutural region,
with sometimes extentions forward in the form of one or two
indistinct vittae ; thorax otherwise cinereous pollinose. Pile of
thorax whitish to yellowish ; bristles black. Halteres yellow.
Wings yellowish hyaline ; veins pale yellow. Legs chiefly yel-
low ; middle and hind coxae black ; each femur with an exten-
sive black posterodorsal vitta, the middle and hind femora being
sometimes largely blackish or brownish-black ; hind tibiae usu-
ally brownish-black except at extremities ; tarsi sometimes in-
fuscated apically. Coxae cinereous-pollinose, legs otherwise
subshining. Abdomen black except fulcrum and apical half
of claspers, which are yellow ; mostly shining, the first seg-
ment cinereous pollinose dorsally, the genital segments of male
with sparse cinereous pollen ; hairs scattered, short, whitish.
Claspers (fig. 1) of male of ordinary size; terminal lobe oval,
flattened, with a triangular lobe extending backward ; fulcrum
very small, weakly bilobed. Ovipositor cylindrical, somewhat
flattened toward base, distinctly auriculated at base. Length,
5 to 6 mm.

FIG. 1

Holotypc, ($, allot y pc, $, and paratopotypcs, 1 <$ , 4 $, Divide,
Colorado, July 19, 1937 (M. & H. James) ; paratypes, 1 ^,
Florissant, Colo., July 21, 1937 (M. & H. James), and 1 J\
Webster, Colo., Aug. 1, 1938 (M. T. James, Urless Lanhan).
Types in the Colorado A. & M. College collection.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 131

In Cresson's key this species runs to pallipcs and ininia, but
differs from both those species in the much more extensive
darkening of the legs and the small size of the fulcrum. The
ovipositor is auriculated basally, as in pallipcs, but the lobes are
less prominent.

Cnodacophora nasoni (Cresson)

Apparently a high altitude species, so far as habitats in Colo-
rado are concerned. Cresson recorded it from Electra Lake ; I
have specimens from Salida, Pingree Park, and Kenosha Pass,
all taken in August.

Additions to the Checklist of the Cicadellidae at

Chatham, Virginia, with Eleven New

Records for the State

By GKORGE WENE/ Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station
Field Laboratory, Chatham, Virginia

During the summers of 1941 and 1942 leaf hopper collections
were continued at Chatham, Virginia. These collections were
taken within a two mile radius of the Agricultural Experiment
Station Field Laboratory. As in the original checklist by Wene
& Dominick (1941 ).'-' the names are brought up to date accord-
ing to DeLong & Caldwell (1937).:!

Thirty-nine more species were collected in this area, eleven
of which have not been recorded before in this state, and can be
considered as new records. This makes a total of 104 species

1 Now at the Dept. of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

-WENE, GEORGE, and C. B. DOMINICK. A Checklist of the Cicadellidae
at Chatham, Virginia, with Thirteen New Records for the State. Va.
Jour. Sci., vol. 2; pp. 122-123. 1941.

3 DELONG, D. M., and J. S. CAI.DWEI.L. Check List of the Cicadellidae
(Homoptera) of America, North of Mexico. Ohio State University;
pp. i-iv and 1-93. 1937.

132 ENTOMOLOGICAL TSfEws [May, '46

which were collected in this small area. A total of 24 new
records were found here also. In the following list of additional
species, the new records are marked with an asterisk.

Helochara communis Fh. 6-22—4-1.

Spangbergiclla me. vie ana Bak. 7-8-41.

Osbornellus consors (Uhl.). 7-1-41.

Osbornellus scalaris (V. D.). 8-23-41.

Osbornellus unicolor (Osb.). 8-23-41.

Platymoideus acutits (Say). 6-14—40.

Nasutoideus verciindns (V. D.). 8-13—41.

Nasittoidcus magdalenis (Prov.). 6-5-40.

Polyainia interrupt us DeL. 7-12-41.

U tier us col onus (Uhl.). 6-22-41.

Ophiola striatula (Fall.). 5-29-41.

Amblysellus citrtisii (Fh.). 7-12-41.
*Dryli'.r paralldus (V. D.). 6-7-41.
*Phlepsius attractus Ball. 5-27-41.

Texananus majcstus (Osb. & Ball). 8-15-41.

Graminella fitchii (V. D.). 7-26-41.

Chlorotettix spatnlatits Osb. & Ball. 6-22-41.

Chlorotettix tunicatiis Ball. 8-23-41.

Maerosteles wilburi Dorst. 6-26-41.

Forcipata loca Del. & Cald. 5-21-41.

Empoasca maligna Walsh. 7-25-41.
*Einpoasca atrolabes Gill. 6-7-41.
*Empoasca unica Prov. 7—9-41.
*Empoasca adunca DeL. 6-27-41.

Empoasca birdii Godg. 8-18-41.

Typhlocyba pomaria Me A. 6-24—41.
*Typhlocyba aureotccta (S. & DeL.). 5-27-41.
*Enpteryx melissae Curt. 6-20-41.
*Hymetta distincta Fair. 6-26-41.

Erythroneura vulnerata Fh. 5-21-41.
*Erythroneura laivsoniana Bak. 7-1-41.
^Erythroneura nocvits Gill. 6—26—41.

Erythroneura obliqua (Say). 8—18-41.

Erythroneura morgani (DeL.). 8-23-41.

Erythroneura hartii (Gill.). 6-22-41.

Erythroneura comes (Say). 7-26-41.

Erythroneura tricincta Fh. 7-26-41.

Erythroneura vitis (Harr.). 6-30—41.
^Erythroneura oniaska Rob. 8-23-41.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 133

Notes and News in Entomology

Under this heading we present, from time to time, notes, news, and
comments. Contributions from readers are earnestly solicited and will
be acknowledged when used.

Recent papers on the insect cuticle. It is well known to
every entomologist that most insects are highly resistant to wet-
ting by water, that is, their cuticle is hydrophobic. Following
the work of Kiihnelt (1928), Wigglesworth (1933) and Pryor
(1940), this water-repellent property has been attributed to a
waxy or at least fatty layer on the outer surface. Sometimes
this waxy layer is considered to be the epicuticle, more com-
monly the hydrophobic layer is considered to be a waxy layer on
the outer surface of the non-chitinous epicuticle. Being hydro-
phobic, this waxy layer is commonly thought to control to a
large extent the permeability of the cuticle — both control evapo-
ration leading to desiccation and control the entry of some con-
tact insecticides. Undoubtedly it does play a very important
role in this connection as is well illustrated by several recent
papers from workers in England.

In 1935, Ramsey l reported that the cockroach is covered with
a water-resistant grease which deters evaporation at ordinary
temperatures, but that if the temperature is raised much above
30° C. (87° F.) the mobile grease layer undergoes a change
of phase, its continuity is destroyed, and loss of water by evap-
oration ("transpiration) increases tremendously. This has
been confirmed and greatly extended in a recent paper by Wig-
glesworth.-' Briefly stated. Wigglesworth has studied the loss
of water from numerous species of insects (with spiracles
plugged to exclude evaporation via the tracheal system) by
successive weighings after holding in a dry atmosphere for some
hours at various temperatures. For some insects (e.g. larva of
the fly Bibio) there is a straight line relationship between tem-
perature and weight loss attributable to evaporation, i.e., at any
higher temperature water is lost more rapidly just as it would

1 Jour. Exp. Biol., 12: 373-383. 1935.
-Jour. Exp. Biol., 21 : 97-114. 1945.

134 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '46

be from an open dish on heating. These are insects which lack
a waxy coating and normally live perforce in a moist environ-
ment. In a dry environment they promptly dry up and die.

For many insects, however, evaporation is very slight until a
certain "critical temperature" is reached (e.g., cockroach, wire-
worms, mealworms, hugs, etc.). As soon as these insects reach
this "critical temperature" evaporation suddenly becomes very
rapid and the insect dries up. These are insects which possess
a waxy coating — they may normally live in either a moist or a
dry environment. The "critical temperature" is not the same
for all species; in some it is near 30° C. (87° F.), in some near
40° C. (105° F.). in some near 50° C. (123° F.), and in ex-
treme cases over 60° C. (140° F.).

The simplest way of showing that the effect is not due to
vital processes is to repeat the experiments with dead insects.
The same results on rates of evaporation are obtained with dead
as with living insects (and so for convenience after preliminary
validating experiments dead insects were used). It is possible
to detect physical changes in the waxy layer after passing the
"critical temperature" but an even better method of showing
that the waxy layer is the dominant factor in controlling evapora-
tion through the cuticle is to scratch or abrade this layer at tem-
peratures below that "critical" for the species being used. Once
the waxy layer is extensively interrupted evaporation jumps.
So it seems reasonable to conclude that when the waxy layer is
interrupted in any manner an increased rate of evaporation will
result. The layer can be interrupted by heating to the point of
phase change or by abrasion or by removal with solvents. All
give the same effect.

To elucidate the reason for different "critical temperatures"
for different species, Beament 3 extracted the waxes from vari-
ous species and examined their physical properties. They have
different melting points and different phase-change points, and
these are correlated with the "critical temperatures" of the spe-
cies from which the waxes were extracted. Further, these

3 Jour. Exp. Biol., 21 : 115-131. 1945.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 135

waxes placed on artificial membranes showed "critical tempera-
ture" properties similar to those of the cuticle of the insects
from which the wax came. It is also interesting that the nature
of the membrane on which the waxes are deposited is important,
and that cuticle gives a better binding for insect waxes than for
instance tanned gelatin or collodion.

An interesting ecological consideration arises from the work
on abrasion. Numerous soil-inhabiting insects (e.g. wire-
worms) are endowed by nature with a highly water resistant
waxy coat but they get this so badly scratched against soil
particles that if they are removed from their moist environment
they promptly dry up and die. Further, a satisfactory explana-
tion of the lethal action of abrasive dusts, commonly used in
insecticides, is obvious in similar terms.

Most recently, Beament 4 has shown a similar waxy layer on
the insect egg shell but in this case the wax layer is on the
inside of the shell, not on the outer surface. Being on the inside
it is not in a position to be abraded by dusts and can be reached
only by chemicals that can first traverse the seven protein layers
of the shell. Likely we have here a partial answer to the ques-
tion of why numerous good insecticides do not kill eggs.

Of course, only a fraction of the properties of the cuticle and
only a part of the story of cuticle permeability depend on these
waxy coats, but undoubtedly the waxy layer does play an ex-
tremely important role in those insects which possess such.—
A. GLENN RICHARDS.

Present State of Some German Museums. Under the
above title Francis J. Griffin, Registrar of the Royal Entomologi-
cal Society of London, has contributed an informative summary
in the May llth issue of NATURE, his comments being based on
an officially approved visit, made to determine definitely what
the present condition of at least some of the German museums
might be. As many German museums were depositories for
great and important entomological collections, particularly rich
in type material, any authentic information on their present con-

* Nature. 157: 370. 1946.

136 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '46

clition is of interest, and an abridged analysis of portions of Dr.
Griffin's article is here given for American entomologists who
might not have access to the original report.

Dr. Griffin summarizes the general condition in "one lasting
impression," i.e. "the certainty that it will be many years before
anything approaching normal conditions returns to German mu-
seums. The destruction of buildings must be seen to be be-
lieved, and one may be excused for thinking that there is a good
case for abandoning such towns as Cologne, Frankfurt, Stutt-
gart and others and building new towns on alternative sites."
He adds, however, that "by and large, scientific collections have
emerged from the war with relatively little damage since for
the most part they were evacuated in time. It has certainly
been proved that such a policy was wise. Exhibition collec-
tions and teaching material, on the other hand, have usually
suffered the fate of the museum or university building in which
they were kept, while 'souvenir-hunting' has added to the
losses."

The Museum at Darmstadt is said to be destroyed, but it was
not possible to determine whether the contents had earlier been
removed. The same is true of the Museum at Karlsruhe. The
building of the Stuttgart Museum is burned out, and the col-
lections suffered severely. The most valuable part of the Stutt-
gart entomological collection was evacuated to a salt mine at
Kochendorf, where it still was in November, 1945, while other
parts of the collection were deposited in various castles in the
vicinity of Stuttgart. It is thought that none of the Stuttgart
entomological types have been lost. Dr. E. Lindner and Dr.
Gotz, both entomologists, are still at the Museum.

The Niederrheinisches Museum at Duisburg is completely
wrecked and its contents are nothing but debris. The Zoolo-
gisches Institut building at Bonn is completely destroyed, and
the entire collections are said to be lost. These include the
Winnertz collection of Diptera, part of the Nees von Esenbeck
collection of Hymenoptera, both with type material, and the
Bruch collection of Coleoptera, while a portion of the Reichens-
perger collection of myrmecophiles was also destroyed. The

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 137

library of the Naturwissenschaftliches Institut at Gottingen was
evacuated to a salt mine at Wolpriehausen and shared the mine
with a munition dump. The latter blew up and a portion of the
library is believed to be lost. The Institut building is a total
loss, but the collection is undamaged.

The buildings of the famous Senckenberg Museum at Frank-
furt on Main are very seriously damaged, having been burned
out and also hit by high explosive bombs. The collections, aside
from the exhibition series, were evacuated to more than forty
different places, and all but one of these escaped damage, the one
being completely destroyed. Apparently no entomological ma-
terial was contained in the destroyed section. The library of
the Senckenberg Museum was evacuated and is said to be safe.

The Deutsches Zoologisches Museum (formerly the Zoolo-
gisches Museum der Universitat) at Berlin is very heavily dam-
aged. The Russians appointed Drs. H. Bischoff (whose name
will long be connected with the Nazi-enforced wanderings of
the Wasmann collection of ants) and H. Pohle as directors, and
entomologists on the now reduced staff are said to be Drs. M.
Hering, W. Ramme, and H. Hedicke, and Messrs. N. J. Kardi-
koff and M. Eisentraut. The Museum was declared an in-
dependent institution, free from the University, by the Russians
in September. 1945. The following entomologists, known for
their association with the Berlin Museum, are said to have been
alive November, 1945: Drs. Freise, and G. Enderlein, and
Messrs. Bluthgen and Hans Wagner. Those said to be dead
include Alfken, Max Muller. Engel, Draudt, Urbahn, Hen-
ning and Pappenheim. The collections are partially destroyed
(estimated loss in entomology one-fifth ), but the main part is
safe. Much of the Hering collection of leaf-miners has been
destroyed, but many of its bred specimens have been saved.
The Staudinger collection, including the Microlepidoptera. is
safe. The Museum Library was first evacuated to Altlitz-on-
Oder, but, shortly before the Russian advance, was largely re-
turned to Berlin, where it now is. Only six cases with tlu-ir
contents are, lost, and these are known to have been burned.
Working conditions at the Museum are said to be deplorable,

138 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '46

as no glass for window replacements is available and weather
damage is progressively destructive to collections and publica-
tions, to the preservation of which the small staff, working under
many handicaps, is now largely devoting its energy.

The building of the Deutsches Entomologisches Institut in
Gosslerstrasse (Berlin-Dahlem) is practically undamaged, but
the contents were evacuated to Post Blucherhof, Mechlenburg,
where they are believed to be intact. The present director Dr.
H. Sachtleben is presumed to be at Post Blucherhof with the
collection.

Wolcott Collection of Cleridae. Mr. Albert Burke Wol-
cott. of Downers Grove, Illinois, has presented his collection of
4,740 insects, including types, to the Chicago Natural History
Museum, according to Clifford C. Gregg, director. Mr. Wol-
cott, a former member of the museum staff, did a great deal of
work on the Cleridae and, according to Karl P. Schmidt, chief
curator of zoology, this collection will make the museum's
representation of those beetles more comprehensive than any
other in the western hemisphere.

Correction

In T. D. A. Cockerell's review on The Adelid Moths of
South Africa, the end of the quotation should come at the end
of line 28 on page 63 (Vol. '57, no. 2), after the word "sub-
genera." After this line, insert the following : but having said
this, he proceeds to treat them as genera.

Notice

Due to various circumstances, the titles of papers from cur-
rent entomological literature that are ordinarily found in each
issue of the NEWS are omitted but will appear in our next
issue.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 139

Review

THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHERN' UNITED STATES EAST
OF OKLAHOMA AND TEXAS, by Stanley J. Carpenter. Woodrow
W. Middlekauff and Roy W. Chamberlain, American Midland
Naturalist. Monograph 3, 292 pp.. University Press, Notre
Dame. Ind-.. May 1946.

So overwhelming are the destructive results of war that it
is a pleasure to consider such a constructive result as this new
book. The 4th Service Command Laboratory at Fort Mc-
Pherson, Georgia was the center of mosquito work in the south-
eastern states during the war period, and from the great amount
of information gained from mosquito control work in this area,
the authors have taken the opportunity to produce this excellent
hand book. The very fine illustrative work at once catches the
attention. Drawings of the larvae and male terminalia are
given for all species. Other adult structures are included where
they are of diagnostic value. Of the page space for each species
about 409r is used for the illustrations, which will indicate the
emphasis on this feature. The first 48 pages are devoted to
bionomics, relation to disease, techniques of collecting, prepara-
tion and storage of material, and general morphology. The re-
mainder of the work contains the treatment of 71 species or
subspecies together with keys to the adults, the larvae, and the
male terminalia. There is also a bibliography of 188 references
and a full index.

Comparing the widely used reference of King, Bradley, and
McNeel l on The Mosquitoes of the Southeastern States very
great progress is evident in the completeness of data on bio-
nomics, distribution, descriptions and keys. Relatively little,
however, has been added in the way of new species and tax-
onomy. Considering the three new species or subspecies de-
scribed since 1940: specimens of Acdcs jiilrns pollens had been
confused with true Acdcs hiiuaciilatits ; Psornplwni lomjipalpHS
was likewise confused with P. h<nwdii; and Acdcs inatlicsoiii

1 W. V. King, G. H. Bradley, and T. E. McXcel, U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Miscl. Pub. 336, 90 pp., 1939.

140 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '46

may be a melanic development of A. canadcnsis, it is evident
that few if any species remain to be added to the fauna other
than the possible appearance of extralimital species. On the
other hand interesting problems remain to be answered, as for
example, the evolutionary status of the subspecies of Anof>Jieles
crucians or the two species of Orthopodomyia.

Some details of form may be questioned, such as, the alpha-
betical sequence of species under the subgenera rather than
placing the most nearly related species adjacent to one another.
It is fortunate that forms of Anopheles crucians are subspecies
rather than species and Citlc.r pipicns and quinquefasciatus are
so named and thus placed together, but surely if one knows to
which subgenus a species belongs he will have little trouble in
locating the page without the use of the index. Considering the
index we wonder why the page reference was omitted where the
species is listed separately and not under the generic name.
Generic names come and go and most people prefer to look up
the species name directly. Presumably the drawings were made
from selected specimens and therefore the value of such draw-
ings would have been greatly increased if the geographic locality
of the specimen had been given. It is not unlikely that some
of the species may become subdivided into races or geographical
subspecies, in which case the drawings may become indeter-
minate or misleading. For those not directly interested in mos-
quitoes this book may be a useful guide as to how other groups
of insects might be treated. No publication is ever perfect or
will please all people, but surely the authors and the many other
persons who have contributed to this book should feel well
pleased with the result. — H. R. ROBERTS.

This column is intended only for wants and exchanges, not for

advertisements of goods for sale or services rendered. Notices

not exceeding three lines free to subscribers.

These notices are continued as long as our limited space will allow;
the new ones are added at the end of the column, and, only when
necessary those at the top (being longest in) are discontinued.

Wanted — Mosquitoes for determination, or exchange for S. E.
specimens. Particularly desire larvae. H. R. Dodge, Box 1095,
Macon, Ga.

Arctic Lepidoptera on hand, including Erebia, Oeneis and Brenthis.
R. J. Fitch, Lloydminster, Sask., Canada.

Odonata — Will buy or exchange North and Central American
species, both images and nymphs. Also will exchange other orders
for Odonata. Carl Cook, Crail Hope, Kentucky.

I want to collect Rothschildia farbesi, agapema, galfina and io
moths for interested persons. E. Frizzell, Route 4, San Benito,
Texas.

I want to collect Pennsylvania insects from York and Adams Co.
E. W. Mange, 307 W. Wa'lnut St., Hanover. Pa.

Lepidoptera — Wanted, Hyloicus (Sphinx) and other Sphingidae in
exchange for U. S. and Wisconsin Lepidoptera. Wm. E. Sicker, 119
Monona Ave., Madison 3, Wisconsin.

Hymenoptera-Aculeata (except ants and bees) and Ichneumonidae
for exchange or purchase. Will collect any order in exchange. D.
G. Shappirio. 4811 17th St.. X\V, Washington 11, D. C.

FOR SALE
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Important Mosquito Works

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tors of the Old World: Europe, Asia, Africa
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Mailed on receipt of price, $2.00 U. S. Currency. Foreign Delivery

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For sale by the American Entomological Society, 1900 Race Street,
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RECENT LITERATURE

FOR SALE BY

THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

1900 RACE STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

DIPTERA

1123. — A systematic annotated arrangement of the gen. and sps. of
the Indoaustralian Ephydridrae. I. The subfam. Psilo-
pinae. (71 : 47-75, 1945)" .60

1127. — A systematic annotated arrangement of the gen. and sps. of .
the Neotropical Ephydridae. I. The subfam. Psilopinae.
(71 : 129-163, 1946) 75

1126. — Rapp (W. F.) — Two new Nemocera Diptera. (Sciaridae and

Cecidomyidae). (71 : 125-128, figs., 1946) ..20

THE BIOLOGY AND IDENTIFICATION OF

TRYPETID LARVAE
By VENIA TARRIS PHILLIPS

Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, No. 12, 161 pp., 16 pis.,

1946

This is a comprehensive work describing and figuring the important characteristics of the larvae
of forty five species of American fruit flies (Diptera). An indispensible work for economic en-
tomologists. It includes a glossary of the terms used in the descriptions: a list of 442 species of
the family, with their known hosts; a list of their host plants; and an extensive bibliography.
The plates contain 192 exquisitely executed figures.

Price $5.00 (postpaid, domestic delivery) U. S. Currency, remittance must accompany order.

HYMENOPTERA

1118. — Bradley (J. C.) — A preliminary revision of the Pompilinae of
the Americas exclusive of the tribe Pompilini. (70: 23-157,
2 pis., 1944) 1.60

LEPIDOPTERA

1125. — Jones (F. M.)— Platoeceticus and a remarkable n. sp. of the
genus (Psychidae). (71 : 99-124, 6 pis., 1945)

ORTHOPTERA

1121. — Tinkham (E. R.) — Sinochlora, a new tettigoniid gen. from

China, with descr. of 5 n. sps. (70: 235-246, 2 pis., 1945) . . .25

1120. — Rehn (J. A. G.) — A revision of the locusts of the group Hy-

alopteryges (Acrididae). (70: 181-234, 1 pi., 1944) 1.00

1117. — Rehn and Rehn — Studies of certain Cyrtacanthacridoid gen.
(Acrididae). II. Prumnacris, a new No. Amer. gen. of
Holarctic type. (70: 1-21, 2 pis., 1944) 50

1122. — III. Buckellacris, another new No. Amer. gen. of Hoi-
arctic type. (71 : 1-45, 2 pis., 1945) 1.00

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

JUNE 1946

Vol. LVII No. 6

CONTENTS

Hatch — Nameability in taxonomy 141

Chermock — Migration in Ascia monuste phileta 144

Rehn — The post-oak locust in New Jersey in 1944 147

Chamberlin — Some millipeds of Georgia 149

Knowlton — A new sagebrush aphid 153

Frota-Pessoa — Drosophila mallochi, nom. nov 155

Wright — A note on Hellgrammites 156

Staebler and Buren — Aedes tortilis in the U. S 157

Notes and News in Entomology

The Adams collection of Odonata

Personal

Entomological Literature

Review— British Butterflies , . .>X. fl66

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LVII JUNE, 1946 No. 6

Nameability in Taxonomy
By MELVILLE H. HATCH, University of Washington, Seattle

The modern problem of what to name and what not to name
in plant and animal classification is a product of evolutionary
biology. Previous to Darwin naturalists had sought simply for
samples of originally created species. Darwin removed the
absolutes of his predecessors. The notion that only individuals
exist presented taxonomists with a sheer relativity, that since no
two individuals are precisely the same, could end logically only
with attaching a separate name to each specimen. The com-
plex systems of varieties, color varieties, formae, abberations,
etc., such as are found in portions of the lepidopterological and
coleopterological literature are the result.

The problem of nameability cannot be resolved primarily by
reference to the natural objects to be named. It can be solved
only by erecting a set of assumptions as to what, in the light of
biological phenomena being such as they are, it is useful and
expedient to name. Different naming practices can be com-
pared and criticized only by making explicit and contrasting
the diverse assumptions on which they are more or less uncon-
sciously based.

Linnaeus derived his practice from the assumption that the
organic world has arisen as the result of a series of discrete
creative events, and that all the individuals derived from a
single such creative event should receive the same specific name.
Biologists no longer accept the basic Linnaean assumption and
consequently must seek another basis for their nomenclature.

Relativists like myself* and others who have espoused the

* HATCH, Tour. X. V. Knt. Soc., XXXV. 1V27. p. 341: XIA'III, 1940,
pp. J35-J44.

(1.41)

142 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '46

extensive naming of color forms and aberrations have assumed
mere distinguishability as the basis of naming types of living
things. I am now convinced that such a practice can end only
in the reductio ad absurdum of naming each individual specimen.

The alternative to taxonomic "relativism" may be termed
"populationalism." To avoid the pitfall of relativism, to ac-
count for the circumstance that while no two individuals are
the same some resemble each other more than they do others,
above all to account for the facts of ecology, taxonomists are
led to interpret their individual specimens in terms of "popu-
lations." A "population" is a dynamic system. In its entirety
(i.e., in respect to all of the members that constitute it) no
population can ever be investigated, but a study of individual
specimens (which are all we can ever investigate) does give
valid information about the population or populations that they
represent. In the light of these considerations, I propose that
we explicitly assume that only populations merit specific and
infraspecific names, not because other classes of specimens may
not be recognizable but because in the present state of biologi-
cal knowledge, the population is the first system above the level
of the individual to possess biological efficacy.

There is nothing either new or startling about this position.
It is the implied position of most modern taxonomists who have
not believed in color-variety-naming. It has been the position
in regard to species and subspecies of color-variety-namers like
myself, who have merely desired to extend "populational" no-
menclature to non-populational classes. I am now convinced,
however, that such an extension is not desirable and that such
classes should be handled by a nomenclature that is entirely
independent of and not continuous with that used to designate
populational units.

So delimited, the problems of populational taxonomy are ex-
tremely complex. Populations vary as do many other natural
systems. Some are large; some are small. They may be
spatially sharply delimited (species) or they may grade into
one another geographically or ecologically (subspecies). Tem-
porally they may intergrade likewise, and the paleontologist can
never rid himself of the suspicion that, if he had enough data,

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 143

all his "species" would grade together and his taxonomy would
become one of working outward from points on a continuous
series rather than one of working within limits of variation, as
is now the case. Furthermore, populational taxonomy is ren-
dered difficult by the varying amounts of data available on
different populations. Some of these difficulties were treated
by the author some years ago in a paper in the American
Naturalist.*

Perhaps it may be no more than the over-enthusiasm of a
recent convert, but I suggest that the policy advocated above,
that only populations merit specific and infraspecific names, be
implemented by resolution of biological and entomological so-
cieties, by the refusal of the editors of scientific journals to
publish descriptions of undescribed non-populational categories
to which Latin name are attached, and eventually by amending
the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

I do not in the least suggest that studies in infra-populational
variation be discouraged, but merely that they be accompanied
by a nomenclature (using letters, numbers, formulae, non-Latin
names, etc.) that is independent of populational nomenclature.

Finally, there is the mass of infra-populational names already
present in the literature. I suggest that such names be con-
tinued as nomenclatorially on a par with other trivial names,
but that every effort be 'made in accordance with the plan set
forth above to reduce or eliminate the formation of such names
in the future. Authors who are interested only in populational
units will treat infra-populational names as absolute synonyms.
Authors who are interested in infra-populational variation, will
probably continue to use such names where they are already in
existence, since it would usually seem to be unwise to drop al-
ready extant names in favor of designations of another sort, as
by lettering or numbering. Where extant names are used in
an infra-populational sense, they could be placed in quotation
marks, e.g., var. "alb in us ]. Doe." A newly discovered albino
variety, however, would not be given a Latin name but other-
wise designated as var. A : albinistic.

* "The Logical Basis of the Species Concept," Aim-r. Xat. I. XXV,
1941, pp. 193-212.

144 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '46

Migration in Ascia monuste phileta
(Lepidoptera, Pieridae)

BY RALPH L. CHERMOCK

Ascia monuste phileta (Fabricius) 1 is found throughout the
year in southern Florida. Its frequency is characterized by
population waves (Term after Timofeeff-Ressovsky, 1939), the
high peaks usually occurring in January-February and June-
July. The population size decreases between these periods, in
some years almost completely disappearing. Occasionally the
peaks of high population concentration far exceed the normal
range, and huge numbers of adult specimens occur. The author,
in February of 1943, observed one of these population swarms
in the Miami area. On a half acre of land covered with Spanish
needle (Bidens pilosa, L.), a favorite food plant of the adults,
over 500 freshly emerged specimens of A.m. phileta could be ob-
served feeding at one time. During normal high peaks, 50 to
60 specimens are seen here. This situation was duplicated in
other localities in Bade County. Within a few days, specimens
of this subspecies in a normal ratio of males and females could
be seen flying northward along the city streets and through the
pine-palmetto country. They were undoubtedly in the process
of migration.

In the summer of 1945, the author was collecting on Key
Largo and again observed a population swarm. However, in
the Miami area simultaneously, only the normal population peak
existed. During the following week, numerous specimens of
A.m. phileta were again seen heading north along the streets in
Miami. Most of these specimens were slightly flown. This
same situation was observed in the summer of 1943, when a
relatively large migration of this subspecies followed the eastern
coast line north from the keys, after a population swarm on Key
Largo and Upper Matecumbe Key. Evidently, there was a
correlation between the abnormally high peak of population con-
centration which the author is designating as a population swarm,

1 This is the name applied to the Floridian subspecies of Ascia monuste
(see Comstock, 1943).

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 145

and the incidence of migration of A.m.phileta. How can this
correlation be explained ?

First, we might attempt to find an explanation for a popula-
tion swarm. The various Cnicifeme which comprise the food
plant of the larval stage of this butterfly are abundant and could
support more than the normal larval population. If ecological
conditions are satisfactory, it can readily be understood how an
extreme increase beyond the normal population size can result in
one generation.

Although the larval stage can be supported by the environ-
ment, a biological pressure is exerted on the increased number
of adults. More specimens are found flying in a given area ; and
the limited number of flowers on which the adults feed in the
area immediately surrounding the location of the larval food
plant, is insufficient to support the adult population. As a re-
sult, they start moving to other areas in search for a suitable
environment for their sustenance. Probably other biological
factors exist which encourage this migration, but the need for
food is unquestionably an important one.

Localities abounding in flowers used as food by the adult
A.m.phileta are scattered and surprisingly scarce in south Flor-
ida. Population swarms of this species might also be present
in these areas or at least the normal high peak of the population
wave. Consequently, these localities in turn furnish a state of
biological pressure on the migrants, which results in the continu-
ation and possible supplementing of the migration. As the
limits of the species range are reached by the migrants, the fac-
tors which initially started the migration are replaced by biologi-
cal pressures exerted by a foreign environment. This could ex-
plain the continuation of the migration of this butterfly along the
Atlantic seaboard, far out of the normal breeding limits of the
species.

Ascia uioniistc clcomes (Boisduval & LeConte) was probably
established as the result of one of these northern migrations, in
which a few specimens were sufficiently adapted to the new en-
vironment to survive. Its geographic isolation from the paren-
tal stock, along with a new combination of environmental pres-

146 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '46

sures, gave rise to characters sufficiently distinct to merit sub-
specific designation. However, in the small population existant,
degenerative evolution has evidently taken place which has prob-
ably led to its extinction (Principle after Wright, 1939), as in-
dicated by the lack of recent records. In another species of
butterfly found in the south, Papillo cresphontes cresphontes
(Cramer), a similar migrant form has become established in
central Pennsylvania which probably has adapted itself through
the interplay of natural selection and genie variation to its en-
vironment, and is increasing in numbers and distribution. It
also has developed diagnostic characters sufficient to separate it
from the parental stock and can be considered a subspecies,
Papilio cresphontes pennsylvanicus (F. H. Chermock & R. L.
Chermock, 1945).

SUMMARY

A possible explanation for the migration of Ascia inonustc
phileta is based on an increase in numbers of adult specimens
beyond the normal high peaks of the population waves, which
condition may be designated as a "Population swarm." This
results in biological pressure being exerted on the adults, one
element of which is the limited supply of food, thereby giving
rise to migration. This process is continuous throughout the
extent of the migration, although the character of the biological
pressure changes with the change of environment at and beyond
the limits of the normal distribution of the species. These mi-
grating forms can develop into distinct subspecies if they are able
to become established far beyond their normal ranges, if geneti-
cally they can develop characters adapting themselves to the new
environment through selection, and because of their isolation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHERMOCK, F. H., & CHERMOCK, R. L. 1945. Two new races of North
American butterflies, Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci., vol. XIX.

COMSTOCK, W. P. 1943. The genus Ascia in the Antilles, American
Museum Novitates, no. 1229.

TIMOFEEFF-RESSOVSKY, N. W. 1939. Mutations and geographical varia-
tion. In : The new systematics. Oxford.

WRIGHT, SEWALL. 1939. The statistical consequences of Mendelian
heredity in relation to speciation, in : The new systematics, Oxford.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 147

The Post-Oak Locust (Dendrotettix quercus) at

Mount Misery, New Jersey, in 1944 (Orthop-

tera, Acrididae)

By TAMES A. G. REHX, Academy of Natural Sciences

of Philadelphia

In 1938 John W. H. Rehn and I x presented a series of
observations on a serious outbreak of the Post-Oak Locust
(Dendrotettix qncrcns} in the Mount Misery section of New
Jersey, on the Ocean-Burlington County line. In the same
paper we reviewed our knowledge of the occurrence of this
potentially destructive species in the eastern United States, and
also discussed its dimorphism in wing-length.

In a letter under date of July 6. 1944, Dr. Emlen P. Darling-
ton, to whose interest and cooperation we owed the opportunity
to study the 1936 outbreak, advised me that in company with
Supervisor J. P. Allen, of the Lebanon State Forest, he had
made a preliminary survey of a Dendrotettix infestation in that
forest, and that he was mailing me some material then taken.
He said the greatest infestation was in the neighborhood of
that of 1936. On July 26 I visited the outbreak area with Dr.
Darlington and Supervisor Allen, travelling approximately eight
miles within the state forest boundaries.

The general area of infestation was found to be essentially
the same as in 1936, both from our observations then and
Supervisor Allen's more regular and critical check-ups in the
course of his periodic inspections. The occurrences were spotty,
apparently governed by a preference for chestnut oak and
similar species, but avoiding scrub oaks. The injury already
done was very great in a number of places, trees and some
saplings being almost completely defoliated, and the ground
conspicuously covered with droppings. The insects by that
date, however, were not abundant, being locally common but
in no degree as numerous as on August 1, 1936. Some were
mating, very few climbing upwards as was so noticeable in
1936, and others, particularly females, were resting quietly on

1 Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc., LXIV, pp. 79-95, pis. V-VI.

148 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '46

the bark of pines distributed through the oaks. All seen were
brachypterous except for three macropterous individuals, two
of which, a male and a female, found far apart, were captured.
There was no ocular evidence of oviposition, and none of the
more than a score of females taken and eviscerated had as vet

any very considerable number of fully formed eggs. Two mag-
gots, presumably of Sarcophaga atlanis Aldrich,2 were found in
my cyanide bottles when the sixty or so collected specimens were
dumped, and one female, when eviscerated, contained a single
maggot.

Some weeks after my 1944 visit to the Mt. Misery area a
letter from Dr. Darlington (dated August 19) advised me that
chestnut oaks and other oaks "along the old Browns Mills-
Pointville road at the Fort Dix boundary, about one mile north
of Browns Mills" had had their foliage denuded. No locusts
were found then, "but the work had all the evidence of Dendro-
tettix quercus infestation, comparable to that at the Lebanon
State Forest." Further Dr. Darlington added, "the trees which
were three-fourths or more denuded covered about an acre . . .
with some scattered areas in the borders." This indicated an
additional 1944 outbreak area approximately six miles north-
west of those within the Lebanon State Forest from which our
observations had chiefly been drawn.

Whether the periodic outbreaks of Dendrotetti.v in the New
Jersey pine-barrens are regularly cyclic, which seems less prob-
able, or are due to the relative absence of inhibiting control
factors which we as yet do not understand, remains to be deter-
mined. Certainly parasitism plays a definite part in the pic-
ture, as past evidence shows. The injury this species inflicts
in its mass outbreaks on the more desirable species of oaks
in the pine-barrens is serious, even if over a limited area,
as the defoliation is so severe it is often followed by the death
of the trees involved.

1 wish to thank Supervisor Allen and Dr. Darlington for
their kindness in calling this outbreak to my attention, and also
for their assistance at the time of my visit on July 26.

2 See Rehn and Rehn, idem, p. 88.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 149

On Some Millipeds of Georgia
BY RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN, University of Utah

In a small collection of millipeds made in Georgia by P. W.
Fattig of Emory University are representatives of the three new
species and the several previously known species listed below.

Scoter pcs aitstrinns nudus, new variety

A number of specimens taken September 28, 1944, four miles
south of Kingston in Saltpeter Cave.

Separated from S. aiistrinits Loomis, sensu str., as represented
by the types from Manitou Cave, near Fort Payne, Alabama, in
lacking terminal claws on the ninth legs of the male.

Spirostrephon lactarhiin (Say)

One female, presumably this species, also taken in Saltpeter
Cave, on September 28, 1944.

Spirobolits inaryinatits (Say)

Two females referred to this species, one taken at Boston on
April 14, 1939, and one on Stone Mountain on August 2, 1936.

Saiulus atlantus, new species

In general structure of the male gonopods, probably nearest
to S. jiunans, occurring in Tennessee, although these differ
clearly in details, such as in the shorter inner division or coxa of
the anterior pair, the form of the outer or second division, and
the form of the posterior pair. See further figures 2, 3, and 4.

The form of the collum, stipes of the mandible, etc., of the
male as shown in figure 1.

At once distinguished from S. jinnans in the larger abruptly
bent mucro of the last tergite. (See figures 5 and 6.) This is
somewhat shorter in the female than in the male so far as the
types show.

Number of segments in the male holotype, 53.

Diameter, 2.3 mm.

150

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

[June, '46

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 151

Dorsum of chestnut cast, with no median dark line, some
lighter spots in transverse series on each side ; the usual lateral
series of black spots (repugnatorial glands) ; below the dark-
spots the sides are lighter, more or less yellowish in color; feet
light yellow.

Locality : GEORGIA : Atlanta. A male and female taken De-
cember 1, and one female December 2, 1945.

M'nnnluria ycoryiana (Bollman)

Two males and a female taken on Stone Mountain August 6,
1936.

Epeloria atlanta, new species

A much smaller form than the generotype, E. talapoosa
Chamb., the only other known species of the genus, from which
it also differs in the details of the gonopods of the male, such as
in the more divergent apical prongs, as shown in the figure.

The dorsum in the male holotype is blackish from a network
of lines which are across the posterior part of the metazonite
and merge into a solid cross band, prozonite also with a dusky

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
Saiulits atlantus, new species

Fig. 1. Lateral view of lower end of collum, mandible, and first legs of

male. •

Fig. 2. Anterior gonopods (coleopods) of male, anterior view.
Fig. 3. Left posterior gonopod, submesal view.
Fig. 4. The same, subectal view.
Fig. 6. Posterior end of male, lateral view, showing form of cauda.

Saiitlus finnans, Chamberlin
Fig. 5. Caudal end, lateral view.

Epclnria atlanta, new species
Fig. 7. Left gonopod of male, ectoventral view.

Pachydesmus denticulatus, new species

Fig. 8. Right gonopod of male, ventral aspect.
iu. 9. Left U(iiiii|)(i(l of male, subanterior view.

152 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '46

network or band over light brown ; keels orange or reddish, a
narrow band of same color more or less evident across caudal
border of metazonites. Legs yellowish. The female allotype
is not in full color and does not show the dark coloration on
dorsum.

Length, about 34 mm., width, 6.5 mm.

Locality: GEORGIA: Atlanta, December 1, 1945. A male
(holotype) and female (allotype).

Pachydesmus denticulatus, new species

A large form in which the dorsum, in the preserved types, is
dull brown with the outer part of keels yellow.

Agreeing most closely in general structure with P. rctrorsits
Chamberlin, but differing in the details of the male gonopods.
In these the seminiferous blade is similar in general form but
has the upper margin finely dentate as shown in the figure. The
other branch is less divergent, running subparallel with the semi-
niferous blade, and is notably more slender and longer ; similarly
furcate distally, but the two prongs proportionately much shorter.
See further figures 8 and 9.

The sternites are without spinous processes, but on the pos-
terior segments present a low, median elevation somewhat com-
pressed in the cepholocaudal direction and lying between the
posterior legs.

First joint of legs not spined.

Length of male holotype, 47 mm.; width, 12.5 mm. A male
paratype is somewhat wider, 13.2 mm.

Locality : GEORGIA : Atlanta. Male holotype, taken April 27,
1939, a male paratype November 4, 1941, another paratype,
October 21, 1942, and the female allotype May 26, 1943. All
were taken by P. W. Fattig.

Enryiirus erythropygus (Brandt)

One female referred to this species was taken at Atlanta on
April 4, 1939.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL XE\VS 153

A New Sagebrush Aphid (Homoptera)

By GEORGE F. KXOWLTON,
Utah State Agricultural College, Logan

Artemisias or sages are important browse plants in Utah and
over much of the western United States. Aphids frequently
infest the sages, sometimes to a damaging extent. Among
Epameibaphis aphid material examined recently was found an
apparently undescribed species, here described as new. Distri-
butional notes on a few additional Artemisia-infesting aphids
also are included.

KEY TO APTEROUS VIVIPARA

1. Cornicles black atricornis G.-P.

Cornicles pale or at most, dusky 2

2. Antennal III lacking sensoria ntaJicnsis K.-S.

Antennal III of aptera possessing sensoria 3

3. Antennal III with 1 to 4 sensoria frigidac (Oest.)

Antennal III with 5 or more sensoria tJwrnlcyi n. sp.

Epameibaphis thornleyi n. sp.

Apterous rk'ipara: Color pale; appendages pale, to dusky on
distal portions; body 1.37 to 1.45 mm. long; width across ab-
domen .71 to .79; through eyes, .395 to .42 with ocular tuber-
cles absent or weakly developed ; vertex broadly rounded to
flattened, with conspicuous hairs .075 to .079 mm. long and
flattened at ends; antennal III, .28 to .3 mm. long with 5 to 6
sensoria; IV, .19 to .238; V, .182 to .205; VI, .11 to .125 plus
.38+ (?) (broken); rostrum reaches abdomen; rostral IV +
V, .189 to .2 mm. long and slenderly pointed; hind tibiae .79;
hind tarsi .126, dusky; cornicles pale to somewhat dusky, .474
to .491. imbricated to knob-shaped apex; cauda .142 long, blunt
at apex, pale, with 2 or 3 pairs of lateral hairs.

Taxonomy: This species runs to Epameibaphis frigidae
(Oestlung) in Knowlton and Smith's key (Proc. Ent. Soc.
\Yash. 38: 89, 1936), from which it differs in being larger in
size, possessing more sensoria on antennal III, and longer rostral
IV + V.

154 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '46

Collection: This material was collected on Artemisia triden-
tata in Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming, September 11,
1941 (G. F. Knowlton), while on a field trip with Mr. F. H.
Thornley, in whose honor the species is named. Type in the
collection of the writer.

EpameibapJiis atriconiis G.-P. A specimen was found in a
rockwren's stomach, collected at Dolomite, Utah, September 28,

1941 (Knowlton). Also collected on Artemisia, usually tri-
dentata, at Leeds, Utah (Knowlton) ; Snowwater Lake, Ne-
vada, August 20, 1943 (Knowlton) ; Lavina, Montana, June 2
and July 2, 1942 (H. F. Thornley) ; Big Horn in May, and
Acton, July 1942, in Montana (Thornley) ; Helena, Montana,
August 2, 1944 (Knowlton) ; Roundup, Montana, May 26,

1942 (Thornley).

E. frigidae (Oestlund) on Artemisia tridentata at Trout
Creek, Utah, August 8, 1945 (Knowlton) ; Helena and Lake
Helena, Montana, August 3, 1944 (Knowlton) ; on Artemisia
at Flagstaff, Arizona, September 23, 1944 (Knowlton) ; White
Valley, Millard County, Utah, May 19, 1940 (R. W. Fautin).

E. ittahensis K.-S. Collected on Artemisia at Zion National
Park, Utah, September 7, 1943 (Knowlton).

Aphis artemisicola Williams on Artemisia tridentata at Vernal
and Weber Canyon, Utah; North Powder, Oregon, June 17,
1939; Carson City. June 30, Battle Mountain, Carson City and
Wells, Nevada, July 1, 1939; Gibson and Ryegate, Montana,
August 14, 1942 (H. F. Thornley).

A. canae Williams on Artemisia tridentata at Preston, Idaho.
June, 1933; Gallatin, Montana. July 15, 1936.

A. oregonensis Wilson on Artemisia tridentata at Gallatin,
Montana and Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, July 15,
1936.

Macrosiphum artemisopJiilns K.-A. on Artemisia at Roundup,
Montana, June 15, 1942 (H. F. Thornley).

M. coweni (Hunter) on Artemisia tridentata at Snowwater
Lake, Nevada, August 20, 1943 ; foothills of Raft River Moun-
tains, Utah, May 24, 1930; Boise, Idaho, June 16, 1939; Flag-
staff, Arizona, September 23, 1944; Grand Canyon of the Snake
River, Wyoming, September 11, 1941.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 155

M. filifoliac G.-P. on Artemisia filifoliae at Mt. Nebo, July
12, and Beaver Mountain, July 10, 1942, in Utah; Judith Gap,
June 18, and Roundup, May 26, 1942, in Montana (H. F.
Thornley).

M. frigidae Oestlund, on Artemisia jrigidae, Teton Pass,
Wyoming, September 13, 1941.

M. frigidicola (G.-P.) on Artemisia at Acton, Montana, July
1, 1942 (H. F. Thornley).

M. jouesi G.-P. on Artemisia at Steamboat Springs, Colo-
rado, August 18, 1935; Yellowstone Park, Wyoming, Septem-
ber 11, 1941; Beaver Mountain, Utah, July 10, 1942; Allen
Canyon, Utah, August 25, 1938.

M. Indovicinae (Oestlund) on Artemisia vulgaris at Hubbard
Ranch, Nevada, August 20, 1943; Craig, Montana, August 5,
1944; on Artemisia tridcntata in Shoshone National Forest,
Wyoming, September 11, 1941 ; on A. ludovicianae, Colfax,
Washington, August 7, 1944.

Drosophila mallochi, nom. ncv.
By O. FROTA-PESSOA, Santa Teresa, Rio de Janeiro

During a bibliographic revision, I saw that Drosophila lati-
I'ittata Malloch, 1924, is a preoccupied name and wrote to Pro-
fessor J. R. Malloch about it. He kindly asked me to propose
a new name, which is what I am doing in this note.

Drosophila mallochi nom. nov.

Drosophila latiz'ittata Malloch. 1924 in Malloch & McAtee,
1924 Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 37: 36-37.

nee Drosophila latirittata Malloch. 1923 Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. S. W. 48: 618.

D. mallochi is a North-American species, while D. latirittata
Malloch, 1923. is an Australian one.

156 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '46

A Note on Hellgrammites in Eastern Tennessee

By MIKE WRIGHT, Tusculum College, Greeneville, Tennessee

Hellgrammites or larvae of the large and spectacular dobson
fly (Corydalis conuitus) are found fairly frequently in the cool,
fast flowing streams of eastern Tennessee, particularly in the
mountainous section. They are locally known as "grampies"
and are highly valued as bass or trout bait.

This observer has frequently found specimens while searching
for dragonfly nymphs in such streams, usually under larger
rocks. According to Comstock's An Introduction to Entomol-
ogy (p. 287), these insects spend about three years in their
larval stage, leaving the water to pupate under a stone or some
other object on or near the bank of the stream. In view of
this we wish to report the following interesting observation on
the terrestrial wandering of these larvae.

On May 11 and 12, 1946, the writer with a party of students
stayed at Kinzel Springs, about 25 miles northwest of Gatlin-
burg, Tennessee. This resort is located on Little River just
outside the Smoky Mountain Reserve. At about 10:30 P.M.
several students brought in a large hellgrammite from the road-
way just outside the cottage. Further investigation produced
two additional larvae, all walking along the same roadbed. The
roadbed was some 200 to 300 feet from the river and raised
about 15 to 20 feet above the water level of the river. In many
places the river bank was gently sloped and contained abundant
rocks and other debris suitable for pupation of hellgrammites.
Little River was high, due to recent rains, and carried consid-
erable silt from upstream cultivated fields, but suitable pupating
areas were abundant.

We are unable to offer an explanation for this wandering,
but note that no hellgrammites were found on land the next
morning, although several were taken in the stream. In addi-
tion, one large larva was found inside a cottage located on the
edge" of the stream, but some 15 feet above the water level. The
hellgrammite had crawled up the side of the cottage and through
some opening into the bedroom, where it was found wandering
about over the floor.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL .\K\VS 157

As larval measurements are not given in our available litera-
ture, the following dimensions of the two largest larvae are
given herein: total length of body (a) 74 mm., (b) 71 mm.;
width of head (a) 10.5 mm., (b) 9 mm.

/. eces tortilis (Theobald), a Mosquito New to the

United States

By ARTHUR E. STAEBLER. S. A. Sanitarian (R) and WILLIAM

F. BUREX, Asst. Sanitarian (R), Foreign Quarantine

Division, U. S. Public Health Service

Aedcs tortilis (Theobald) occurs in the Bahamas, Virgin
Islands, and the Greater Antilles. So far as we are aware the
species has never been taken in the United States, even on the
Florida Keys. On August 28, 1945, a female specimen was
captured in a light trap operated by Mr. J. H. Hause, Malaria
Control in War Areas at Key West, Florida. As Key West is
a port of entry for aircraft, this trap was set up with the co-
operation of Mr. Hause by the writers for the purpose of
checking on the possible implantation of exotic insects of Public
Health interest.

Aedes tortilis has also been taken in the routine insect in-
spection of aircraft arriving at Miami, Florida, from quarantin-
able areas. A total of five dead females has been recovered as
follows: September 27, 1944. on a plane from San Juan. Puerto
Rico, via Guantanamo, Cuba (2 specimens) ; October 7, 1944,
on a plane from Panama Canal Zone via Jamaica (1 specimen) ;
August 20, 1945, on a plane from San Juan, Puerto Rico via
Camaguey, Cuba (1 specimen) ; November 24, 1945, on a plane
from Barranquilla, Colombia via Camaguey, Cuba (1 specimen).

There is a possibility that Acdcs tortilis may have been re-
cently introduced at Key West by aircraft.

The identification of the specimens has been confirmed by Dr.
Alan Stone of the U. S. National Museum.

158 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Julie, '46

Notes and News in Entomology

Under this heading we present, from time to time, notes, news, and
comments. Contributions from readers are earnestly solicited and will
be acknowledged when used. »

The Adams Collection of Odonata. Dr. Charles C. Adams,
lately retired as Director of the New York State Museum, Al-
bany, N. Y., has presented his collection of Odonata to the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. The insects,
about 3900 in number, representing at least 337 species, are
mostly in paper envelopes. The localities of origin include Illi-
nois (Dr. Adams' native State, in which he did much collecting
around Bloomington) ; the upper waters of the Cumberland and
Tennessee Rivers (gathered in the course of his investigations
of the mollusk lo) ; Gotha, Florida (collected by Adolph Hem-
pel) ; Phoenix, Arizona (from R. E. Kunze) ; Intervale, New
Hampshire (collected by G. M. Allen) ; Orono, Maine (by
F. L. Harvey) ; the Nilgiris, India (by a native collector) ; and
many localities of the Old World as received in exchange from
the well-known French student of the Odonata, Rene Martin
(1846-1925). Many examples from Dr. Adams' collection
are recorded in the Odonate section of the Biologia Centrali-
Americana. Dr. Adams writes : "The collection was given to
the Academy in recognition of Dr. Philip P. Calvert's outstand-
ing contribution to our knowledge of Odonata and on account
of his generous and friendly relations with all students of these
insects." Dr. Calvert has been a Research Fellow in Ento-
mology at the Academy for many years.

Personal

Dr. Donald T. Ries, formerly Park Naturalist at Starved
Rock State Park, Utica, Illinois, has recently returned from ac-
tive duty with the Sanitary Corps, U. S. Army. He has been
appointed Assistant Professor of Biology at Illinois State Nor-
mal University, Normal, Illinois, beginning in September 1946.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 159

Current Entomological Literature

COMPILED BY CHARLES HODGE IV, EDWIN T. MOUL,
MAURICE E. PHILLIPS AND HENRY K. TOWNES JR.

This list gives references of the current or preceding year unless otherwise noted.
Continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installment.

For records of Economic Literature, see the Experiment Station Record, Office of Ex-
periment Stations, Washington. Also Review of Applied Entomology', Series A, London.
For records of papers on Medical Entomology, see Review of Applied Entomology,

NOTE: The figures within brackets [ ] refer to the journal in which the paper ap-
peared, as numbered in the List of Journals given at the end of the literature. The num-
ber of the volume, and in some cases, the part, heft, &c. is followed by a colon (:).
References to papers containing new forms or names not so stated in titles are followed
by (*); if containing keys are followed by (k) ; papers pertaining exclusively to Neo-
tropical species, and not so indicated in the title, have the symbol (S).

Papers published in ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS are not listed.

GENERAL — Boyd, William M. — Injurious insects of
New Jersey nurseries. | N. J. State Dept. of Agric.] Cir.
355: 5-142, ill. Brues, C. T.— Insect Dietary. Harvard
Univ. Press, 1946, pp. xxvi + 466. Guyton, T. L. — Control
insects for camp comfort. [Perm. Game News.] 17: 13,
1946. Hutzel, J. M. — Insect control for the Marines. [39]
62: 417-420, 1946. Lhomme, L. — Combating moisture in
insect boxes. [37] 10: 228-233. Musgrave, A.— Bibliog-
raphy of Australian Entomology. [8] Rapp, W. F., Jr.—
The "Generic Name Pandora. [6] 12: 499-500 (*). Wes-
enberg-Lund, Dr. C. — Biologic der Susswasserinsekten.
Kopenhagen uncl Berlin. 1943, ill., pp. 1-628. On the
status of the names Ceraphron Panzer, [1805], and Ceraph-
ron Jurine 1807. [30] 2: 495-508. On the type of the
genus Polyommatus Latreille. 1804. [30] 2: 509-520. On
the type of the genus Agriades Hubner [1819] and it-
synonym Latiorina Tutt, 1909. [30] 2: 483-494. On offi-
cial list of generic names of Morpho Fabricius, Helicopis
Fal>. and Pontia Fab. |30] 2: 5-9. Suspension of the
rules for Nymphidium. |30| 2: 459-470. On interpreta-
tion of Article 30 of International Code. [30] 2: 471-482.

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, MEDICAL— Armstrong,

T. — Differences in life history of codling moth on pear and
apple. | 15 1 77: 231-333. Avery, J. L.— Parasitic infec-
tions among natives of the Samarai District, Papua.
Guinea. [25] 32:25-29. Berjot, E. — Anomalous duration
of pupal stage of butterflies. |37| 10: 225-226. Boden-

160 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '46

stein, D. — Investigation of the locus of action of DDT in
flies (Drosophila). [9] 90: 148-157, ill., 1946. Carlson,
J. G. — Protoplasmic viscosity changes in different regions
of the grasshopper neuroblast during mitosis. [9] 90: 109-
121, ill., 1946. Cockayne, E. A. — Peroneural Defect in
Abraxas grossulariata, L. [21] 58: 45-46, ill. Use, Dora.
-The color vision of insects. [34] 65: 68-82. Lindberg,
H. — Morphological variations of stylopized cicadas. [28]
23: 144—156. Marcus, H. — Comparative study of mandibu-
lar articulation of ants and termites. [1] 2 : 259-284.
Marcus, H. — Respiration of ants. [ 1 ] 2 : 307-320. Marcus,
H. — Olfactory organs of ants. [1] 2: 441-445. Palmer,
E. D. — Intestinal canthariasis due to Tenebrio molitor.
[25] 32: 54-55. Richards & Cutkomp.— Correlation be-
tween the possession of a chitinous cuticle and sensitivity
to DDT. [9] 90: 97-108, 1946. Roeder & Weiant.— The
sight of action of DDT in the cockroach. [38] 103: 304-
306. Suomalainen, Eske. — Beitriige zur zytologie der
parthenogenetischen insekten. I Coleoptera. [5] Ser. A.
54: no. 7, 1-76, ill. Waterhouse, D. F.— Studies of the
Physiology and Toxicology of blowflies. [7] Bui. 191 : 1-
39. Wheeler, L. R. — Hairs on the Bodies and Upper Wing-
Surfaces of Butterflies : A Probable Protection Against
Cold. [20] 79: 80-87. Williams, R. W. and H. W.
Brown. — Transmission of Litomosoides carinii. by tropical
rat mite, Liponyssus bacoti. [38] 103: 224.

ARACHNIDA AND MYRIOPODA— Bequaert, J. C.-

The ticks, or Ixodoidea, of the Northeastern U. S. and East-
ern Canada. [18] 25: 73- (k). Brennan, J. M. — New
genus and sp. of chigger, Chatia setosa. [25] 32: 132-135.
Bryant, E. B. — Some new or little known southern spiders.
[35] 52: 178-191 (*), ill. Chamberlin, R. V. & Wilton
Ivie. — On several new American spiders. [14] 36: No. 13,
1-15, ill. Cooley & Kohls. — Genus Ixodes in North Amer-
ica. [Federal Security Agency. Nat. Inst. of Health
Bull.] 184: 1-246, 1945, ill. Ewing, H. E.— Notes' on the
taxonomy of three genera of Trombiculid mites, with de-
scription of a new genus. [31] 59: 69-72, ill. Keegan,
H. L. — Six new mites of the superfamily Parasitoidea.
[46] 65: 69-77, ill. Rapp, W. F., Jr.— "(See General.)
Schubart, O. — Diplopoda of Pirassununga, Brazil. [1] 2:
321-440 (k*). Strandtmann, R. W. — Atricholaelops sig-
modoni, new sp. of mite. [25] 32: 164-169.

Ivii, '46] KXTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 161

SMALLER ORDERS— Banks, N.— Review of Chryso-

pidae (Nothoch) of Central America. [35] 52: 139-174
(k*). Clay, T. — The Mallophagan Genus Virgula. [6]
12: 428. Bias Dos Santos, N. — Contribuic,ao ao conheci-
mento da fauna de Pirassununga (Sao Paulo). [43] 1 :
15-20, ill. (S) *. Eraser, F. C. — Notes on Amazonian
Odonata in Leeds Museum. [47] 96: 11-46 (*). Eraser,
F. C. — Lestes spatula, new sp. of dragonfly from the Ar-
gentine. [33] 15: 46-48. Hammer, M. — Studies on the
Oribatids and Collemboles of Greenland. [27] 141, no. 3,
pp. 7-210, ill., 1944. Marcus, H.— (See Anat, etc.) Mel-
son, A. — Uber die Entwicklung und Biologic der Trich-
opteren. [41 J Suppl. Ed. 17: 255-631, ill. Oksala, Tarvo.
— Zytologische studien an Odonaten. [5] Ser. A., IV
Biofogica, 59: 1-37. ill. Santos, N, Dias Dos. — Xotas Sobre
Brechmorhega tepeacea Calvert, 1909 E Brechmorhoga
tepeacea Calvert, 1908. [11] Zoologia No. 56: 1-4, ill. (S).
Snodgrass, R. E. — -The skeletal anatomy of fleas (Siphon-
aptera). [40] 104: no. 18, 1-89, ill. Vellard, Schiapelli &
Gerschman. — South American Theraphosidae. [1] 3: 165-
213 (*). Williner, G. J. — New Cecilidae (Corrodentia).
1 1 ] 2 : 293-299 (s) .

HEMIPTERA— Barber, H. G.— Records and descrip-
tions of miscellaneous Cuban Hemiptera. [12] 41: 52-61
(*). ill. Blanchard, E. E. — Descriptions and notes on Ar-
gentine aphids. [1] 2: 15-62 (*). Carvalho, Jose.— Mi-
rideos Neotropicais. N\" — Genero Neoneella Costa Lima,
com describees de duas especies novas. [11] Zoologia 54:
1-3, ill. (k) S. Doncaster, J. P. — The shallot aphis, Myzus
ascalonicus sp. n. [33] 15:27-31. Evans, J. W. — Natural
classification of leaf-hoppers. [47] 96: 47-60. Jacobson,
L. A. — Effect of Say stinkbug feeding on wheat. [15] 77:
200. 1945. Knowlton, G. F.— Chermidae Notes. [12] 41:
61. Ruckes, H. — Brochymena obscura (H— S), B. tene-
brosa. \Yalker, and P>. parva, a new name. [12] 41 : 41 — 1-4.
Sampson, W. — A generic classification of California aphi>l>
by means of first instar nymphs. |49| 7: 365-402. ill.,
1946. Sheppard, R. W. — Occurrence of mealybug. Pseudo-
coccus comstocki (Kww.) at Niagara Falls, Ontario. [15]
77:217.

LEPIDOPTERA— Berio, E.— Descrizione dell' arma-
tura genitale di alcune Hvpotacha e diagnosi di una nuova
specie. [4| 62: 25-29, ill. Bourguin, F. — Metamorpho-i.-
of Hypercallia melobaphes Meyr. |1| 3: 135-13C>. Bour-

162 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '46

quin, F. — Metamorphosis of Automeris eophila Dognin.
[1] 2: 286-291. Cockayne, E. A.— (See Anat., etc.) >ox,
Richard M. — Sobre la identidad de la Melinea lucifer Bates,
con la descripcion de dos nuevas subspecies (Lepidoptera :
Ithomiinae). [10] IX, Nos. 32-33: 154-159, ill. (S).
Freeman, H. A. — Notes on some skippers, with new rec-
ords for the U. S. (Lepidoptera: Hesperidae). [15] 77:
201. 1945. Gardner, J. C. M.— Larvae of Noctuiclae. [47]
96: 61-72 (k). Hayward, K. L. — Estudios sobre Hespe-
ridos Neotropicales. [1] 1: 45-53, ill. Kohler, P. E.-
Argentine Noctuidae, subfam. Agrotinae. [1] 3: 59-134
(k*). Leech, H. B. — Flights of Nymphalis californica
Bdv. in British Columbia and Alberta in 1945. [15] 77:
203, 1945. McGriffin, W. C. — New descriptions in larvae of
forest insects: Nyctobia, Eufedonia (Lepidoptera; Geo-
metridae). [15] '77: 197-199, 1945. Nabokov, V.— A
Third Species of Echinargus, Nab. (Lycae.). [35] 52: 193.
Rapp, W. F., Jr. — (See General.) Schreiter, R. — Notas
Entomo-Biologicas y Otras. [1] 1: 7-44, ill. Stempffer,
H. — Systematic importance of genitalia. [37] 10: 217-224.
Sweetman, H. L. — Further data on the value of hand con-
trol of the tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americana Fab.
(Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). [15] 77: 202-203, 1945.
Valle, K. J. — Suurperhoset Macrolepidoptera III Yokkoset,
Noctuae. [44] ill., 9-483. Wheeler, L. R.— (See Anat.,
etc.) Williams, R. C. & Hayward, K. J. — Catalog of
Hesperiidae of Ecuador. [1] 2: 246.

DIPTERA — Albuquerque, D. — Sobre Fannia obscuri-
nervis (Stein, 1911). [11] Zoologia No. 57: 1-9, ill. (S).
Alexander, C. P. — Records and descriptions of North
American crane flies (Diptera) Part VI, Tipuloidea of Ari-
zona,-New Mexico, and Trans-Pecos Texas. [2] 35: 484—
531, ill. (*), 1946. Alexander, C. P.— New or little-known
Tipulidae (Dipt.) — LXXIV Neotropical Species. [6] 12:
390-419. Alexander, C. P. — Undescribed species of Tupula
from W. N. America (Dipt; Tipul.) Part II. [12] 41 : 45-
51. Alexander, C. P. — New Nearctic Crane-flies. (Tipu-
lidae : Diptera) Part XXVI. [ 15] 77 : 204-208, 1945. Bick,
G. H. — Collections of Mosquitoes on Parris Island During
1945. [24] 39: 89-91. Brooks, A. R.— Revision of North
American spp. of Rhodogyne complex. [15] 77: 218-230'
(k*). Brooks, A. R. — A new Canadian Tabanus. [15] 77:
234. Carpenter, S. J. & Chamberlain, R. W.— Mosquito
collect, at Army Install, in 4th Serv. Command, 1943. [24]

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 163

39: 82-88. Cortes, R. P. — Chilean spp. of genera Phorocera
and Parasetigena. [1] 3: 157-164 (k*). Cresson, E. T.,
Jr. — A Systematic Annotated Arrangement of the Genera
and species of the Neotropical Ephydridae (Diptera) Sub-
family Psilopinae. [45] 71 : 129-163 (k*). Fisher, E. G.-
Genus Monoclona Mik (Diptera; Mycetophilidae). [29]
175: 1-4, (*), ill. Frey, R.— A new classification of Scia-
ridae. [28] 22: 5-44 (*). Frey, R.— Key to the genera of
Syrphinae. [28] 25: 152-172. Hauber & Morrissey.-
Tanypodinae of Iowa (Diptera) II. Pentaneura guttipennis
(V. de Walp). [2] 35: 532-534, 1946. Hull, F. M.— The
genus Quichuana Knab (Syrphidae). [2] 1317: 1-17
(Sk*), ifl. Hull, F. M. — Las moscas del genero Mero-
macrus (Syrphidae). [10] 9: Nos. 32-33: 104-118 (S*).
Matheson, R. — Guide to the Insects of Connecticut Part
VI. The Diptera or true flies. [42] Bull. 68: 1-48, ill. (k).
Matheson, R. — The Mosquitoes of No. America. Corn-
stock, 1944, pp. viii + 314, ill. (k). Melander, A. L.-
Nearctic Species of Iteaphila and Apalocnemis. [12] 41:
29-40 (k*). Porter, J. E. — Larva of Uranotaenia syntheta
(Diptera: Culicidae). [2] 35: 535-537, ill., 1946.' Rapp,
W. F. J. — Types of genera and subgenera of Pipunculidae.
[15] 77: 209' 1945. Rapp, W. F., Jr.— Two new Nemocera
Diptera (Sciaridae & Ceciclomyidae). [45] 71: 125-128
(k), ill. Rapp, W. F., Jr. — (See General.) Rozeboom &
Knight. — The punctulatus complex of Anopheles. [25]
32: 95-131. Seguy, E. — Etudes sur les mouches parasite-.
[Encyclopedic Entomologique, Paris, 1941] 21: 1—136 (k*).
Soukup, J. — Lista de los Dipteros peruanos descritos en los
ullimos anos. [10] IX, Nos. 32-33: 119-142 (S).

ORTHOPTERA— Isely, F. B.— Differential feeding in
relation to local distribution of grasshoppers. [17| 27:
128-138. Key, K. H. L. — General ecological characteristics
of the outbreak areas and outbreak years of the Australian
plague locust. [7] Bull. 186: 1-127, ill. Liebermann, J.-
Synopsis of the genus Psiloscirtus Bruner. [1] 3: 151-
156. Liebermann, J. — Callonotacris caeruleipennis n. sp.
from Brazil. [1] 2: 247-253. Liebermann, J. — Los acri-
doideos de Chile. [36] 48: 161-316, ill.. 1945. Piran,
A. A. — Machima phyllacantha recorded in Argentina. [1]
2: 5-7. Piran, A. — Catalog of Argentine mole cricket-.
[1] 3: 141-150. Woodson, W. D.— Jerusalem cricket.
[22] 10: 144-147.

164 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '46

COLEPTERA— Bagal, S. R.— Life history and bionom-
ics of two predaceous and one mycophagous species of
Coccinellidae. [23] 45 : 566-575, ill. Bridwell, J. C.— The
genera of beetles of the family Bruchidae in America north
of Mexico. [26] 36: 52-57. Doucette, C. F. and Latta,
R.— The lily weevil, etc. [48] Circ. 746: 1-24, ill. Frost,
C. A.— Notes on Maine Coleoptera for 1945. [35] 52: 177.
Hicks, S. D. — Additional notes on Coleoptera taken in
Essex County, Ontario. [15] 77: 214, 1945. Khatib,
S. M. H. — Studies in Galerucinae. External morphology
of Galerucella birmanica (Jacoby), Coleoptera, Polyphaga,
Phytophaga, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae. [32] 23: 1-38
ill., 1946. Landin, B. O. — Studies of some Aphodius.
[19] 67: 66-75 (k). Lepesme, P. — Les Coleopteres. [En-
cyclopedic Entomologique, Paris, 1944] 22: 1-334. Mac-
Nay, C. G. — Occurrence in North America of the European
Staphylinid Deleaster dichrous Grav. [15] 77: 213, 1945.
Park, O. — Checklist of Pselaphidae (Coleoptera) known
from Guatemala. [13] 7: 457-468, 1946. Rapp, W. F., Jr.
—(See General.) Saylor, L. W. — Synoptic revision of the
United States Scarab beetles (Dynastinae). [26] 36: 41-
45, ill. (k). Straneo, S. L. — Studi sul genere Abacetus Dej.
[4] 25: 162-187, ill. (*).

HYMENOPTERA— Benson, R. B.— European genera of
Tenthredininae. [33] 15:33-40. Blanchard, E. E.— Two

new spp. of Argentine Blastophaga. [1] 2: 301-305.
Guiglia, D. — Catalogo degli Orissidi di tutto il mondo.
[4] 25: 85-111. Marcus, H.— (See Anat., etc.) Pate, V.
S. L. — North American species of the genus Lestiphorus
(Hymenoptera : Sphecidae : Gorytini). [15] 77: 210-213
(k), 1946. Popov, V. V. — Zoogeography and some mor-
phological peculiarities of the family Trigonaloidae. [16] :
72-74. Richards, O. W. — Nomada flava Panz. and the
strains of N. panzeri Lepelet. [33] 15: 17-26 (k). Talbot,
Mary. — Daily fluctuations in aboveground activity of ants.
[17] 27:65-70.

LIST OF JOURNALS CITED

1. — Acta Zoologica Lilluoana. 2. — Amer. Midland Nat.
3. — Amer. Museum Novitates. 4. — Ann. del Mus. Civ. di
Storia Nat. Giacomo Doria. 5. — Ann. Acad. Sci. Fennicae.
6.— Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist. 7. — Australian Commonw.
Council for Sci. & Ind. Res. 8. — Australian Museum.
9. — Biological Bulletin. 10. — Bol. Mus. Hist. Nat. Javier

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 165

Prado. 11. — Bol. do Mus. Nacional N. S. Rio de Janeiro.
12.— Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 13.— Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci.
14. — Bull, of the Univ. of Utah. 15. — Canadian Entomolo-
gist. 16.— C. R. (Doklady), Acad. Sci. URSS. (N. Sev.).
17. — Ecology. 18. — Entomologia Americana. 19. — Ento-
mologisk Tidskrift. 20. — Entomologist. 21. — Entom. Rec-
ord & Jour. Variation. 22. — Frontiers. 23. — Jour. Bom-
bay Xat. Hist. Soc. 24. — Jour. Economic Entom. 25.—
Jour, of Parasitology. 26. — Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 27.—
Meddelelser Om Gronland. 28. — Notulae Entomologicae.
29. — Notulae Naturae. 30. — Opinions and Declarations,
Internat. Com. Zool. Nomen. 31. — Proc. Biolog. Soc.
Wash. 32.— Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 33.— Proc. Roy. Ent.
Soc., B. 34. — Proc. Roy. Philos. Soc. Glasgow. 35.—
Psyche. 36. — Revista Chilena Hist. Nat. 37. — Revue
franchise de Lepidopterologie. 38. — Science. 39. — Scien-
tific Monthly. 40. — Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 41.— Sonder-
druck aus dem Archiv fur Hydrobiologie. 42. — State Geol.
& Nat. Hist. Surv. Conn. 43. — Summa Brasiliensis Bi-
plogiae. 44. — Suomen Elaimet Animalia Fennica. 45.—
Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc. 46. — Trans. Amer. Microsc.
Soc. 47. — Trans. Roy. Entom. Soc. London. 48. — United
States Dept. Agric. 49. — Univ. Calif. Pub. in Entom.

British Butterflies

The British Islands have a biota which is of extraordinary
interest whether regarded from the aesthetic or purely scientific
point of view. The flowers, the birds, the butterflies and moths,
the snails, are extremely beautiful, and give much pleasure to
those able to appreciate them. But at the same time there is
perhaps no part of the world which illustrates so well the mi-
grations and variations of species, the events taking place since
the glacial period or periods, when most of the country was
covered with ice. It was a happy thought to found a new
series of books, under the title of The New Naturalist, to set
forth the essence of all this, including the observed facts, and
modern theories of genetics ; to present the best results of scien-
tific work in such a way that any intelligent person could under-
stand. At the same time, the sense and enjoyment of beauty
is well satisfied by exquisite colored plates.

166 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '46

With this ambitious purpose the problem naturally arose,
how could men be found to write the books ? They must not be
mere compilers, they must know nature out-of-doors, and yet
they must have understanding of theoretical matters sufficient to
interpret the observations made in the field. At the same time
they must be good writers. Whether these conditions can be
met in the case of the numerous other volumes proposed, re-
mains to be seen, but certainly the first author, Dr. E. B. Ford
of the University of Oxford abundantly satisfies all these re-
quirements. The book is so interesting and stimulating that
one would like to discuss it at great length, but some idea of its
contents can be got from the chapter headings. The History
of British Butterfly Collecting. The Structure and Develop-
ments of Butterflies. The Senses and Colours of Butterflies.
The Principles of Classification. Habits and Protective De-
vices. Relations with Other Insects. Distribution. Dispersal.
Theoretical Genetics. Practical Genetics and Breeding. Ge-
netic Interactions. Evolution. The Races and Subspecies of
British Butterflies. The Origin of the British Butterfly Fauna.
There are numerous maps showing distribution.

Long ago, I was called upon to assist Alfred Russel Wallace
in the preparation of a new edition of his ISLAND LIFE. Wal-
lace considered that there ought to be a number of races of
British animals evolving in Pleistocene or Pliocene times. At
that time there was a very strong prejudice against such an idea
and as we now think of it, it seems extraordinary that we were
so blind as to the actual facts, whether relating to mammals,
birds or insects. Among the butterflies, striking abberations
were prized by collectors, and given names, but the relatively
inconspicuous differences between subspecies were overlooked.
Thus the English race of the swallow-tail, Papilio machaon, is
said by Ford to constitute a distinct subspecies which cannot
be confused with any other. It is beautifully illustrated in the
book, and at the same time the French race for comparison.
But this British insect was named subsp. britannicus by Seitz, in
a German work in quite modern times.

The price of the book is only 16 shillings, though it has 368
pages and very many illustrations. It is published by Collins,
14 St. James' Place, London. — T. D. A. COCKERELL.

EXCHANGES

This column is intended only for wants and exchanges, not for

advertisements of goods for sale or services rendered. Notices

not exceeding three lines free to subscribers.

These notices are continued as long as our limited space will allow;
the new ones are added at the end of the column, and, only when
necessary those at the top (being longest in) are discontinued.

Wanted — Mosquitoes for determination, or exchange for S. E.
specimens. Particularly desire larvae. H. R. Dodge, Box 1095,
Macon, Ga.

Arctic Lepidoptera on hand, including Erebia, Oeneis and Brenthis.
R. J. Fitch, Lloydminster, Sask., Canada.

Odonata — Will buy or exchange North and Central American
species, both images and nymphs. Also will exchange other orders
for Odonata. Carl Cook, Crail Hope, Kentucky.

I want to collect Rothschildia farbesi, agapema, galfina and io
moths for interested persons. E. Frizzell, Route 4, San Benito,
Texas.

Lepidoptera — Wanted, Hyloicus (Sphinx) and other Sphingidae in
exchange for U. S. and Wisconsin Lepidoptera. Wm. E. Sicker, 119
Monona Ave., Madison 3, Wisconsin.

Hymenoptera-Aculeata (except ants and bees) and Ichneumonidae
for exchange or purchase. Will collect any order in exchange. D.
G. Shappirio, 4811 17th St., N\V, Washington 11. D. C.

Wanted — Oriental Cerambycidae and Chrysomelidae for determi-
nation and research purposes: China, India, Philippines, Pacific. Will
purchase from China, Assam, Burma, Siam, Formosa. Will exchange
identified Chinese insects. J. Linsley Gressitt, Lingnan University,
Canton, China.

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DIPTERA

1119. — Cresson (E. T. Jr.) — Synopses of No. Amer. Ephydridae. la.
Supplement of part I on the subfani. Psilopinae. II. The
tribes Hydrelliini, Hydrinini and Ilytheini of the subfam.
Notiphilinae, with descr. of n. sps. (70: 159-180, 1944) ... $ .40

1123. — -A systematic annotated arrangement of the gen. and sps. of
the Indoaustralian Ephydridrae. I. The subfam. Psilo-
pinae. (71: 47-75, 1945) 60

1127. — A systematic annotated arrangement of the gen. and sps. of
the Neotropical Ephydridae. I. The subfam. Psilopinae.
(71 : 129-163, 1946) 75

1126. — Rapp (W. F.) — Two new Nemocera Diptera. (Sciaridae and

Cecidomyidae). (71 : 125-128, figs., 1946) 20

THE BIOLOGY AND IDENTIFICATION OF

TRYPETID LARVAE
By VENIA TARRIS PHILLIPS

Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, No. 12, 161 pp., 16 pis.,

1946

This is a comprehensive work describing and figuring the important characteristics of the larvae
of forty five species of American fruit flies (Diptera). An indispensible work for economic en-
tomologists. It includes a glossary of the terms used in the descriptions; a list of 442 species of
the family, with their known hosts; a list of their host plants; and an extensive bibliography.
The plates contain 192 exquisitely executed figures.

Price $5.00 (postpaid, domestic delivery) U. S. Currency, remittance must accompany order.

HYMENOPTERA

1118. — Bradley (J. C.) — A preliminary revision of the Pompilinae of
the Americas exclusive of the tribe Pompilini. (70: 23-157,
2 pis., 1944) 1.60

LEPIDOPTERA

1125. — Jones (F. M.) — Platoeceticus and a remarkable n. sp. of the
genus (Psychidae). (71 : 99-124, 6 pis., 1945)

ORTHOPTERA

1121. — Tinkham (E. R.) — Sinochlora, a new tettigoniid gen. from

China, with descr. of 5 n. sps. (70: 235-246, 2 pis., 1945) . . .25

1120. — Rehn (J. A. G.) — A revision of the locusts of the group Hy-

alopteryges (Acrididae). (70: 181-234, 1 pi., 1944) 1.00

1117. — Rehn and Rehn — Studies of certain Cyrtacanthacridoid gen.
(Acrididae). II. Prumnacris, a new No. Amer. gen. of
Holarctic type. (70: 1-21, 2 pis., 1944) 50

1122. — III. Buckellacris, another new No. Amer. gen. of Hoi-
arctic type. (71 : 1-45, 2 pis., 1945) 1.00

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

JULY 1946

Vol. LVII

No. 7

CONTENTS

Bell — Koswell Carter Williams, Jr

Crowell — An amphibious cockroach from Panama

Alexander — Undescribed crane-flies, Part VI 173

Brescia ct al — Toxicity of DDT. Insect balance 180

Notes and News in Entomology

Kuala Lumpur 183

The Hoffman collection 184

Cornell University 184

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LVII, PLATE 1

ROSWELL CARTER WILLIAMS, JR.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LVII JULY, 1946 No. 7

Roswell Carter Williams, Jr.

Mr. Williams was born in Brooklyn, New York, on August
21st, 1869 and died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on March
7th, 1946. He was in his seventy-seventh year. He attended
the Adelphi Academy in Brooklyn, graduating with a B.S. de-
gree, and then entered Cornell University from which he gradu-
ated in 1892 with an M.E. degree. He was associated with
Charles P. Steinmetz in the development of the "Three Phase
Power Transmission" experimental work. He removed to
Philadelphia and about 1896 entered the electric engineering
and contracting firm of J. F. Buchanan & Company as a partner,
and remained a member of that firm until his retirement from
business in 1918.

In World War I, Mr. Williams volunteered for war service
and received the appointment of Captain in the Ordnance De-
partment. He was appointed by Congress on the Board of
Adjustment to represent the Government at Nitro, West Vir-
ginia and served throughout the war.

Mr. Williams was long very much interested in natural his-
tory, especially in the study of Lepidoptera, and for many years
up until the time of his death was actively associated with the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and with the
American Entomological Society. He was elected an annual
member of the Academy on November 26th, 1901, became an
Associate Sustaining Member on February 21st, 1928, and a
Sustaining Member on January 16th, 1929. He served as a
member of the Scientific Council of the Academy from De-
cember, 1(>2(), until his death. He was Chairman of the Com-
mittee on Accounts of the Academy from December, 1922, to

(167)

pi 25 '4-6

168 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Juty, '46

October, 1924, when through a reorganization of the operations
of the Academy the Committee was discontinued. In 1922 he
was elected by the Council of the Academy to the post of Re-
search Associate in the Department of Entomology which he
held to the time of his death.

Mr. Williams was elected a member of the American Entomo-
logical Society on March 25th, 1915 and served three periods as
its Recording Secretary, i.e. 1916-1918, 1920, and 1922-1924.
He was President of the Society the years 1926 to 1935 and as
ex-President was a member of its Council up to the time of his
death. At various times he served as a member of the Society's
Finance Committee and of its Publication Committee.

In his studies of Lepidoptera, Mr. Williams was principally
interested in the family of butterflies known as the Hesperiidae,
and about these published numerous papers and described for
the first time many species new to science. He was particularly
interested in these butterflies from the tropical regions of Amer-
ica, but also did considerable work with those of the North
American fauna. He had many correspondents in Central and
South America who sent him specimens from various countries.
His earliest publication known to the writer was in ENTOMO-
LOGICAL NEWS, xxv, 1914, in which he described a new form of
hesperid.

For several years up to the time of Dr. Henry Skinner's death
in 1926, Mr. Williams worked intimately with him and collabo-
rated with him in writing a comprehensive work on the male
genitalia of the North American Hesperiidae, illustrated by
drawings from nearly all the then known species occurring
north of the Mexican border, and with the description of a new
species. Under the title of "On the Male Genitalia of the
Hesperiidae of North America" their work was published as a
series of papers in the Transactions of the American Entomo-
logical Society, XLVIII, 1922-1923, XLIX, 1923, and L, 1924.
These are the first and only publications of this kind dealing
entirely with the North American species of Hesperiidae. The
illustrations and much other data provide great assistance to
students of these butterflies.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 169

Mr. Williams was keenly interested in the study of the male
genitalia of Hesperiidae as a means of certain identification of
species and most of his works are well illustrated with drawings
of these structures. He published his "Studies in the Neo-
tropical Hesperiidae" in the Transactions of the American Ento-
mological Society in two parts, LIT, 1926 and LIII. 1927, the
first part dealing with the genus Eudamus and the second part
with several other genera. These papers contain descriptions
of several new species and one new genus and a great deal of
data on various other species and include drawings and two
plates in each part of very exact and beautiful figures in natural
color of the insects themselves. He also published in the
Transactions, LVII, 1931, a paper entitled "Two New Hes-
perids from Ecuador" illustrated with drawings and colored
figures of the two species. He also published another paper
entitled "A New Hesperid from Mexico" in the Transactions,
LIX, 1933. with a plate of black and white figures.

In 1929 a small group of collectors, in which Mr. Williams
participated, sent Mr. Orazio Querci to Cuba to collect Lepi-
doptera, and on the Hesperiidae taken on this expedition Mr.
Williams published a paper in the Transactions of the Ameri-
can Entomological Society, LVII, 1931, entitled "Cuban Hes-
periidae." This paper is illustrated with drawings, a chart
showing species and dates of capture and one plate of fifteen
figures of butterflies in their natural color.

Mr. Williams joined with Dr. A. W. Lindsey and the writer
in compiling a revised edition of "The Hesperioidea of North
America," which was published in the Denison University Bul-
letin, Journal of the Scientific Laboratories, XXVI, 1931.

Mr. Williams and the writer worked together on many prob-
lems concerning the American Hesperiidae and jointly published
several papers which appeared in the Transactions of the Ameri-
can Entomological Society. These papers are "Short Studies
in American Hesperiidae," LVI, 1930; "Studies in the Ameri-
can Hesperioidea," in four parts, LIX, 1933, LX, January,
May and September, 1934; "New Species of Pellicia with Re-
marks on the Genus," LXV, 1939; "New Neotropical Hes-

170 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, '46

periidae and Notes on Others," LXVI, 1940, all of which are
illustrated with drawings.

In 1926 Mr. Williams participated in organizing an expedi-
tion to the Guianas to collect insects, and early in 1927 Dr.
W. T. M. Forbes of Cornell University and his associate Dr.
P. P. Babiy were sent to Dutch and British Guiana with short
stops in some of the West Indies. They spent several months
collecting and on the Hesperiidae taken by them a joint paper
was published by Mr. Williams and the writer entitled "Hes-
periidae of the Forbes Expedition to Dutch and British Guiana."
This paper appeared in the Transactions of the American Ento-
mological Society, LVII, 1931, and in it several new species are
described and it is illustrated with many drawings and one plate
of colored figures.

Mr. Williams and Mr. Kenneth J. Hayward, of Tucuman,
Argentina, jointly compiled the "Hesperiidarum Rei Publicae
Aequatoris Catalogus" published at Tucuman in De Acta Zo-
ologica Lilloana del Institute Miguel Lillo, II, 1944. In this
work they presented a catalogue of all the known species of Hes-
periidae occurring in Ecuador, with a long bibliography and de-
tails of the localities from which the insects came. To the
writer's knowledge, Mr. Williams spent a great deal of time
over several years in research and in compiling the information
for this catalogue from the large amount of Ecuadorean mate-
rial in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences.

Two weeks before his death Mr. Williams completed assem-
bling specimens of butterflies for a map showing their distribu-
tion in the United States, which has been published in the July
issue of the "Holiday" magazine and this, his last contribution
to the Science of Entomology, is a tribute to his many years of
interest in it.

The writer's own intimate friendship with Mr. Williams be-
gan nearly twenty-five years ago while he was working with Dr.
Skinner on their papers, and over this long period of years it
was always of the greatest pleasure to work with him on prob-
lems of mutual interest, much of it done by correspondence, but
many very happy hours were spent with him and his family at

Ivii, '46 1 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 171

their home and with him at the Academy of Natural Sciences.
He was a cheerful, courteous, unassuming man, a loving hus-
band, a devoted father, a loyal friend, a patriotic, upstanding
citizen of his Country ; he was "Roz" to his host of friends and
by them his memory will be cherished so long as they live.

Surviving him are his wife, Carrie Hamsher Williams, and
four sons: Roswell Carter III, Hamilton, Arthur P., Lieu-
tenant Charles M., U.S.N.

ERNEST L. BELL

Notes on an Amphibious Cockroach from the
Republic of Panama

By H. H. CROWELL, Assistant Entomologist, Oregon Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, Corvallis

While dipping for mosquito larvae in a lagoon of the Rio
Chilibre near the Panama Canal Zone boundary in January,
1944, the writer found the nymph of a medium-sized roach.
The insect was, at first glance, thought to be an hemipterous
water bug, since it was swimming rapidly around in the dipper
beneath floating scraps of vegetation. It was transferred to a
jar of water and taken alive to the writer's home in Ancon,
Canal Zone. A battery jar aquarium was fitted out with the
floating aquatic plants Piaropns crassipcs (water-hyacinth) and
Jnssiaca nataus, which were the predominant plants in the la-
goon. Food, in the form of "Pablum"*(baby food — known to
be eaten readily by certain household roaches), was offered to
the nymph by floating it on sections of cork. Both the "Pablum"
and the small round leaves of the Jussiacu were fed upon, but
not while the roach was under observation.

About two weeks after its capture, the roach molted into an
adult, winged female. The nymphal skin was not found, so it
was assumed that it had been eaten — a common procedure for
roaches. During the time the roach was under observation in
the aquarium, it was induced several time to submerge, volun-
tarily, by passing the shadow of one's hand over it or by touch-
ing it lightly with the end of a pencil. When disturbed, the

172 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [J^ty? '46

roach (both in the nymphal and in the adult stages) dived into
the water from the floating vegetation and swam around the jar
rapidly for a minute or two well below the surface of the water.
If not disturbed further, the roach clung to the dangling roots
of the aquatic plants and remained quiescent for as long as fif-
teen minutes, on two occasions, before climbing to the surface
and thrusting forth its antennae and head. In this position it
often remained quiescent for five or more minutes before emerg-
ing completely. When the roach was quiet under the water, a
large bubble of air could be seen trapped beneath the pronotal
shield.

The adult specimen was sent to the National Museum and
was identified by Dr. H. K. Townes as Epilampra abdomen-
nigntni (DeG.). Subsequent mosquito collecting trips to the
Chilibre lagoon revealed no additional specimens of this species
in the aquatic vegetation. One specimen of an unknown spe-
cies was dipped on one trip, but it escaped before it could be
transferred to a suitable container.

Since returning to the United States the writer has received
some very interesting information concerning the amphibious
habits of roaches from correspondence with Mr. James A. G.
Rehn, Curator of Insects at the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, and Dr. Ashley B. Gurney, Entomologist with
the Division of Insect Identification in Washington. Dr. Rehn
was very familiar with this species, having had considerable to
do with clearing up its much involved synonymy and working
out its distribution. Epilampra abdomen-nigrum occurs from
southern Mexico to Amazonia and through the Lesser Antilles,
Jamaica and Puerto Rico. Although this species has been col-
lected on the mainland more abundantly, probably, than any
other species of the genus, the amphibious life habits have not
been specifically noted for it or for any other related form from
Panama. Aquatic habits have been noted, however, for other
species of Epilampra and relatives of the genus since 1900, when
Annandale recorded observations on adults of a Malayan species
of Epilampra. Since then there have been a number of re-
corded observations of amphibious habits in blattids from both
the Eastern and American tropics, largely in genera of the
family Epilamprinae.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 173

Undescribed Species of Crane-Flies from the West-
ern United States and Canada (Dipt.: Tipuli-
dae). Part VI

BY CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, Massachusetts State College,
Amherst, Massachusetts

The preceding part under this title was published in ENTO-
MOLOGICAL NEWS, 57: 65-71, 1946. At this time I am charac-
terizing three further species from California and Idaho, all be-
•longing to the major genus Ti[>nla. Acknowledgement for these
specimens is given under the individual species.

Tipula (Oreomyza) inyoensis new species

Belongs to the borcalis (itnca) group; mesonotal praescutum
yellow, with four more reddish brown stripes, the intermediate
pair approximated or confluent in front; posterior sclerites of
notum chiefly yellow; pleura and pleurotergite entirely yellow;
femora yellow, the tips narrowly and weakly darkened ; wings
with a strong brownish tinge, more yellowed on basal third, with-
out clearly defined pattern ; basal abdominal segments chiefly
yellow, the outer ones more darkened ; ninth tergite with the
median portion produced, its margin gently emarginate, on
either side beneath with a slender blackened rod ; inner dististyle
with the beak unusually slender, blackened, extended straight
backward into the dorsal crest ; lateral appendage very reduced,
somewhat as in imuicra, without a pendulous lower process nr
a claw-like middle one ; upper process a conspicuous blackened
clavate lobe ; gonapaphysis appearing as a flattened blade.

(j\ Length about 15 mm.; wing 13 mm.; antenna about 5.J

mm.
$. Length about 15 mm.; wing 12.2 nun.

Frontal prolongation oi head obscure yellow, paler beneath;
nasus very long, tufted with long black setae ; palpi obscure
testaceous yellow, the terminal segment more infuscated. An-
tennae (male) long; scape, pedicel and extreme base of first
flagellar segment obscure yellow, remainder of flagellum black,

174 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, '46

the extreme bases of the more proximal segments paler ; flagellar
segments elongate, gently incised, longer than any of the verti-
cils. Head above brownish gray, clearer gray in front, more
yellowed behind ; posterior vertex more infuscated, with a vague
darker median vitta.

Pronotum infuscated medially above, obscure yellow on sides.
Mesonotal praescutum with the ground color yellow, with four
more reddish brown stripes, the intermediate pair approximated
or confluent in front, obliterating the central pale vitta; outer
borders of both intermediate and lateral stripes vaguely bordered
by darker ; scutum yellow medially, the lobes extensively grayish
brown ; posterior sclerites of notum chiefly yellow, the scutellum
with a capillary brown median vitta, this less evident on the
scutum ; mediotergite more reddened on sides of posterior third.
Pleura and pleurotergite yellow, unpatterned. Halteres writh
stem yellowish brown, the extreme base yellow, knob infuscated.
Legs with the coxae and trochanters yellow ; femora yellow, the
tips narrowly and weakly darkened, most evidently so on the
outer face ; tibiae obscure brownish yellow, the tips narrowly
darkened ; tarsi black, basitarsi restrictedly paler on proximal
portions ; claws hairy, simple. Wings with a strong brownish
tinge, more yellowed on basal third, without clearly defined pat-
tern, the prearcular and costal fields most evidently so ; stigma
brownish yellow, vaguely bordered by darker ; a scarcely evi-
dent pattern in the basal cells, particularly M and Cn ; oblitera-
tive areas restricted ; veins brown, paler in the more brightened
fields. Venation : Rs long, about three-fourths longer than m-
c u ; Ri + .,. entire ; in about twice the petiole of cell M^.

Abdomen chiefly yellow on basal segments, the outer ones
more suffused, on the subtefminal segments the sublateral por-
tions more darkened ; hypopygium chiefly yellowish brown on
tergite and styli, the eighth sternite pale. Male hypopygium
with the median portion of the ninth tergite slightly produced,
its caudal margin gently emarginate ; from the lower surface on
either side arises a slender blackened rod. Outer dististyle
flattened, its apex truncate. Inner dististyle with the beak un-

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 175

usually slender, blackened, extended straight backward into the
dorsal crest; lower beak very deep, its upper outer angle more
blackened and produced into a short point ; dorsal crest with
numerous setae, on the outer face more emarginate and pro-
duced into a conspicuous lobe that is tufted with a fewr long
setae. Lateral appendage very reduced, somewhat as in madera,
without a pendulous lower process or a claw-like middle one ;
upper process a conspicuously blackened clavate lobe, its tip
obtuse ; lower angle merely triangular, not at all produced, en-
tirely pale. Gonapophysis appearing as a flattened blade, the
tip narrowed abruptly into a small obtuse lobule. Eighth ster-
nite very shallowly incised to form three low lobes that are only
sparsely hairy, the central one especially so.

Habitat. — CALIFORNIA. Holotype: <$, Camp Manzanar. Tnyo
County, altitude about 3700 feet, July 1-6, 1945 (Joe M. May-
eda) ; through Dr. John A. Comstock. Allotopotype: $; para-
topotypc, 1 c?.

The present fly is one of the interesting species collected by
Mr. Mayeda in the vicinity of Camp Manzanar and kindly pre-
sented to me by Dr. Comstock. This is a very distinct species
in an unusually difficult group, in its almost unpatterned wings
somewhat resembling Tipnla (Oreomyza) appendiculata Loew
(derelicta Dietz, stalactoidcs Doane), differing very evidently
in the structure of the male hypopygium, particularly the reduced
lateral appendage. In "this last respect it most resembles T.
(0.) madera Doane, which is one of the largest species in the
group, with the wing pattern especially heavy and distinct.

Tipula (Lunatipula) alcestis new species

Belongs to the barbata group; allied to accurata: wings with
a brownish tinge, the obliterative area before cord extensive,
virtually crossing the wing; remaining cells not conspicuously
streaked with whitish ; male hypopygium with the lobes of the
ninth tergite obliquely truncated ; beak of inner dististyle stout,
outer basal lobe broad; gonapophysis dark-colored, terminating
in an acute spine; eighth sternite with the median plate small,
compressed-flattened.

176 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jul}'> '^

^. Length about 11-11.5 mm.; wing 13-13.5 mm.; antenna

about 3.5 mm.
5- Length about 14-15 mm. ; wing 13 mm.

Described from alcoholic specimens.

Frontal prolongation of head brown, darker above : nasus
elongate; palpi dark brown, terminal segment somewhat paler.
Antennae with scape and pedicel yellow% the former a little darker
at proximal end ; basal two flagellar segments weakly bicolored,
the remainder uniformly brownish black ; flagellar segments only
feebly incised, longer than the verticils. Head brown.

Thorax brown, variegated with darker brown, including broad
praescutal stripes and a single major darkening on either scutal
lobe ; postnotum chiefly darkened ; scutum and scutellum with a
darkened capillary median vitta. Pleura with the mesepister-
num dark brown, the mesepimeron and metapleura paler, vari-
egated with brown. It is probable that in dry specimens the
surface is more or less pruinose. Halteres with stem yellow,
knob brown, its apex paler. Legs with the coxae brown ; tro-
chanters yellow ; femora brownish yellow, the tips narrowly
blackened ; tibiae yellow, still more narrowly darkened at tip ;
tarsi obscure yellow, passing into black. Wings with a brown-
ish tinge, the prearcular and costal fields a trifle more yellowed ;
stigma darker brown ; cells beyond cord more strongly infus-
cated, especially in the outer radial field ; small brown spots
at origin of Rs and over the anterior cord ; obliterative area
before cord extensive and conspicuous, virtually crossing the
wing along vein M4, slightly broken at end of Rs; poststig-
mal pale area likewise conspicuous, including parts of cells
Sc.2, R.2 and R3 ; pale streaks along veins virtually lacking, most
evident as vague lines in cells Cit and 1st A ; veins brown.
Venation: Rs relatively long, .from about one and one-half to
nearly two times in-cn, longer than in accurata. In this latter
species, the wings are more conspicuously variegated by paler,
involving virtually the entire wing and appearing chiefly as broad
streaks along the veins, excepting in the outer radial field.

Ivh, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL XF.WS 177

Abdomen with the segments chiefly yellow, the tergites tri-
vittate with brown, the lateral pair more broken ; on the fourth
and succeeding segments the color more uniformly dark brown :
hypopygium chiefly yellow. Male hypopygium having the ninth
tergite with broad lobes, obliquely truncated and less pointed
than in accurata; median notch a trifle wider. Appendage of
ninth sternite smaller, oval, with long dark-colored setae. Outer
dististyle long and slender. Inner dististyle with the beak much
stouter than in accurata, sloping upward to the dorsal crest;
outer basal lobe broader than in accurata. Gonapophysis dark-
colored, relatively long, produced into a slender spine on side
near apex. Eighth sternite with the median plate small, com-
pressed-flattened, not rectangular, as in accurata.

Habitat. — IDAHO. Holotypc: J\, alcoholic, Humphrey, Cen-
tennial Mts., Clark Co., along Route 91, altitude 6,500 feet,
August 20, 1941 (Stanley B. Mulaik). Allotopotypc: alcoholic
$. Paratopotypcs: 1 J1, 1 $. alcoholic.

I am greatly indebted to Mr. Stanley B. Mulaik for the present
material and other interesting Tipulidae from Colorado, Idaho
and Utah. The most similar described species is Tipnla (Luna-
tipnla) accurata Alexander, which differs conspicuously in the
wing pattern and in several important details of structure of the
male hypopygium, including the tergite, inner dististyle, gona-
pophyses and eighth sternite.

Tipula (Lunatipula) zelotypa new species

Si/.e relatively small (wing, male, 12 mm.) ; mesonotal prae-
scutum gray, with four entire brown stripes ; antennae with
scape and pedicel yellow, basal flagellar segments weakly bi-
colored; femora obscure yellow, the tips narrowly and weakly
infuscated ; claws (male) simple; wings with a weak brmvn
tinge, sparsely spotted with darker brown ; a virtually complete
obliterative band at and before cord ; no trichia on squama or in
wing cells ; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite having a
broad shallow V-shaped notch, the low lobes heavily blackened;
basistyle produced caudad into a very thin scooplike blade ; dis-
tistyle compact, beak obtuse; two spinelike points on style,

178 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

behind the beak, the other in the region of the posterior crest;
outer basal lobe a strong curved arm, unequally bifid at tip;
eighth sternite with its caudal border very slightly produced,
provided with numerous pale setae that are directed caudad, not
arranged in brushes or pencils.

J1. Length about 12 mm. ; wing 12 mm. ; antenna about 4 mm.

Frontal prolongation of head brownish yellow, the dorsal sur-
face sparsely dusted ; nasus elongate ; palpi with basal three seg-
ments brownish yellow, terminal one blackened. Antennae with
the scape and pedicel yellow; first flagellar segment obscure
brownish yellow ; succeeding segments weakly bicolored, the
small basal swellings brown, the apices paler, the outer seg-
ments more uniformly dark brown. Head above light gray,
more yellowed on the occipital region.; a short brown median
vitta on the posterior vertex ; vertical tubercle low, entire.

Pronotum brownish gray. Mesonotal praescutum gray, with
four narrow entire brown stripes, the intermediate pair sep-
arated by a ground vitta of more than one-half their width ;
lateral stripes slightly broader ; humeral region narrowly bor-
dered by dark browrn; posterior sclerites of notum testaceous
brown, the scutal lobes and median region of scutellum pat-
terned with somewhat darker brown ; pleurotergite pruinose.
Pleura pruinose behind, the anterior portion somewhat more
variegated with darker, especially on the anepisternum and ven-
tral sternopleurite ; dorsopleural membrane yellow. Halteres
yellow, knob weakly darkened. Legs with the coxae yellow,
sparsely pruinose, the fore pair a little darker ; trochanters yel-
low ; femora and tibiae obscure yellow, the tips narrowly and
weakly infuscated, the latter more narrowly so ; tarsi light
brown, passing into black outwardly; claws (male) simple.
Wings with a weak brownish tinge, heavier along the veins
beyond cord ; stigma small, pale brown, inconspicuous ; oblitera-
tive band before cord large, extending from before stigma to
the posterior border along vein M4, involving less than the prox-
imal half of cell 1st M2; veins brown. No squamal setae; no
trichia in wing cells, including the stigma ; veins beyond cord
with relatively abundant long trichia. Venation : Rs a little

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 179

less than twice in-cn; Rl + 2 entire; m oblique, longer than the
petiole of cell M^; M3 + 4 little more than one-half the basal
section of Mlf2; cell 2nd A broad.

Abdominal tergites obscure yellow, trivittate with brown, the
median stripe broad and distinct, narrowly interrupted at the
posterior borders of the segments ; lateral areas much broken,
becoming more distinct on the outer segments ; basal sternites
yellow, the outer segments darker but this apparently caused
by discoloration ; hypopygium chiefly pale. Male hypopygium
with the tergite having a very broad and shallow V-shaped
emargination, the low lobes heavily blackened ; median region
with a microscopic lobule ; outer apical portion of lobe with an
indistinct blackened point or carina, Appendage of ninth ster--
nite a small lobe provided with numerous short pale setae.
Basistyle produced caudad into a flattened, very thin, scooplike
blade. Dististyle with the beak very stout and obtuse, the lower
beak lacking ; dorsal crest scarcely elevated ; region of posterior
crest produced into a short spinelike lobe ; on face of style be-
hind the beak- with an even smaller reddish spine; what appears
to be the outer basal lobe is a curved arm, unequally bilobed at
tip, the axial spine larger, the subapical one evidently variable
in size ; apical portion of arm with numerous setae. Aedeagus
stout but simple ; gonapophyses reduced. Eighth sternite trans-
verse, the central area of the posterior border very slightly pro-
duced, provided with numerous long pale setae that are not
arranged in brushes or pencils.

Habitat. — CALIFORNIA. Holotype: $, Brawley, Imperial
County, altitude 109 feet below sea-level, April 5, 1935 (A. L.
Melander) ; Alexander Collection, through kindness of Dr.
Melander.

The present isolated fly shows some points of resemblance to
Tipula atrisiiiiiiiia Doane, which I have referred to the subgenus
Lnnatipula Edwards. In all other respects, the hypopygium and
general appearance of the«two flies is quite distinct. It may be
found that sclotypa is more properly to be considered as being a
Trichotipnla but, if so. it deviates in many respects from the
hitherto accepted characters of the subgenus.

180 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July> '46

Relative Toxicity of DDT Aerosols to Mosquitoes
and Musca Domestica. Insect Balance x

By FRANK BRESCIA, College of the City of New York,

VICTOR K. LAMER, IRWIN B. WILSON, JOHN C.

ROWELL, KENNETH C. HODGES, Columbia

University, New York City

Resolution of the well founded fear of an unbalanced insect
world that may result from the use of DDT over large tracts of
land (1, 2, 3, 4) requires information on the relative suscepti-
bility of the various insects to DDT. Such a quantitative labo-
ratory study will indicate what other insects will be effectively
controlled during control operations for any given insect.

Control of the natural population of salt marsh mosquitoes
up to 5000 feet downwind in open country under favorable
meteorological conditions was obtained (5) with an output of 15
gallons of emulsion (50 per cent water— 50 per cent oil by vol-
ume; DDT content being 10 per cent of the weight of the oil)
per 1000 feet of front covered with the Insecticidal Aerosol
Generator developed at Columbia University. This dosage is
equivalent to 5 pounds of DDT per 1000 feet of front. It was
also found that an area cleared of anopheline adult mosquitoes
remained relatively free of such adults for several days. This
protective period cannot be attributed to the deposited DDT but
very probably to a low rate of infiltration.

Several insects of medical and economic importance were also
subsequently used as test insects. The results obtained empha-
size that the dosage recommended (above) for mosquito control
operations is not equally effective against other insects and
that zi'ith tins comparatively small and controlled dosage, the
possibility of appreciable disturbance of the natural insect bal-
ance, resulting from general insect destruction, appears to be
remote.

1 This paper is based on work done for the Office of Scientific Research
and Development under O.S.R.D. contract OEMsr 1388 with Columbia
University.

Ivii, '46 1 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 181

Field experiments in which Musca domestic^, suspected to
be an important factor in the transmission of infantile paralysis,
were exposed to several dosages using the aerosol generator are
presently reported. The results indicate that the adult fly is 4
to 6 times more resistant than the adult (salt marsh) mosquito.

Fly tcchiiic. Pupae, obtained from the Entomological Test-
ing Laboratory, New York City, were placed in each of several
cages (brass netting) with a cotton wad wetted with a sugar
solution. Emergence was produced by keeping the cages at
about 85° F. under conditions of high humidity.

Shortly before the field experiment, fresh cotton wads with
sugar solution were introduced into the cages and the cages
placed in large screw cap bottles which contained a wad of cot-
ton saturated with water.

When not being exposed to the aerosol or to the wind in the
case of some checks, the fly cages were kept in the jars.

At the time of the test, the flies varied in age from 3 to 30
hours, most of them being at least 24 hours old.

Experimental procedure. Cages of flies were exposed to the
aerosol in open country for different intervals of time at 3 dif-
ferent distances, 100, 500, and 1000 feet, downwind.

The generator was stationary but the equivalent dosage (gals,
per 1000 feet) of a moving test was calculated from the gen-
erator output (gals. /min.), exposure time (from 2 to 20 min-
utes depending on distance) and spread (feet) of the aerosol
at each distance. The mass particle diameter was 16 microns;
the wind velocity 9 miles per hour.

Four check cages were placed upwind of the generator. Three
cages were exposed to the wind for various periods ; the fourth
was kept within the jar. Two additional check cages were kept
in the laboratory.

Results and discussion. Within 2 hours after exposure to
the aerosol, all flies were knocked down and a few were dead,
except in one cage which had been exposed to an equivalent
dosage of 4.7 gallons of emulsion per 1000 feet of front at a
distance of 1000 feet downwind. In this cage only one fly was
down while 15 were active. All flies were down in another

182 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July, '46

cage at the same distance and exposure. The check cages
showed a 10 per cent knockdown. Mortality data for the 1000
foot distance are given in Table 1.

TABLE 1. Mortality Data for Several Dosages of DDT Aerosol at
1000 Feet Downwind and for Controls. May 5, 1945

Equivalent Dosage in
Gallons of Emulsion

Number of

per 1000 Feet of Front

Flies

% Dead

4.7

6.1

55 (1)

95 (1)

91 (1)

100

Check Cages
Exposed to Wind.
Minutes

Number of
Flies

% Dead (2)

120

(1) Living flies were on their backs.

(2) Those flies which were living but were on their backs were counted
as dead.

The data show that an output of about 15 gallons of the emul-
sion per 1000 feet of front will be required to effect adult house-
fly control to 1000 feet downwind. Comparing this data with
the mosquito data (given in the introduction), it can be con-
cluded that an adult housefly is 4 to 6 times more resistant than
an adult salt marsh mosquito. To obtain a more accurate com-
parison, quantitative laboratory studies are required. It can,
however, be definitely stated that the same extent of control
against mosquitoes and flies will not be effected for a given
DDT output. This will be also true, of course, of other insects
and other forms of life more resistant to DDT than the mos-
quito. It appears very probable, therefore, that the projection

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 183

of controlled and regulated quantities of DDT used to control
mosquitoes may not lead to any serious disturbance in insect
balance. The danger zvill be present when quantities greater
than the recommended 5 pounds of DDT per 1000 feet of front
(5) are used to obtain control over large areas by residue

effects.

REFERENCES CITED

(1) CONANT, R. 1944. No joy in an insect-free-world. Entomological
News, 55 (10) : 258-259.

(2) WIGGLESWORTH, N. B. 1945. DDT and the balance of nature. At-
lantic Monthly, 107 (6) : 107.

(3) 1945. Statement on DDT by the American Association of Economic
Entomologists. Entomological News, 56 (2) : 38-39.

(4) STRICKLAND, E. H. 1945. Could the widespread use of DDT be
a disaster? Ibid., 56 (4) : 85-88.

(5) BRESCIA, F., LAMER, V. K. et al. 1946. Salt marsh and anopheline
mosquito control by ground dispersal of DDT aerosols. O. S. R. I >.
Report No. 5731.

Notes and News in Entomology

Under this heading we present, from time to time, notes, news, and
comments. Contributions from readers are earnestly solicited and will
be acknowledged when used.

Kuala Lumpur. From a letter recently received from N.
C. E. Miller, wrho before the war wrote extensively on Orthop-
tera and Rhynchota, and was a member of the staff of the De-
partment of Agriculture at Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay
States, we learn that following his release from internment by
the Japanese for more than three years in Sumatra, he visited
Kuala Lumpur and found his insect collections and library
largely intact, but that the very well known and active Museum
of the Federated Malay States, also at Kuala Lumpur, was no
more, having been levelled in bombing. He also informed us
that H. M. Pendlebury, of the Museum, and a capable ento-
mologist, one of the authors of "The Butterflies of the Malay
Peninsula," who also took a major part in the most recent
zoological exploration of Mt. Kina Balu, in Borneo, had been
released from internment only to die in India from the effects of
malnutrition and starvation.

184 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July* '^6

The Hoffman Collection. The American Museum of
Natural History has recently received, through the generosity
of Mr. Frank M. Johnson, the Carlos C. Hoffmann collection,
consisting primarily of Mexican Lepidoptera and scorpions.
Dr. Hoffmann lived in Mexico for many years and the collection,
which is in magnificent condition, is the result of over thirty
years of work. It contains nearly 15,000 spread Lepidoptera,
mostly identified, and about as many specimens in papers. It
is particularly rich in Saturniidae, Sphingidae, and butterflies
of the southern two-thirds of Mexico, but includes also large
numbers of small moths. The northern part of the country is
rather poorly represented in comparison with the southern por-
tion. The scorpion collection is from the entire country, and
contains seven hundred specimens.

Dr. Hoffmann was much interested in medical entomology,
whence his interest in scorpions probably arose. He published
several papers on Mexican scorpions, including a revision of
the species occurring in that country. On Lepidoptera he pub-
lished numerous papers, describing many species the types of
most of which (in addition to the scorpion types) were received
with the collection. His papers on Lepidoptera culminated in
a series of catalogues of Mexican species of the various families.

The collection will be of great value as it is from a region
where most North American collections are poor. For this
reason it will make possible studies of distribution and geo-
graphical variation heretofore impossible.

Cornell University. The Department of Entomology
announces the inauguration of a five year research program
, to study the amino acids of insects. This work is made possi-
ble by a grant from the Lalor Foundation of Wilmington, Dela-
ware, and is being carried out in the laboratories of Insect
Physiology of the Department of Entomology. The project
supports two research fellows and appointments have been made
for Mr. H. L. House who is on a leave of absence from the
Dominion Parasite Laboratory at Belleville, Ontario, and Mr.
J. J. Pratt, Jr., who has recently been discharged from the
U.S.P.H.S. Initial studies will include the identification of
the amino acids in insects, and the amino acid nutritional re-
quirements of insects.

This column is intended only for wants and exchanges, not for

advertisements of goods for sale or services rendered. Notices

not exceeding three lines free to subscribers.

These notices are continued as long as our limited space will allow;
the new ones are added at the end of the column, and, only when
necessary those at the top (being longest in) are discontinued.

Wanted — Mosquitoes for determination, or exchange for S. E.
specimens. Particularly desire larvae. H. R. Dodge, Box 1095,
Macon, Ga.

Arctic Lepidoptera on hand, including Erebia, Oeneis and Brenthis.
R. J. Fitch, Lloydminster, Sask., Canada.

Odonata — Will buy or exchange North and Central American
species, both images and nymphs. Also will exchange other orders
for Odonata. Carl Cook, Crail Hope, Kentucky.

I want to collect Rothschildia farbesi, agapema, galfina and io
moths for interested persons. E. Frizzell, Route 4, San Benito,
Texas.

Lepidoptera — Wanted, Hyloicus (Sphinx) and other Sphingidae in
exchange for U. S. and Wisconsin Lepidoptera. Win. E. Sicker, 119
Monona Ave., Madison 3, Wisconsin.

Hymenoptera-Aculeata (except ants and bres) and Ichneumonidae
for exchange or purchase. Will collect any order in exchange. I).
G. Shappirio, 4811 17th St., NW, Washington 11, D. C.

Wanted — Papers on C'icindelidae of any part of the world, espe-
cially Soutli America and Pacific. R. G. Dalil, 3225 Grand Ave..
Apt." 13, Oakland 10. Cal.

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Important Mosquito Works

MOSQUITO ATLAS. Part I. The Nearctic Anopheles, important
malarial vectors of the Americas, and Aedes aegypti

and Culex quinquefasciata

MOSQUITO ATLAS. Part II. The more important malaria vec-
tors of the Old World: Europe, Asia, Africa
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the United States; 65 cents, foreign.

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With notes on their Identification, Distribution, Biology and Rela-
tion to Malaria. By Paul F. Russell, Lloyd E. Rozeboom

and Alan Stone

Mailed on receipt of price, $2.00 U. S. Currency. Foreign Delivery
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For sale by the American Entomological Society, 1900 Race Street,
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RECENT LITERATURE

FOR SALE BY

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DIPTERA

1123. — A systematic annotated arrangement of the gen. and sps. of
the Indoaustralian Ephydridrae. I. The subfam. Psilo-
pinae. (71: 47-75, 1945) 60

1127. — A systematic annotated arrangement of the gen. and sps. of
the Neotropical Ephydridae. I. The subfam. Psilopinae.
(71 : 129-163, 1946) 75

1126. — Rapp (W. F.) — Two new Nemocera Diptera. (Sciaridae and

Cecidomyidae). (71 : 125-128, figs., 1946) 20

THE BIOLOGY AND IDENTIFICATION OF

TRYPETID LARVAE
By VENIA TARRIS PHILLIPS

Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, No. 12, 161 pp., 16 pis.,

1946

This is a comprehensive work describing and figuring the important characteristics of the larvae
of forty five species of American fruit flies (Diptera). An indispensible work for economic en-
tomologists. It includes a glossary of the terms used in the descriptions; a list of 442 species of
the family, with their known hosts; a list of their host plants; and an extensive bibliography.
The plates contain 192 exquisitely executed figures.

Price $5.00 (postpaid, domestic delivery) U. S. Currency, remittance must accompany order.

HYMENOPTERA

1118. — Bradley (J. C.) — A preliminary revision of the Pompilinae of
the Americas exclusive of the tribe Pompilini. (70: 23-157,
2 pis., 1944) 1.60

LEPIDOPTERA
1125. — Jones (F. M.)- — Platoeceticus and a remarkable n. sp. of the

genus (Psychidae). (71 : 99-124, 6 pis., 1945) 75

ORTHOPTERA

1121. — Tinkham (E. R.) — Sinochlora, a new tettigoniid gen. from

China, with descr. of 5 n. sps. (70: 235-246, 2 pis., 1945) . . .25

1120. — Rehn (J. A. G.) — A revision of the locusts of the group Hy-

alopteryges (Acrididae). (70: 181-234, 1 pi., 1944) 1.00

1117. — Rehn and Rehn — Studies of certain Cyrtacanthacridoid gen.
(Acrididae). II. Prumnacris, a new No. Amer. gen. of
Holarctic type. (70: 1-21, 2 pis., 1944) 50

1122. — III. Buckellacris, another new No. Amer. gen. of Hoi-
arctic type. (71 : 1-45, 2 pis., 1945) 1 .00

Subscriptions for 1947 are payable mnv

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

OCTOBER 1946

. *

Vol. LVII No. 8

CONTENTS

Freeman — Two new skippers 185

Lasky — Mosquitoes at Denver, Colorado 188

Chamberlin — A new centiped I'M

Rau — Notes on parasites of mud-wasps 195

Rapp — Note on pseudoscorpions

Entomological Literature V\. .*,. i JJ. . 198

Jew— Practical Malariology ->^£*S^*HS£?£< 206

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LVII OCTOBER. 1946 Xo. 8

Two New Species of Skippers from North and

Central America (Lepidoptera:

Hesperiidae)

By H. A. FREEMAN. Pharr, Texas

Celaenorrhinus stallingsi new species (Fig. 1)

This species appears to be nearer jritzgaertneri (Bailey) than
any of the other species in the genus ; however there are several
specific differences that can easily be noticed. In stallingsi the
coloration is darker brown, and the small white spot found in
interspace 1, toward the base, in fritsgaertneri, is absent and in
its place is a black dot. On the under surface of the primaries
the oblique discal band of six white hyaline spots reappears and
below the sixth spot there is a white area that extends to the
(inter margin of the wing. This area is not present in jritz-
(jaertncri. The fringe is concolorous with the wings and not
feebly checkered as in fritsgaertneri. The genitalia differs from
the Godman and Salvin figure ( Biologia, PI. 85, Fig. 4) in the
shape of the uncas and the scaphium. the saccus is shorter and
the vinculum is not recurved, there is a curved spur at the
caudal end of the aedeagus and the terminal arm of the clasper
is longer and more pointed than in jritzgaertneri.

Kxpanse. — J1, 42 mm. ; $, 43 mm.

Described from 2 specimens, 1 J1, V-28-41, Monterrey, N. L.,
MEXICO, collected by Don B. Stalling ; and 1 $, XI-8-44, Pharr
TEXAS, collected by the author.

This species is named in honor of Mr. Don B. Stallings, who
is one of our outstanding lepidopterists.

(185)

'»

186

ENTOMOLOGICAL XK\VS

[Oct.. '46

Holotyt>e—<$, V-28-41, Monterrey, Mexico, is in the Stal-
lings and Turner collection and all o type $. XI-8-44, Pharr,
Texas, is in the collection of the author.

Figure 1. Genitalia of Celaenorrhinus stallingsi new species, <$ holotype,
Monterrey, N. L., Mexico, V-28-41.

Calpodes evansi new species (Fig. 2)

^. — Upper surface. — Primaries, dark brown, becoming
lighter toward the base due to the presence of light br< >wn scales
and hairs. There are two tan subapical spots and four larger
semi-hyaline spots arranged as follows : a narrow one at the
end of the cell, and three larger ones in the lower half of the
wing between the cell and the outer margin. These are all
tan in coloration.

Secondaries, dark brown ground color, well suffused toward
the base with lighter brown scales and hairs. There is an in-
distinct light band running from the coastal margin toward the
anal angle.

Under surface. — Primaries, light brown becoming much
darker toward the base. All of the spots reappear and the
bottom one is suffused with sordid white scales.

Secondaries, brown, with a bluish-violet sheen over all but
the anal angle, which is dark brown. There is an indistinct
white band running from the costal margin nearly to the anal
angle.

Fringe of both wings light brown. Body, dark brown above,
light beneath, nearly white.

Ivii, .'46 J KXTOMOI. OC.ICAL NEWS 187

Expanse. — 15-47 nun.

£ — Similar to the J\ except the hyaline spots on the upper
surface of the primaries are lighter in coloration, the white band
on the lower surface of the secondaries is not easily discernible
and the bluish-violet sheen on that surface of the wing is a little
more pronounced.

Expanse. — 49 mm.

2. Genitalia of Calpodcs ci'ansi nc\v species, c? paratvpe,
Limon, Costa Rica. X-5-15.

Described from 4 specimens, 3 ^^ and 1 J. The data on these
specimens are as follows: 1 <§ , Limon, COSTA RICA, X-5-15,
collector not known ; 1 J\ Belzie. BRITISH HONDURAS. VII-06,
collector not known ; 1 J\ Pharr. TEXAS. X-21-44, and 1 $.
Pharr. TEXAS. X-8-44, both collected by the author. The two
Central American specimens were loaned to the writer by the
American Museum of Natural History.

This species is named in honor of Brig. W. H. Evans of the
British Museum, who first recognized this species as being
undescribed.

Hol«typc.—<$, X-21-44. Pharr. Texas, and allotype ?, X-
8-44. Pharr, Texas, are in the collection of the author. The
two Central American parutypcs are in the collection of the
American Museum of Natural History.

Calpodcs cvansi resembles syhicola H.-S., in the maculation
of the primaries, both above and beneath. The white band on
the under surface of the secondaries is much broader and more
conspicuous in cvansi than in sylvicola. The main difference
is easily discernible in the greater size of cz'cmsi being nearly
twice as large as sylvicola.

188 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct.. '46

Report of Mosquitoes Collected at Fitzsimons Gen-
eral Hospital, Denver, Colorado, During the
Seasons of 1944-1945 *

By WILLIAM R. LASKY, Sgt. U. S. Army, Fitzsimons General
Hospital, Denver, Colorado

There has never been a systematic survey of the mosquitoes
of the State of Colorado. In 1918 Dr. T. D. A. Cockerell, of
the University of Colorado, published a list (Journal Econ. Ent.
XI: 195-200, 1918) on the order of a preliminary survey. In
1924, Dr. Harrison G. Dyar, of the U. S. National Museum,
republished Dr. Cockerell's list as a supplement to his obser-
vations and studies made at Grand Lake, Colorado, at an ele-
vation of 7,000 feet. He was mainly concerned with the Cana-
dian'fauna occurring at that high altitude and, in compiling his
list, he compares his findings with those of Dr. Cockerell.

The writer acknowledges the assistance of others whose en-
couragement and help with difficult identifications have made
this work possible. He is particularly indebted to Colonel Hugh
W.. Mahon, M. C, Chief of Laboratory Services, Fitzsimons
General Hospital, whose constant encouragement and interest
have been most helpful. He is further indebted to Colonel J.
Vincent Falisi, M. C., Chief of Laboratory Services and to 1st
Lt. Hugh L. Keegan, Sn. C., Entomologist, Seventh Service
Command, Omaha, Nebraska, for their careful confirmations of
identifications and for their assistance and advice. The author
wishes to express his thanks to Dr. Maurice T. James of Colo-
rado A. & M. College for his help in determining the validity
of the first record of Cnlc.v pipicns Linn, in Colorado.

* In 1942 the Seventh Service Command Laboratory at Omaha, Ne-
braska, organized a Mosquito Collecting program for the Army instal-
lations in the Service Command. In 1944, Fitzsimons General Hospital
was included in this program. The findings of the Service Command
Laboratory were published by Theodore A. Olson and Hugh L. Keegan,
jointly, in the Journal of Economic Entomology, 1944, Vol. 37, pp. 780-
785 and p. 847. Since these findings deal with the nine state area of this
command and are concerned mainly with the mosquitoes related to dis-
ease transmission, it is felt that the present report, which is more specific
in nature, is warranted.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL XK\\ S 189

This report deals with the eighteen species of mosquitoes,
four of them new to the State, collected on the post area and
within the environs of Fitzsimons General Hospital, located in
Adams County, thirteen miles east of Denver, Colorado, at an
altitude of 5.280 feet.

METHODS OF COLLECTION AND KKSTLTS ( )I:TATNEI>

During the two-season survey, adult mosquitoes were col-
lected nightly in a single Xe\v Jersey-type light trap. This
trap was set up at various points on the po.st and these stations
were rotated weekly. In 1944. 14.459 mosquitoes were col-
lected in the five months. May through Septemher, during
which time the trap was set up 92 nights out of a possible 143
nights. Of the remaining nights, in which no trapping was
done. 40 occurred on weekends, and 1 1 were inclement. In
1945, the survey was conducted from May through October
and 5.285 mosquitoes were trapped. The trap was set up 100
nights out of a possible 184. The season being a very wet
one, 36 nights were unfit for trapping because of rain or snow
and 48 occurred on the weekend. A total of 19,744 mosquitoes
was collected by means of a single trap during the two seasons.
During both seasons, the greatest numbers were collected dur-
ing the last two weeks of August and the first week of Sep-
tember. The species yielding the greatest number of individuals
were: In 1944. Culc.r tarsalis. ,-lcdcs I'c.vans, Culiscta inornata,
Acdi's dorsalis and Culc.r pipicns, in the order named. In 1945,
Culc.r pi[>icns led. followed by .Icdcs I'c.vtins, Culc.v tarsalis,
Cnliscta inornata and .Icdcs dorsalis. (See Table 1.)

Adult mosquitoes were also collected by hand, while both
resting and biting. These collections were made weekly. Rest-
ing collections were made under bridges, road culverts, in build-
ings and under duck nesting shelters at the game refuge. Bit-
ing collections were made both in the daytime and evenings.
In the 1944 season 152 mosquitoes of six species were collected
in this manner. In 1945. 1.475 mosquitoes of 15 species were
taken.

Collections of larvae were made weekly and yielded a total
of 2,020 specimens during the two seasons. Aedes tlorsalis

190 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '46

led as the most numerous species of larva collected ; then came
Acdes Z'e.i'ons, Culc.r tarsalis, Culiseta inoniata and Culcx
pi picas. (See Table 1.) Eighteen distinct breeding sites were
found, of which 5 may be called permanent while the remainder
depend on rainfall, irrigation and snow to become suitable for
breeding. Larvae were taken in animal hoof prints filled with
rain water, in alkaline, grassy rain water pools, in an irrigation
pond marsh, in road ditches, in irrigation ditches throughout
the post area and in the irrigation inlets and catch basins of
this system. Larvae were taken in an ornamental fish pond, at
the grassy sides of a natural creek, in waste disposal cans par-
tially filled with rain water and even in an old rain-water-filled
bedpan on the post dump.

The following table summarizes the results of the collections
during the two seasons of the survey. A total of eighteen spe-
cies was found, belonging to four genera. Of the 29,391 speci-
mens taken, over half were of Culcx tarsalis.

TABLE 1. Mosquito Collections at Fitzsimons General Hospital During

1944 and 1945 Seasons

Species Trap Hand Larvae Total

Aedes dorsalis 388 37 5,853 6,278

Aedes fitchii 2 1 3

Aedes increpitus 15 110 125

Aedes nigromaculis 51 49 9 109

Aedes sticticus 2 2

Aedes triseriatus 15 9 24

Aedes trivittatus 58 3 20 81

Aedes vexans 1,789 47 838 2,674

Culex apicalis 3

Culex pipiens 2,691 165 2,929

Culex restuans 10 10

Culex salinarius 2 2

Culex tarsalis 14,103 901 666 15.670

Culiseta incidens 9 36 55 100

Culiseta inornata 590 262 499 1.351

Culiseta melanura 2

Culiseta morsitans 1

Psorophora signipennis 12 1 3

19,744 1,627 8.020 29.391

Ivii, '46 1 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

A'r;v records for the Slate of Colorado

Aedcs sticticus Meigen. Four adult $5- I" traP: Aug. 10
and 15. Biting: Aug. 8 and 13. 1945.

//«/« ti-iscriatits Say. Twenty-four adults, all in 1945. In
trap: ^, Aug. 16. 26, 30. Sept.' 6; $?. July 30. Aug. 16. 21.
23 (2 specimens). Sept. 6 (2 spmns.). Sept. 7 (4 spurns.).
Biting: July 26 (3 spmns.). Sept. 4. Resting: <?<?. July 9. 16,
Aug. 13; ?$, July 23. 30.

Cnle.v pipicns Linn. Two thousand and nine hundred and
twenty-nine adults and larvae were collected. The following
records include both sexes. In trap: Sept. 4 to Oct. 1. 1944.
92. Aug. 7 to Oct. 31. 1945. 2.599. Resting: Sept. 30. 1944.
42. Aug. 8 to Oct. 31. 1945. 123. Larvae: Sept. 15 to 29,
1944, 37. Aug. 2 to Sept. 25. 1945. 36 specimens.

Cnlev restnaus Theobald. Ten adults were collected, all in
1944. j\ Aug. 16. ?$. Aug. 16. 17. 19. 20, 24. 26 (2 spmns. ) .
Sept. 3. 4.

NOTES
Aedes dorsalis Meigen

Aedes dorsalis is the second most abundant mosquito in our
area. It breeds in tremendous numbers in grassy pastureland
that has many cattle footprints and shallow depressions which
periodically fill with snow and rain-water forming shallow,
alkaline pools. The larvae develop very fast in these pools,
which soon become black with their countless numbers. The
end of April is the earliest breeding date recorded and by May
4th literally thousands of Aedcs dorsalis were observed emerg-
ing. Breeding continues throughout the season as late as the
first of September and larvae are to be found any time during
this period provided the area has not dried up. This area docs
dry up three or four times during the season but frequent sum-
mer showers make it suitable for breeding again. Associated
with . ledes dorsalis may be found small numbers of Aedes
iiit/roinaeiilis. .ledes tririttuhis. Aedes re. vans and Cnle.v tar-
salis. .ledes dorsalis were also found breeding in several other
temporary rain-water-filled prairie pastureland depressions, in
both shaded situations and in sunlight. They were found in
fairly large numbers in a road-ditch filled with slowly running
irrigation water together with Culiseta inoniafa. In very
small numbers, it occurred in an artificial, stagnant tish pond

192 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '46

on the hospital grounds with Citliscta inoniata, Citliscta incidciis
and Cnlc.\- tarsalis. Finally, it was found breeding in animal
hoof prints at the side of, but never in. a small, natural creek,
Tollgate Creek. It was never found in permanent locales such
as the irrigation marshes north of the hospital or in the post
irrigation system's catch-basins.

Acdcs dorsalis is a very important pest in this area. On the
golf course it rests in fairly large numbers and when disturbed
by golfers passing by it does not hesitate to attack legs and
arms. Though these insects were particularly vicious after
sundown, if disturbed, they bite throughout the day.

Aedes fitchii Felt and Young

Only three specimens of this mosquito were taken, all in
1945, so it may be assumed that this species is rare in our area.
Two of the specimens were trap-collected, on July 4 and July
20, in the middle of the hospital area near an ornamental fish
pond. The third was found July 6 resting under the ties of
the bridge that spans Tollgate Creek.

Aedes increpitus Dyar

This species was not found in our area until the 1945 season
when it was taken in moderate numbers resting under Tollgate
Creek bridge. The first specimens were taken May 16 and the
last were taken the end of July. Through these months a few
specimens wrere taken biting on the post area. Fifteen indi-
viduals were found in the trap from May 15th to the first of

July.

Aedes nigromaculis Ludlow

This mosquito was taken in largest numbers in the light-trap,
51 individuals being taken thus. It was also collected in mod-
erate numbers by hand, while resting and biting, and many
were observed emerging from pupae that were living with
Acdcs dorsalis and Psorophora si</nipcnnis in the rain-water-
filled, grassy depressions and hoof-prints adjacent to Tollgate
Creek on July 26. 1945. Larvae were collected in this same
.breeding area from June 7th to August 13th. 1(H5. in small

Ivii. '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 193

numbers and together with Acdcs dorsdlis. Acdcs tririttahts
and Acdcs -I'c.rans. They were not found breeding elsewhere
about the post and it is thought that they prefer the above alka-
line, grassy marshes to other types of breeding areas. In the
trap, .Icdcs nigromaculis was collected from June ISth to the
middle of September. This mosquito was much more fre-
quentlv taken in the trap in the 1(>45 season than in the 1944,
season.

Acdcs nigromaculis was found to bite very savagely late in
the afternoon and during the day if disturbed from its resti
place in the high grasses near its breeding locale. It i> :
uncommon to constitute an important pest.

Aedes sticticus Meigen

Specimens of Acdcs sticticus were collected only by trap and
while biting in the daytime. The four specimens taken are the
first published records of this mosquito from Colorado.

Aedes triseriatus Say

Twenty-four specimens, both male and female, of this >pe-
cies were collected during 1945 at Fitzsimons. These are the
first published records for this state. Although extensive in-
vestigation was made to ascertain the breeding locales, none
was found. There are no really suitable tree-holes in the area
surrounding the post as most of the trees, cottonwoods and
willows, have such porous bark that the rain water does not
remain in their crevasses longer than 48 hours, even after heavy
rains. Presumably this mosquito is breeding elsewhere and
further work is necessary to discover its breeding place. Adult>
occurred in small numbers throughout the post, especially in
the vicinity of the duck pond refuge where it was found active
and biting throughout the day. Both trap and hand collections
were made throughout July, August and as late as September
7th, 1945. However, nowhere was it observed in any numbers.

Further work will be necessary to determine its local impor-
tance. It is a vicious daytime biter and of some annoyance to
golfers.

(To be continued )

194 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct.. '46

A New Centiped of the Genus Guambius from

Mississippi

By RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN

The new lithobiid centipecl here described is represented by
a male and female forming part of a small collection made at
Pass Christian, Mississippi, in February, 1946, and submitted
to me for study by Wm. F. Rapp, Jr. Other chilopod species
represented are the following: Thcatops posticus (Say), Cryp-
tops hyalimts (Say). Otocryptops sexspinosus (Say), Scolo-
pcndra z'iridis Wood. Neolithobius inorda.r (Koch). Geophilus
nwrda.v Meinert. The types of the new species are retained in
the author's collection at the University of Utah.

Guambius (Sibibius) christianus, new species

Dorsum uniform light brown, the head but little darker. An-
tennae dark brown, paler at tip. Legs with middle joints brown,
the proximal ones paler and the tarsus yellow or somewhat
rufous except at base.

Antennae short, composed of 26 articles. Ocelli in three se-
ries, 1+3,3,2; the single ocellus largest, the most caudal of the
top series also large, the ocelli of the bottom series small.

Prosternal teeth 2+2, the outer tooth on each side slightly
larger than the mesal one; median incision V-shaped, the angle
acute. Ectal spine setifonn. Coxal pores round 4(5). 4.4.4.

Ventral spines of first legs 0.0,0,0.1; dorsal also 0.0,0,0,1.
Ventral spines of penult legs 0,1,2,3,2; dorsal 0,0,3,2.2(1);
claws 3. Ventral spines of anal legs, 0,1,3.3,1 ; dorsal. 0,0,2,1,0;
claws 2. None of the coxae armed.

The claw of the female genital forceps large and strictly entire.
Basal spines 2+2, these all conically acute from base to apex,
the messal one on each side much smaller than the ectal one.

Length of female holotype, 12.5 mm.

Locality. — MISSISSIPPI : Pass Christian. An adult female
and a not fully mature male were taken on February 15. 1946
by J. and \\ . Rapp.

Ivii, '46] KXTOMOLOG1CAL NK\VS 195

The male is 9.2 mm. long. In the spining of the legs it differs
in having the ventral spines of the penult 0,1.2,2,2, and of the
anal legs on one side 0,1,2,2,1. The penult legs not as yet modi-
fied. The fourth article of the anal legs with a longitudinal
dorsal sulcus mesad of which is a longitudinal ridge bearing a
series of setae. The ocelli are 1+3.2.1.

The species is apparently nearest to G. ocdipcs (Bollman)
of Arkansas, hut it is a smaller form with claws of anal legs 2
instead of 3, etc. There is no indication in the not fully devel-
oped male of christiamts of such exceptionally strong modifica-
tion of the anal and penult legs as characterize ocdipcs.

Notes on a Few Dipterous and Hymenopterous
Parasites of Mud-wasps (Dipt.,
Hymenoptera)

BY PHIL RAU, Kirk wood. Missouri

HYMENOPTERA

Mcsostcnns discoidalis Cr. [H. K. Townes|.* A bamboo
stem (. inindiaria tccta) from Reelfoot Lake. Tennesee. con-
tained two cocoons of an unknown Trypoxylon wasp. From
these emerged two ichneumonid parasites, M. discoidalis Cr.
The insects left the cocoons nearly a month apart, one on May 6,
and the other on June 4, 1941. Some years earlier, a parasite
of this species (determined by R. A. Cushman) emerged from
a nest of Sccliphron caementarium on May 15. Some of the cells
in this nest were reused by the wasp rscndni/cnia inillipcs. so I
do not know which of the two wasps was host to the parasite.
There are three species of the genus Mcsostcnns listed in "In-
sects of New York" (1928). but hosts are not given for any of
them.

H The names of the specialists \vliu named the insirt> appear in hrackrt-.

196 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct.. '46

Chrysis parvitla Fab. [H. K. Townes]. Several dead speci-
mens of this parasite were found in the sealed cells of •Scdiplinni
caementariuui in a nest taken at Steeleville, Missouri, in 1942.
In one of the cocoons in the same nest, made by Chalybion cy-
ancnin, another C. parvula was found. The latter observation
shows, of course, that the host lived long enough to make its
cocoon after parasitization.

Sphaerophthalmapennsylvanicascavea¥>\ake. [H. K. Townes].
A dead male of this parasite was found within the cocoon of 6".
caementariinn in a mud nest taken in St. Louis county, Missouri,
and two additional males emerged from similar nests brought
from Huzzah, Mo. and Ellsworth, Kansas. The former emerged
on June 10, 1942, and the latter on Aug. 30, 1942. Here too, the
hosts did not die until after they had produced the cocoons.

DlPTERA

Anthrax daphne O. S. [R. H. Painter]. Several of these
parasites emerged from the cells of Scdiphron caeincntariuin
Aug. 4 to 6, 1942. The mud nest was taken near Scott City,
Kansas.

Anthrax alb ojas datum Macq. [R. H. Painter]. Two cocoons
of Trypoxylon davatmn taken from an old nest of 5". cacincn-
tariuin were parasitized by this fly. The nest was taken near
Eminence, Missouri, and the adults emerged July 23, 1942.

Anthrax pauper O. S. [R. H. Painter]. A nest of 6". cacuicn-
tarium sent by a friend from somewhere in Oklahoma gave forth
parasites of this species on June 12, 1942, and nests collected
from Scott City, Kansas, gave several adults in August, 1942.

Anthrax slossonae Johns. [R. H. Painter]. Six adults of this
parasite emerged from the cocoons of Trypoxylon polltnm, the
pipeorgan builder. The nests were taken at Reelfoot Lake,
Tennessee, and the flies emerged June 7 to 16, 1941.

Toxophora amphitca Walk. [H. R. Painter]. Several cells in
an old Polistes nest had been reused and sealed with mud by the
wasp Odynerus foramina-tits Sauss. From two of these cells, a
male and a female T. amphitae emerged on May 26, 1942. The
nest was taken at Gray Summit, Missouri.

Ivii, '46 | ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Note on Pseudcscorpions

liv JAXKT L. C. RAIT, University of Illinois. Urbana. THinm-

T \ventv-nne specimens of pseudoscorpions were collected co-
incidentally with the author's field work on a |)rohlem for a
thesis entitled "Insect Hihernutioii Studies in Champaigr
( 'onnty, Illinois, During the Winter of 1 '.'44-45." so far unpub-
lished. Most of the insects and the pseudoscorpions were taken
with the use of a Jacot apparatus.1 a modification ot that orig-
inally proposed by Berlese. Essentially this consisted of a
large funnel of sheet steel or copper with a sieve at the bottom
and a 300 watt bulb suspended within an inch of the sample
of litter taken from the field. The dry heat of this light drove
the specimens downward through the sieve and into a beaker
of 70 percent alcohol placed beneath the funnel. Surprisingly,
in more than 90 such samples, pseudoscorpions were found only
three times and then all from the same locality, Urbana, Feb-
ruary 18, 1945. This area, lying east of town, was fairly
wooded and not far from the west branch of the Salt Fork
River. Several chestnut trees, evidently victims of the chestnut
blight, had fallen and were starting to rot. Some of these were
pried up and the material underneath was found to be free of
fro>t. Debris from the tree plus some of the underlying soil
yielded the following specimens:

M icrohisiitin hnninciiin Hagen (1)
Pselaphochernes puri'its Hoff (20)

The pseudoscorpions we're kindly determined by Dr. C. Clay-
ton 1 1 off of Quincv College.

Personal

We have learned by letter from I'.uenos Aires that Dr.
Augustin Riggi has been appointed Director of the Museo
. \rgentino de Ciencias Xaturales. " I'.ernardino Rivadavia,"
as of July 10, 1946.

1 Jacot, A. P. 1936. Soil structure and soil biology. Ecology. 17:
359-379.

198 ENTOMOLOGICAL XK\VS [Oct., '46

Current Entomological Literature

COMPILED BY CHARLES HODGE IV, RAYMOND Q. BLISS,

EDWIN T. MOUL, MAURICE E. PHILLIPS AND

HENRY K. TOWNES JR.

This list gives references of the current or preceding year unless otherwise noted.
Continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installment.

Papers published in ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS are not listed.

GENERAL— Anon.— F. W. Xunenmacher. (Obituary).
[28 1 22: 70. Allenspach, V. — Preparation of small beetles.
[26] 19: 343-347. Blackwelder, R. E.— Fabrician Genotype
Designations. [9] 41 : 72-78. Collart, A.— Regards sur le
moncle des Dipteres. [8| 82: 18-14. Edney, E. B.— An
Apparatus for Handling Small Living Insects. [10] 37:
83-87 ill. Gadd, C. H. — Macrocentrus homonae — a poly-
embryonic parasite of tea tortrix (Homona coffgearia).
[12] '23: 67-80. Gemignani, E. V. and Rodriguez, R.-
Damage to wood by Hylotrupes bajulus (L.) (Coleopt. :
Ceramb.). [34] 10": 370-378. Gibson, A.— Obituary of
Theodore Henry Prison. |11| 78: 23-24. Grensted, L.
W. — Pleuron, Pleura and Pleurite : A Postscript. (15] 82:
146-147. Knowlton, G. F. — Grasshoppers eaten by Utah
birds. [20] 19: 71-72. Van Hearden, H. P.— Some histo-
logical methods of interest to entomologists. [19] 8: 157-
161. Weiss, H. B.— Fred M. Schott, 1887-1946. Obituary.
[21] 54: 170-171.

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, MEDICAL— Allard, H.

A. — Synchronous Singing of 17-year Cicadas'. [29] 48:
93-95. Cassab, A. — Le regime alimentaire de la Courtiliere
(Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae). [6] 1943: 83-86. Donis-
thorpe, H. — Fifty Gynandromorphous Ants taken in a single
Colonv of M. sabuleti Meinert in Ireland. [14] 79: 121-131,

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 199

ill. Fenjves, P. — Bionomics of the aphid. My/us persicae
Sulz. of the potato. [26] 19: 489-611. Fox-Wilson, G.-
Factors Affecting Populations of Social \Yusps. Vespula Sp..
in England. f31] 21: 17-27. ill. Habib, A.— Biology and
bionomics of Asterolecanium pustulans Ckll. (Hemiptera:
Coccidea) . [ 6J 1943 : 87-1 12. Hayward, Kenneth J.— Food
plants of Argentine Hesperiiclae. 1 34 j 11: 31-36. Hean,
A. F. — Notes on maternal care in thrips. [19] 6: 81-83.
Henson, H. — On the Malpighian tubules of F. auricularia
(Dermap.). |31 | 21 : 29-39, ill. Hudson, G. H.- -The ten-
torium in Orthoptera. 1 19] 8: 71-90. Joerg, M. E. — En-
sayo de cultivo de celulas ectodermicas cle un insecto. [33]
1 : 65-68. Krause, J. B. — The Structure of the Gonads of
Wood-Eating Beetle, P. cornutus Fabr. |3] 39: 193-206,
ill. Leclerq, J. — Insects which drink water. [8] 82: 71-
75. Linck, E. — Copulation in Carausius morosus I'.r. (Or-
thopt.; Phasm.). [26] 19: 202-203. Martin, C. H. and
Finney, G. L. — Control of sex-ratio in Macrocentrus ancyli-
vorus Rowher. 1 18] 39: 296-299. Nadig, A.— Copulation
in chionea (Diptera). [26] 19: 308-316. Riedel, F. A.-
Connective Tissue in the Ventriculus of Certain Lubber
Grasshoppers (Orth. Acricli.). [3] 39: 289-303, ill. Rose-
dale, J. L. — On the composition of insect chitin. [19] 8:
21-. Shay, D. E — Observations on the Cellular Enclosures
of the Mid-Gut Epithelium of Periplaneta americana. [3]
39: 165-169, ill. Theron, P. P. A. — Terminating diapause in
codling moth larvae. [19] 6: 114-123. Ullyett, G. C.— On
the function of the caudal appendage in primary larvae of
parasitic Hymenoptera. |19| 7: 30-37. Ullyett, G. C.-
Oviposition by Ephestia kuhniella Zell. |19) 8: 53-59.
Ullyett, G. C. — Some aspects of parasitism in field popula-
tions of Plutella maculipennis Curt. |19) 6: 65-80. Van
der Merwe, J. S. — Biology and ecology of Mormoniella vi-
tripennis Walk. ( Pteromalidae, Hymenoptera). [19] 6:
48-64. Zolotarev, E. K. — Influence of chloroform on gas
cons exchange of chrysalids of Antherea p'ernyi Guer. |7|
49 : 20-23.

ARACHNIDA AND MYRIOPODA— Bequaert, J. C.-

The Ticks, or Ixodoidea. of X.K.U.S. and E. Canada. |13|
25: 185-232 (k). Bouvier G. and Gaschen, H. — Mites para-
-itic on Diptera. |26| 19: 191-197. Chamberlin, R. V.-
On the Chilopods of Alaska. [3] 39: 177-18C> (k*). ill.
Chamberlin, R. V. — .A \V\\ Si-lirndyloid Chilopod fnun C;il.

200 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '46

[28] 22: 69-70. Cooreman, J.— Tyroglyphopsis frennetti
n. sp. \S] 81 : 241-244. Giinthart, E.— Spinning mites (red
spiders) and their natural enemies. [26] 19: 279-308.
Nesbitt, H. H. J. — Three New Mites from Xova Scotian
Apple Trees. [11] 78: 15-22, ill.

SMALLER ORDERS— Berner, L.— N. Spp. of Florida
Mayflies (Ephe.). [17 1 28: 60-82. ill. Carriker, M. A.,
Jr.— Neotropical Mallophaga Miscellany No. 1. [4] 4:
165-189 (*), ill. Henson, H. — See under Anat. Jameson,
E. W., Jr. — A new sp. of Epitedia Jordan (Siphonaptera).
[20] 19: 62-65. Kennedy, C. H. — Archaeepodagrion bilub-
ata, n. sp.. from Central Ecquador. [3] 39: 171-176, ill.
Moulton, D. — -N. sp. of Thrips from Haiti and Turkestan.
[28] 22: 56-58. Moulton, D.— Two n. sp. of Thrips from
N. A. [28] 22: 59-60. Ross, H. H.— A Review of the Ne-
arctic Lepidostomatidae (Trich.). [3] 39: 265-291 (k*),
ill. Snyder, T. E. — A Small, Dark-Colored New Kalotermes
from Guatemala. [29] 48: 158-160. Williner, G. J.— As-
calafidos Argentines. [34] 12 : 425-437 (*). Wray, D. L.
—New Collembola from North Carolina. |9| 41 : 79-85,
ill.

ORTHOPTERA — Daguerre, J. B. — Biological observa-
tions on Dichroplus arrogans (Stal). ]34| 10: 341-346.
Liebermann, J. — The genus Adimantus Stal in Argentina.
[34] 12: 416-424. Liebermann, J.— Antiphon gallus Stal,
new for Argentina. [34 1 10: 363-367. Liebermann, J.-
Geographical distribution of some genera of Argentine
acridines. [34] 1: 103-106. Rehn, j. A. G.— One Genus
and Six n. sp. of C. American and Columbian Pseudophyl-
linae (Ortho., Tettig.). [38] 72: 1-26 (k), ill. Shay, D. E.
—See under Anat., etc.

HEMIPTERA— Allard, H. A.— (See under Anat., etc.)
Ball, E. D. and Parker, F. H.— Some New N. A. Tdiocerus
(Homo., Cica.). [20] 19: 73-82. Beamer, R. H.— A N. Sp.
of Delphacine Fulgorid w/notes on Four Other Spp. [20]
19: 82-87, ill. Bodenheimer, F. S. — Additions to the Coc-
coidea of Iraq, with 2 new spp. [6] 1944 : 85-100. Calkins,
L. A. — Notes on the juniper mealy bug. Pseudococcus ju-
niperi Ehr. [20] 19: 66-68. DeCarlo, J. A.— New spp. of
Limnocoris Stal. [34] 11: 37-41. DeCarlo, J. A.— New
spp. of Cryphocricus Sign, and Heleocoris Stal. [34] 10:
426-433. DeCarlo, J. A. — Aquatic and semi-aquatic Hemip-
tera. [33] 1 : 1-4 (*). DeCarlo, J. A.— Los Ranatridae de

Ivii, '46 J KNTo:\ioi.o:;ir.\L NK\VS 201

Sud America. |1| 42: 1-3S. PI. I-VII (k*). DeLong,
D. M. and Hershberger, R .V. — Tin- (ienus Sam-tarns in
X. A. Including the Mexican species. |3| 39: 207-224 (k*),
ill. Habib, A.— (See Anat., etc.) Hepner, L. W.-
Snbgenus and Several X. S])]). of Scaphylopius. [20| }'>:
S7-109. Hungerford, H. B. — A new genus and species of
Xotonectidae. [20) 19:59-61. Jensen, D. D.— A New Eu-
])halerns and Notes on Other Spp. of Psyllidae from Idaho
(Homo. Psyll.i. |3| 39: 242-245. ill. Knowlton, G. F.-
Minnte Pirate Bug Notes. |9| 41 : 103. Knowlton, G. F.
Deraeocoris brevis Feeding ( )bservations. |9| 41 : 100-101.
Knowlton, G. F. — Some Aphid Host Record-. [28] 22: 75-
76. Knull, D. J.— The Genus Bandara Ball (Homo.. Cica.).
|3| 39: 259-264 (k*). ill. McKenzie, H. L.— A New Sp. of
Lcpidosaphes Attacking Yendsobium Orchids in Hawaii
and Calif. |30| 12: 611-613, ill. Rubin, G. J.— Three new'
spp. ot Neohaematopinus. |29| 48 : 119-124. Ruckes, H.
-Mecidea minor, a N. Sp. of Pentatomid from Xe\v Mexico.
[9] 41 : 86-88. ill. Schott, F. M.— 17-Year Cicada Notes for
1945. 1 21 | 54: 167-169. Torre-Bueno, J. R. de la— On
1 leperotirgis Antennata Drake. |9] 41: 94-95. Usinger,
R. L. — Xotes on the Synonymy and Classification of the
Ericocephalidae. [3| 39: 170. 'Usinger, R. L.- Motes and
Descriptions of Ceratocombus. |30| 12:633-636 (S*i.

LEPIDOPTERA— Blevins, T. B.— Xotes on Zerem-
eurydice. [28] 22: 74-75. Bourquin, F. — Metamorpho-i-
of Megalopyge undnlata vulpina Berg. |34| 12: 387-393.
Bourguin, F. — Metamorphosis of Megalopyge albicollis
Walker. | 34 1 1 1 : 22-30. Bourquin, F.^On the metamor-
phosis of Eulia fletcheriella Kohler. [34 1 10: 394-398.
Bourguin, F. — Metamorphosis of Citheronia vogleri Wey-
enb. | 34 | 10: 354-362. Bourquin, F. — Xotes on metamor-
phosis of Opsiphanes guiteria ])hilon h'rust. | 34 | 1 : 75-76.
Clench, H. K. — Notes on the Amvntor (iroup of tin- (ienns
Thecla. |14| 79: 152-157 (*). Comstock, W. P.— A Sa-
tnrnid from the Bahamas. |21] 54: 171-172. Engelhardt,
G. P.— The X. A. Clear-Wing Moths of the Family Aegeri-
idae. |41| 190: 1-201. PI. 1-32 (k*). Janse, A. J. T.-
('ontril)ntion to the study of the Phycitinac ( Pvralidae.
l.rp.i. | I'M 4: 134-166; 5: 27-45; 7: 1-16; 8: 24-48. Koeh-
ler, P.— ( )n the genus Eudule Hl)ii. | 34 | 1 : 61-64. Kohler,
P. — Xew -pp. .if Argentine Lepidoptcra. | 34 | 10: 3oS 369
Lichy, R. — Documents ]>onr >ervir a 1'etnde des Sphingidae
dn Vene/.uela. |4| 5: 1 5-2o. ill. Lichy, R.-- Documents

202 ENTOMOLOGICAL NKWS [Oct., '46

pour servir a 1 'etude des Lepidopteres du Venezuela. |4]
5: 1-13 (*). ill. McDunnough. J. — A Study of the Caryae-
foliella Group of the Familv Coleophoridae (Lep.). [11]
78: 1-14 (k*). ill. McDunnough, J.— New N. A. Phalaeri-
dae \v/notes. [11] 78:28-35. McDunnough, J. — Revision
of the N. A. Genera and Spp. of Phalaenid Subfamily Plusi-
inae (Lep.). [24] 2: 175-232 (k*). ill. Stallings, D. B. and
Turner, J. R. — Notes on Kansas Butterflies. [20] 19: 110.
Warren, B. C. S.; dos Passes, C. F., and Grey, L. P.— Sup-
plementary Notes on the Classification of Argynninae ( Lep.,
Nymph.).' [31] 15: 71-73.

DIPTERA— Alexander, C. P.— New or little-known Ti-
pulidae (Dipt.)— LXXV. Neotropical Spp. [2| 12: 579-
609. Alexander, C. P. — Undescribed Spp. of Tipula from
Western N. A. (Dipt.. Tip.), Part III. [9| 41 : 65-71. An-
drews, H. W. — A suggested nomenclature for the Wino-
Bands of certain Trypetidae (Dipt.). [16] 58: 75-78, ill.
Bean, J. L. — A Preliminary List of the Mosquitoes of Maine.
[ 1 1 ] 78 : 25-28. Belkin, J.' N., Knight, K. L., and Rozeboom,
L. E. — Anopheline Mosquitoes of the Solomon Islands and
New Hebrides. [22] 31: 241-265 (k*), ill. Blanchard, E.
E. — Six new species of Argentine Otitidae. |33j 1 : 85-96.
Blanchard, E. E. — Apuntes sobre Dipteros argentinos.
[33| 1: 5-12 (*). Collart, A.— (See General.) Del Ponte,
E. and Heredia, R. L. — Anopheles holmbergi n. sp. [34]
12 : 382-386. DeMeijere, J. C. H.— Die Larven der Agromy-
zinen. |37| 1944: 65-74. Efflatoun Bey, H. C.— Mono-
graph of Egyptian Diptera, Part VI, Bombyliidae. [6|
1945: i_483 *(k). Fluke, C. L. and Hull, F. M.— Syq>hid
Flies of Genus Cheilosia, Subgenus Chilomyia in N. A.
(Part II). [40] 36: 327-347 (k*), ill. Fox, L— A Review
of the Spp. of Biting Midges or Culicoides from the Carib-
bean Region (Dipt., Cerato.). [3] 39: 248-258 (k*). ill.
Hoogstraal, H. — The larva and male of Aedes (Skuska)
amesii (Ludlow). [29] 48: 125-131. Iriarte, D. R.— La
Familia Simuliidae en Venezuela. [5] 14: 333-347, ill.
Knight, K. L. — The Aedes (Finlaya) niveus subgroup of
Oriental mosquitoes. [23 1 36: 270-280*. Ortiz," C. S.-
Catalogo de los Dipteros de Chile. Santiago. 1946. pp. 1-
253 (*). Reinhard, H. J. — The genus Minthozelia in U. S.
[20 1 19: 52-58. Reinhard, H. J.— Review of the Tachinid
Genera Siphophyto and Coronimyia (Diptera). [29 1 48:
79-92 (k*). Rincones, R. G. — Juicio sobre el trabajo de in-
corporacion del Dr. David R. Iriarte a la Academia National

Ivii, '46] KXTOMOLOOU AI, XK\VS 203

cle Medicina. La Familia Simuliidae en Venezuela. [5|
14: 349-353. Roth, L. M.— The Female Genitalia of the
\Vyeomyia of X. A. (Dipt.. Culic.). |3| 39: 292-297 (k),
ill. Streisinger, G. — The Carclini Sp. Gp. of the Genii-
Drosophila. [21| 54: 105-113. ill. (S*). Vargas, L.— The
Anopheles pseudopunctipennis complex. [35 1 6: 265-270.

COLEOPTERA — Aravena, R. O. — Coleoptera of the S.
W. region of province of Buenos Aires. [34] 10: 347-350.
Arrow, G. J. — A Xe\v Giant Sp. of Ruteline Coleoptera.
[31 1 15: 49-50 (S), ill. Barber, H. S.— A Xe\v Tortoise
beetle from Texas (Coleo, Cassid.). \9\ 41: 102-103.
Blackwelder, R. E. — Checklist of the Coleopterous Insect>
of Mexico. Central America, the West Indies, and South
America. Part 4. [41 | 185: 551-763. Blake, D. H.-
Species of beetles of genus Lactica from West Indies closelv
related to L. tibialis (Olivier). [23 1 36: 267-269 *(kj.
Blake, D. H. — Seven new spp. of West Indian Chrysomeli-
dae. [29] 48: 111-119. Bradley, J. C.— The Family Xame
of Anthribidae (Coleo.). the Identity of Amblycerus thon-
berg. and the Taxonomic Position of Eusphvrus Le Conte.
[9] 41 : 96-99. Cartwright, O. L.— Two Xew Psammodius
from S. East U. S. (Coleo.. Scarab.). [9| 41 : 89-91. Cha-
pin, E. A. — Review of the Xew World Spp. of Hippodamia
Dejean (Coleo. Coccin.). |36| 106: 1-39 + PI. 1-22 (f).
Denier, P. C. L. — Enumeration! Coleopterorum ameriean-
orum familiae Meloidarum. [34] 10: 418-425 (*). Denier,
P. C. L. — Estudios sobre Meloidos Americanos. [33] 1 :
15-28. Dethlefsen, E. S.— A X. Sp. of Bolitobius from the
Pacific Coast. [28 1 22: 71-72. Dillon, L. S. and E. S.

-The Tribe Onciderini. Part II. [32| (k*). ill. Dillon.
L. S. and E. S. — Review of the Onocephalini (Coleo., CVr-
amb.). 1 38 1 72: 27-48 (Sk*). ill. Fender, K. M.— Some
Xew Oregon Beetles. [28] 22: 66-68 (k). Frick, K. E._-
Xew Record for Aulicus terrestris Linsley. |28| 22: 55.
Green, J. W. — A X. Sp. of Enochrus (Coleo., Hvdro. ).
|38| 72: 61-64 (k). ill. Hagen, K. S.— Occurrence of Ceu-
torhynchus assimilis ( Paykull ) in Calif. [28| 22: 73.
Hatch, M. H. — Xote on Introduced Spp. of Carabus in X. A.
[9] 41 : 71. Hatch, M. H.— Mr. Ross II. ArnettV "Revision
of the Xearctic Silphini and Xicrophorini." [21] 54: 99-
103. Hatch, M. H. — Notes on European Coleoptera in
Washington, including a n. sp. of Megasternum. | 2S | 22:
77-80 (k). Hinton, H. E. — Svnopsis of Brazilian Spp. of
Elsianus Sharp (Coleo.. Elm.)". |3'»| <»6: 125-149 (k*), ill.

204 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '46

Knull, J. N. — A X. Sp. of Dirhagus w notes on Other Eu-
cremidae (Coleo.). |3| 39: 246-247. Krause, J. B.— See
under Anat. Kuschel, P. G. — Aportes entomologicos (II)
-Cratosomus Gyll. (Coleop., Curcul.). [34] 12: 359-381
(*k). Linsley, E. G. — Preliminary Key to the Spp. of
Pleocoma. [28] 22: 61-65. 'Martinez, A. — New and little
known insects (IV) (Col. Scarab.). [34] 12: 394-409 (S).
Monros, F. — Tres interesantes eonfusiones en Chrysome-
loidea neotropicales. [34] 12: 410-415. Nunenmacher, F.
W. — Studies Among the Coccinellidae, No. 10. [28] 22:
72-73 (*). d'Orchymont, A. — A propos du nom de famille
Ptiliidae. [8] 81 : 237-239. Pate, V. S. L.— A Minute on
l>icheloryx Harris 1827. 1 28] 22 : 68. Pic, M.— New South
American Coleoptera. [33 1 1 : 73-74. Ray, E. — Studies
of N. A. Mordellidae II. [28] 22: 41-50. ill. (*), Reinhard,
H. J.— A new Phyllophaga from Texas. [20] 19: 69-70.
Robinson, M. — Studies in the Scarabaeidae III (Coleo.).
[38] 72: 49-59 (*). Shull, A. F.— The Standards by which
the Spotless Phase of H. convergens is Judged. [3] 39:
190-192. Tilden, J. W.— Schizopus in Monterey Co., Cal.
[28 1 22: 60. Uhmann, E. — Zwei neue Hispiden aus Para-
guay. [33 J 1: 13-14.

HYMENOPTERA— Benson, R. B.— Classification of
Cephidae -(Hymen., Symph.). [39] 96: 89-108 (k*), ill.
Blanchard, E. E. — New parasitic Hymenoptera. [34] 11:
3-21. Blanchard, E. E. — New Ichneumonoidea of Argen-
tina. [33] 1 : 37-50. Daguerre, J. B. — Nests of the genus
Atta Fab. in Argentina. [34| 12: 438-460 (k). Donis-
thorpe, H.— Formicidae, Stephens (1829). [16] 58: 89-91.
Donisthorpe, H. — See under Anat., etc. Dreisbach, R. R.—
Green Halictine Bees of Genera Agapostemon, Augochlora,
Augochlorella and Augochloropsis (Hym.. Apo.) in Mich,
w/keys and distribution. [25] 30: 221-227. Enzmann, J.

— Crematogaster lineolata cerasi, the Cherry Ant of Asa
Fitch (with a Survey of the American Forms of Cremato-
gaster, Subgenus Acrocoelia). [21 | 54: 89-97. ill. (k*).
Fox-Wilson, G. — See under Anat. Gemignani, E. V. — A
new sp. of Trypoxylon. [34] 11 : 42-44. Gemignani, E. V.

-Types of spp. of genus Trypoxylon in Mus. Argent, de
Cienc. Nat. |34] 10: 434-447. Honore, A. M.— Nomen-
clature and type spp. of the genera of Sphecidae. [6] 1943.
29-56. Ogloblin, A. A. — A new sp. of genus Nenomymar
Crawf. (Mymaridae, Hym.). [33] 1: 97-100. Pate, V. S.
L. — New Records of Sphecoid \Yasps from N. East U. S.

h'ii. '46) KXTOMOLOGICAL XK\VS 2<)5

|9J 41: 91. Pate, V. S. L.— Prey Records of Gorytiue
Wasps (Hymen., Sphec.). [9| 41 :' 99. Pate, V. S. L.-
Minute on Ampulex Jurine, 1807 (Hvmen., Sphec.). [9]
41: 101. Strickland, E. H. — An Annotated List of the
Ichneumonoidea of Alberta. [ 1 1 | 78 : 36-46. Tulloch, G.
S. — The Thoracic Structure of Worker Ants of Genu.-
Pheidologeton. [9| 41: 92-93, ill. Williams, F. X.— Two
X". Sp. of Astatinae. \v/notes on the Habits of the < iroup.
[30J 12: 641-650. ill.

SPECIAL— On the Status of the Xames Serphus
Schrank, 1780, and Proctotrupes Latreille, 1796. |27| 2:
545-556. On the Status of the Xames Sphex L.. 1758. and
Ammophila Kirby. 1798. [27J 2: 56<»-588. On the Type
of the Genus Euchloe Hiibner |181'>|. [27 1 2: 533-544.
On the Type of the Genus Princeps Hiibner | 1807). and its
Synonym Orpheides Hiibner |1819|. [27 1 2: 557-568.

LIST OF JOURNALS CITED

1. — Anales del Mus. Argent, de Ciencias Xat. 2. — Annals
& Mag. Nat. Hist. 3.— Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 4.— Bol. de
Entom. Yenezolana. 5. — Bol. del Lab. de la Clinica Luis
Rozetti. 6. — Bull, de la Soc. Fouad d'Entom. 7. — Bull, de
la Soc. de Naturalistes. Moscow. 8. — Bull, et Ann. Soc.
Entom. Belgique. 9. — Bull. Brooklyn Entom. Soc. 10.—
Mull. Entom. Research. 11. — Canadian Entomologist. 12.

—Ceylon Journ. of Sci. 13. — Entomologia Americana. 14.

-Entomologist. 15. — Entom. Monthly Mag. 16. — En-
tom. Record & Jour. Variation. 17. — Florida Entomologist.
18. — Jour. Economic Entom. 19. — Jour. Entom. Soc. South
Africa. 20. — Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc. 21. — Jour. New York
Entom. Soc. 22. — Jour, of Parasitology. 23. — Jour. Wash.
Acad. Sci. 24.— Mem. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 25.— Mich.
Acad. Sci., Arts & Letters. 26. — Mitteilung d. Schweiz.
Lnt. Gesell. 27.— Opinions & Declar., Internat. Comm.
Zool. Nomen. 28. — Pan-Pacific Entom. 29. — Proc. Ent.
Soc. Washington. 30. — Proc. Hawaiian Entom. Soc. 31.—
Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. (A). 32.— Reading Publ. Mus. & Art
Gallery. 33. — Revista Argentina de Entom. 34. — Revista
de la Soc. Entom. Argentina. 35. — Revista del Inst. de
Salub. y Enferm. Tropic., Mexico. 36. — Smithsonian Misc.
Coll. 37. — Tijdschrift v. entomologie, Amsterdam. 38.—
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 39. — Trans. Roy. Entom. Soc.
London. 40. — Trans. Wise. Acad. Sci., Arts & Letters.
41.— U. S. Nat. Mu^. Mull.

206 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Oct., '46

Review

PRACTICAL MALARIOLOGY. By Paul F. Russell, Luther S.
West and Reginald D. Mamvell, xix + 684 pp. W. B. Saun-
ders Company, Philadelphia. London, 1946. $8.00.

Practical Malariology was prepared under the auspices of the
Division of Medical Sciences of the National Research Council
and is designed to give field, laboratory and clinical information
about malaria. It was originally started as a military medical
manual but has been changed to conform with civilian needs.
The volume presents in an interesting narrative form an up-to-
the-minute account of malariology that should prove to be of
great value to all who are interested in this subject. The
method of presentation is such that the book is not only inter-
esting reading but useful as a source of general information and
reference. Particularly valuable are the excellent digest of
important recent literature and the carefully selected bibliogra-
phies. Aside from a relatively short historical introduction it
contains sections on the parasite, mosquitoes, man. the commu-
nity, prophylaxis and control, and therapeutic malaria, and an
appendix with keys to the Anophelini of the world.

The section on the parasite not only discusses the human
Plasmoclia but also summarizes what is known concerning the
various animal forms, both those used in experimental projects
and others but newly discovered or poorly known. In this sec-
tion one finds ". . . Physiologic peculiarities of a species may
be just as real, and perhaps just as stable, but do not seem to
be sufficient grounds for establishing new species." While
"physiologic" species do not ease the lot of the investigator, is
it feasible arbitrarily to deny them recognition ? Particularly
in entomology, the noting of physiologic differences and at times
the naming of such forms has stimulated more critical morpho-
logical surveys. In many cases these have revealed substan-
tiating characters. Perhaps refinements in technics and further
investigations will reveal more readily recognized differences in
the Plasmodia. but even if these fail should not the findings be
the guide, not the ease of applying a measure? In this section

Ivii, '46 1 I:\TOMOLOGICAI. \F.\VS 207

the chapter on laboratory technics summarizes the many impor-
tant new methods available for research and diagnosis.

In addition to the usual morphology, taxonomy and biology,
the section on mosquitoes includes interesting chapters on bio-
nomics and distribution. In the latter are tables, by zoogeo-
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habitat. Again there is a useful section on laboratory and field
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The pathology and clinical aspects are reviewed in the section
on man and the various available treatments are discussed. The
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sis of the available information clearly shows one of the many
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of climatological factors as well as methods of making surveys
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tion of available knowledge.

Effective utilization of information discussed in the earlier
sections and a discussion of various methods of prophylaxis and
control are fully covered. The concise presentation of recent
advances and the selected bibliography are valuable contribu-
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Revised keys to the Anophelini of the world, which, while
following previous keys, have some important changes, form an
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raphy has not been included.

Practical Malariology will undoubtedly prove to be one of
the valuable contributions to the subject in recent tinie^.

I. W. H. RKIIN

This column is intended only for wants and exchanges, not for

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not exceeding three lines free to subscribers.

These notices are continued as long as our limited space will allow;
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I want to collect Rothschildia farbesi, agapema, galfina and io-
moths for interested persons. E. Frizzell, Route 4, San Benito,

Texas.

Wanted — Crane-flies (Tipulidae) of New Guinea, New Caledonia,
and Neighboring Islands, for revisional purposes. Also, names and
addresses of individuals or institutions possessing any of these flies.
Correspondence solicited. Chas. P. Alexander, Fernald Hall, Am-
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Lepidoptera — Wanted, Hyloicus (Sphinx) and other Sphingidae in
exchange for U. S. and Wisconsin Lepidoptera. Win. E. Sicker, 119
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Hymenoptera-Aculeata (except ants and bees) and Ichneumonidae
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Wanted — Oriental Cerambycidae and Chrysomelidae for determi-
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purchase from China, Assam, Burma, Siam, Formosa. Will exchange
identified Chinese insects. ]. Linsley Gressitt, Lingnan University,.
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Wanted — Papers on Cicindelidae of any part of the world, espe-
cially South America and Pacific. R. Ci. Dahl, 3225 Grand Ave.,.
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Chrysididae — Wanted for determination in preparation of revision.
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DIPTERA

1119.— Cresson (E. T. Jr.)— Synopses of No. Amer. Ephydridae. la.
Supplement of part I on the subfam. Psilopinae. II. The
tribes Hydrelliini, Hydrinini and Ilytheini of the subfam.
Notiphilinae, with descr. of n. sps. (70: 159-180, 1944) ... $ .40

1123. — A systematic annotated arrangement of the gen. and sps. of
the Indoaustralian Ephydridrae. I. The subfam. Psilo-
pinae. (71: 47-75, 1945) 60

1127. — A systematic annotated arrangement of the gen. and sps. of
the Neotropical Ephydridae. I. The subfam. Psilopinae.
(71: 129-163, 1946) ..' 75

1126. — Rapp (W. F.) — Two new Nemocera Diptera. (Sciaridae and

Cecidomyidae). (71 : 125-128, figs., 1946) 20

THE BIOLOGY AND IDENTIFICATION OF

TRYPETID LARVAE
By VENIA TARRIS PHILLIPS

Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, No. 12, 161 pp., 16 pis.,

1946

This is a comprehensive work describing and figuring the important characteristics of the larvae
of forty five species of American fruit flies (Diptera). An indispensible work for economic en-
tomologists. It includes a glossary of the terms used in the descriptions; a list of 442 species of
the family, with their known hosts; a list of their host plants; and an extensive bibliography.
The plates contain 192 exquisitely executed figures.

Price $5.00 (postpaid, domestic delivery) U. S. Currency, remittance must accompany order.

HYMENOPTERA

1118. — Bradley (J. C.) — A preliminary revision of the Pompilinae of
the Americas exclusive of the tribe Pompilini. (70: 23-157,
2 pis., 1944) 1.60

LEPIDOPTERA
1125. — Jones (F. M.) — Platoeceticus and a remarkable n. sp. of the

genus (Psychidae). (71 : 99-124, 6 pis., 1945) 75

ORTHOPTERA

1121. — Tinkham (E R.) — Sinochlora, a new tettigoniid gen. from

China, with descr. of 5 n. sps. (70: 235-246, 2 pis., 1945) . . .25

1120. — Rehn (J. A. G.) — A revision of the locusts of the group Hy-

alopteryges (Acrididae). (70: 181-234, 1 pi., 1944) 1.00

1117. — Rehn and Rehn — Studies of certain Cyrtacanthacridoid gen.
(Acrididae). II. Prumnacris, a new No. Amer. gen. of
Holarctic type. (70: 1-21, 2 pis., 1944) 50

1122.— III. Buckellacris, another new No. Amer. gen. of Hoi-
arctic type. (71 : 1-45, 2 pis., 1945) 1 .00

Have you renewed your subscription?

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

NOVEMBER I!..,.

Vol. LVII No. 9

CONTENTS

La Rivers — Dragonfly observations in Nevada

Obituary

Ries — Uroceras gigas in Brazil

Personal

Pate— Generic names of the Sapygidae ^^^fU^jK^S^^'ZW

Lasky — Mosquitoes at Denver, Colorado (cont.) 222

Shappirio — Notes on wasps 229

Entomological Literature 230

FEB 111947

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LVII NOVEMBER. 1946 \o. 9

Some Dragonfly Observations in Alkaline Areas

in Nevada

Bv IRA LA RIVERS. Nevada Academy of Natural Sciences,

Reno. Nevada

Ophiogomphus morrisoni Selys 1879

This Pacific coast species enters the western Great Basin
along streamways which head in the Sierra Nevada mountains
and end in desert basins in Nevada. In 1914, Kennedy (1917)
found it prominent on the Truckee River system from Lake
Tahoe (6225 feet elevation) down to the valleys and alkali
plains of central western Nevada at elevations-as low as 3800 feet.
The difference in elevation does not seem marked, at first
glance, but climatic conditions are radically altered from the one
situation to the other. Lake Tahoe lies in the High Sierras
surrounded by dense coniferous forests. As zonations go, this
vicinity can be accredited to the Transition, and possesses an
average rainfall of 20 inches. On the flats of adjacent central
Nevada, Upper Sonoran elements constitute the zonational pic-
ture and over most of this vast region, Atriplc.v and Sarcobatus
(shadscale and greasewood) replace the sagebrush (Artemisia
tridentata) so popularly and erroneously thought to characterize
most of the Upper Sonoran zone in Nevada. Annual rainfall
decreases to less than 4 inches in portions of this region within
the immediate range of 0. morrisoni.

This diversification of the floral picture is somewhat mislead-
ing, however, in any consideration of dragonfly ecology, for
aquatic insects do not generally reflect such extreme changes in
external temperatures since water is more stable in this respect
than ground or air. and humidity is no longer a factor. So
while certain dragonflies may be definitely restricted to high col.!

(209)

210 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS | Nov., '46

mountain streams, and others to the warmer waters of lowlands,
many occur indiscriminately in the two areas, generally re-
quiring only certain types of stream bottoms on which to pass
the naiadal stage.

This is the case with O. morrisoni; not only does it occupy
both types of habitats, but occurs in waters varying widely in
percentage of total solids, from fresh to brackish. The Truckee
River in its upper reaches is one of the purest of mountain
streams — in its extreme lower stretches where it meanders
through alkaline desert ground, it becomes increasingly brackish.
Pyramid Lake, a tectonic basin of considerable proportions into
which the Truckee River naturally empties, is quite brackish.

Only one requirement seems consistently needed for the spe-
cies— that of a gravelly or sandy bottom for the naiad stage.
Kennedy (1917) records it frequenting gravel bars and beaches
from the High Sierras to the Humboldt River system east of
Pyramid Lake. In the vicinity of Pyramid Lake, I have found
it more commonly, and in many cases, exclusively, on sand
beaches and bars, but there can be little intrinsic difference here
between the two habitats, intergrading as they do.

The subspecies O. morrisoni nevadensis Kennedy 1917 was
based on specimens from the western Great Basin, typical morri-
soni being delimited to higher montane areas to the adjacent west.
There is little actual difference between the two varieties, but
nevadensis seems good on the basis of ecological considerations.
The exact inter-relationships of the group of Ophiogoiuplii con-
taining the species occidcntis, sevcrus and morrisoni have yet to
be worked out. Very probably intergrading forms will be found,
when material from the concerned Western areas can be com-
pared. All are somewhat unstable, exhibiting considerable in-
dividual variation, both in coloration and genitalia.

O. morrisoni has been recorded from both the Truckee and
Humboldt River systems in Nevada (Kennedy 1917, La- Rivers
1940, 1941), where it is quite common. Dr. Kennedy's Pyramid
Lake specimens were taken in August of 1914 and, from his
notes (1917), seem to have come from the Truckee River a few
miles from its delta at the southeast edge of the lake. Under

Ivii. '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 211

the description of 0. in. iicracicnsis, he lists the allotype from
"Pyramid Lake, Nevada," but in a list of captures at Pyramid
Lake, no 0. m. nevadensis is mentioned. In any event, his col-
lecting locality at the Lake seems to have been in the neighbor-
hood of a mile east of the river mouth. Here the lake waters
are comparatively fresh as against the salinity concentrations
achieved farther north.

For many years I have known of an almost phenomenal abun-
dance of the species in the brackish middle waters of the lake as
evidenced by the cast skins of emergent naiads left conspicuously
on lime-whitened tufa domes just above water level in the vicin-
ity of the Pyramid, a massive rock-island close to the eastern
shores of the lake. However, I was never able to collect the
spot at optimum emergence time, and naiads never seemed
abundant. During June 19-20, 1946, the species was found
emerging in large numbers about rocks surrounded by sandy
shore in the vicinity of the Pyramid, and was the only immature
form to be taken from the water, although adult Syinpctntin
corrupt u in were regular inhabitants. While most emergences
apparently took place during the night or early morning hours,
many naiads crawled up on the rough tufa on shaded sides, or
hid under slabs of tufa and went through the process of emer-
gence during all hours of the day. Cast skins were everywhere,
but imagines were only rarely seen, a fact attesting the nervous
activity and wide-ranging propensity of adults.

The process of emergence occupied only some 30 minutes, at
the end of which the very pale tenerals had expanded their wings
sufficiently to flutter to a more protected spot on the rocks.
Specimens hardened in paper sacks required some 24 hours to
attain a good color, and were not then entirely hardened. Air
temperature at 3 P.M. was 90°F, and lake water along the shal-
low, sanded beach varied from 64°F to 73°F, depending on
whether it lay in the shade or exposed to the hot desert sun.
Xaiads came up in about equal numbers from both shaded and
unshaded water. Water temperatures were obtained from six
inches of depth — temperatures dropped sharply in several feet
of water some distance from the shore.

212 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., '46

The ability of O. morrisoni to tolerate wide variations in
brackishness can be demonstrated by the fact that Pyramid Lake
has undergone marked changes in volume in the 100 years since
its discovery by the white man, and is now at the lowest and
most brackish level in its recorded history. When discovered
by Fremont in the winter of 1844, the lake has been reliably esti-
mated to have stood at an elevation of 3860 feet (Hardman and
Venstrom 1941), which was considered low under normal con-
ditions. It rose to a maximum of 3879 feet in 1868, remained
above 3860 feet until 1917, since which time it has steadily
dropped until it stood at 3818 feet in 1939. At the present writ-
ing (1946) it stands at 3814 feet (Dukes 1946) and seems to
have established a quasi-equilibrium with the greatly curtailed
Truckee River inflow. It will doubtless retreat farther in the
ensuing years, but the period of accelerated recession such as
occurred between 1917 and 1939 when the lake level dropped
nearly 50 feet in 22 years seems to be over. From 1939 to 1946,
the level receded at an average rate of 7 inches per year as com-
pared with 27 inches per year during the 1917-1939 interval.

Tree-ring studies of the Truckee River system watershed
(Hardman and Reil 1936) indicated that drought conditions
prevailed in the area for many years prior to 1860, at which time
increased precipitation raised the lake level considerably. This
continued until about 1917, when drought again became domi-
nant ; this, coupled with the tapping of the lower Truckee River
by the Fallon agricultural district's Derby Canal in 1908, was
sufficient to initiate extreme desiccation of the Pyramid Lake
area. During Dr. Kennedy's collecting visit to the south end of
Pyramid Lake, the water level stood between 3865 and 3861 feet,
some 50 feet higher than it is today, although he erroneously
listed it at 3880 feet. Its companion lake, Winnemucca, then
with approximately 70 feet of water in its deepest portions, is
now (1946) absolutely dry, and has been so for nearly ten years,
being now a large alkaline flat or playa, containing water only
during the winter and spring rains.

During Jones' (1925) 1914 analyses of Pyramid Lake at a level
of about 3863 feet, the water showed a content of approximately
0.270% NaCl, or about one-tenth that of seawater. Hutch-
inson's (1937) 1933 investigations gave him a figure approxi-

Ivii. '46] KXTOMOLOGICAL \K\vs 213

mating 0.320% for an elevation of about 3826 feet, or something
like an eighth that of sea water. Analyses by Miller (1946) for
1943 indicate a salinity of approximately 0.334% at a lake level
of 3815.5 feet. His analyses for 1944 were quite similar, show-
ing a salinity remaining at approximately that of the 1943 level.
During the summer of 1946, I took a water sample at Fremont
Point, on the mid-eastern shore of Pyramid Lake at the focus
of Ophiogomphus inorrisoni emergence previously mentioned,
which Mr. Miller was kind enough to run. The sample was ob-
tained in about a foot of constantly-moving water along the
sandy beach, care being taken to eliminate the obvious, macro-
scopic sediments in suspension. The resulting analysis showed
a total salinity of 0.350% ; lake elevation was 3814 feet. The
increase over the 1943 figure is possibly attributable to the prox-
imity of the shoreline, which is demonstrably contributing ma-
terial to the lake with each rain, and also to the leaching action
of the waves.

It is thus apparent that concentration of electrolytes is pro-
ceeding systematically in the lowering lake, and it is quite ob-
vious that a point will be reached eventually at which such con-
centration will progressively eliminate much of the animal life
now occupying the basin, leaving only a few halobiotes. Hut-
chinson (1937) mentions the finding of "a very large number of
dead dry fish" on a low terrace in Winnemucca Lake, shallow
companion of Pyramid Lake, "three meters above the water
level" (of 1933), which were determined as Lcitcidius pcctinijcr
Snyder 1917, a lake chub now (1946) swarming in Pyramid
Lake, and once as common in Winnemucca Lake. A strict lake
breeder, this species was perhaps the last to go, although no spe-
cific data are available for several other species once common to
the lake. These were presumably killed by electrolytic con-
centration which had reached a lethal point, and probably died
during 1930, when the lake stood approximately three meters
above the level of 1933. The NaCl concentration during Hutch-
inson's investigations of Winnemucca Lake stood at approxi-
mately 5.0% and a slightly lower value undoubtedly prevailed
when the lake was ten feet higher. However, in such specula-
tions, there are other electrolytes than sodium and chlorine to be
considered ; calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, sul-

214 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., '46

fates, carbonates and bicarbonates are all present, are all con-
centrating at the present time, and must all be accorded a part
in the picture — how much of a part is not apparent at present.
Some idea of their prevalence may be gained by comparing total
solids in Pyramid Lake with total salt content. For example,
total solids during Jones' analyses amounted to approximately
0.35% for the lake as against 0.27% of salt ; the 0.08% represent-
ing ions other than sodium and chlorine. Miller's 1943 analyses
give total solids approximating 0.47%, an increase of 0.12% over
Jones' figures. No such data are available on lethal concentra-
tions for insects, which flourished in Winnemucca as they do in
Pyramid today, but it is certain the latter will have to recede
tremendously from what it is today before such concentrations
become effective. Pyramid Lake now has slightly more than
300 feet of water in its deepest portions, although small de-
creases in water level will leave large areas at the shallow north
and south ends exposed. If and when the lake becomes too
saline to support non-halophiles, such species will undoubtedly
move to the freshwater sloughs about the mouth of the river and
to the river itself.

Dr. Kennedy gives a specific gravity of 1.0034 for Pyramid
Lake in 1914. My data indicate a slightly smaller figure. By
1943, when the lake level had receded nearly 48 feet from its
1914 elevation, the specific gravity stood at a fraction in excess
of 1.004. It would seem, from Osborn's data (1906), that a
critical point may be approaching for odonates, but at present,
a large population of several species flourishes in the lake, as well
as other non-halophiles upon which the naiads prey, and at the
slowly accumulative rate of salinity concentration now prevail-
ing, it would seem that no sudden extinction awaits the naiadal
population, but rather a gradual lessening of its numbers.

The damselfly Etiallagina clausuni Morse 1895 was quite abun-
dant about the sanded shore margins of the lake in the vicinity
of the Pyramid, but naiads were only rarely found, and these
where many tufa fragments lay in the water and provided cover.
Adults, however, were common perching on dried tumbleweed or
Russian thistle (Sahola kali tcnuijoUa} lying partially imbedded
along the shore.

Ivii. '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL XKWS 215

SPRING. SOUTH SMOKE CREEK DESERT

While field collecting during June of 1946, I found a local fo-
cus of dragonflies at the south end of the Smoke Creek desert,
55 miles due north of Reno, Nevada (\\ashoe County), and
some 70 miles by road. This desert, a massive alkali flat 35
miles long and 8 miles wide, is the southernmost of a chain of
>uch sinks stretching from the north end of Pyramid Lake for
r a hundred miles northeasterly across northwestern Nevada,
and all are remnants of Pleistocene Lake Lahontan. Water is
excessively scarce in these waste areas and we came without
warning upon the highly mineralized springs in the Sarcobatetum
I'cnnicnlati (Billings 1945) about a mile south of the south end
of the Smoke Creek desert. Such areas as this are of interest
to the odonatist in the Great Basin since the dragonfly popula-
tion is generally discontinuous and concentrated about such
spots. The many miles intervening are devoid of all but a few
wanderers.

South of the springs sanded hills rose to a moderately-sized
ridge — between the springs and the desert the soil became de-
creasingly sandy and increasingly alkaline. Greasewood (Sar-
cobatus rcniiicnlatiis) prevailed and grew large and sturdy.
No trees grew about the springs, but some 300 yards of shallow,
narrow ponds lay on the alkali hardpan, fed by two springs, and
bearing extensive growths of sedges and grasses. Over these
pools dragonflies of many species swarmed. Some swept per-
sistently over the water, others were found only among the
greasewood about the ponds. Seining produced very few naiads,
chiefly those of Plathciuis I yd in siihannitit, which was by far the
commonest species over the pond.

The following species were taken: (21/VII/46, el. 4000 ft.,
LaR. & Christen sen).

Anax junius (l)rury) 1773. Occasional individuals beat
over the pools on wider circuits which carried them some
distances out in the Surcobatctnin. Uncommon.

216 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., '46

Aeshna multicolor Hagen 1861. These were common, and,
while met occasionally beating over the surrounding grease-
wood, were most in evidence working carefully through the
mediumly-dense thickets of sedges at an average height mid-
way between the water and the tops of the plants — they
were quite adept and persistent in this type of hunting, and
seemed more stealthy than usual. They invariably pur-
sued any Atiax juniits which appeared.

Libellula saturate Uhler 1857. Only one individual was
seen over the greasewood some distance from the ponds.

Libellula pulchella Drury 1773. Somewhat less common
than Aeshna multicolor, and, like it, found over pond and
greasewood.

Libellula composita Hagen 1873. Only a few individuals
of this white-faced, distinctly blue-bodied species were seen.
All were found in the Sarcobatetum about the ponds, and
were difficult to catch in the brisk breeze then prevailing.

Plathemis lydia subornata Hagen 1861. This form, only
weakly differentiated from typical lydia, was by far the
commonest dragonfly, and was seemingly restricted to the
pond areas, where it beat over the water in regular cir-
cuits, Libellula satttrata-iashion. The only female seen was
perpetually molested by the numerous males as she sought
to oviposit in marginal waters (June 21). With Erythemis
simplicicollis and Sympetrum corrupt inn, this is generally
the only species found in the smaller springs of this area
of the desert, springs which are often only muddy seeps,
generally near the base of a hill, and few and far between.

Sympetrum corruptum Hagen 1861. This was not com-
mon, only a few individuals being seen, with males and fe-
males about equally represented.

Pachydiplax longipennis Burmeister 1839. One specimen
was taken in the brush some distance from water.

Erythemis simplicicollis Say 1839. Several individuals were
seen, and one taken, both in the Sarcobatetum and about
the pond margins.
Strangely enough, no Pantala or Trapezostiguia were seen.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 217

Lestes congener Hagen 1861. This large damselfly was not
common about the ponds, but was usually found resting in
the greasewood about the water, wings half-spread in char-
acteristic fashion.

Ischnura denticollis Burmeister 1839. Common, and one
of the smallest species present ; confined apparently to the
pond margins.

Ischnura cervula Selys 1876. ( >nc specimen was taken at
the pond margin.

REFERENCES

BILLINGS, W. D. 1945. The plant associations of the Carson desert

region, western Nevada. Butler Univ. Bot. Studies 7: 89-123.
DUKES, H. C. 1946. Personal communication. Office of the Truckee

River watermaster, Reno, Nevada.
HARDMAX, G. and O. E. REIL. 1936. Relationship between tree growth

and stream run-off in the Truckee River basin, California-Nevada.

Nev. Agric. Exper. Sta. Bull. 141.
HARDMAN, G. and C. VENSTROM. 1941. A 100-year record of Truckee

River run-off estimated from changes in levels and volumes of

Pyramid and Winnemucca Lakes. Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union

1941 : 71-90.
HUTCHINSON, G. E. 1937. A contribution to the limnology of arid

regions. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts & Sci. 33 : 47-132.
KENNEDY, C. H. 1917. Notes on the life history and ecology of the

dfagonflies (Odonata) of central California and Nevada. Proc.

U.S.N.M. 52: 483-635 (Separate No. 2192).
LA RIVERS, I. 1940. A preliminary synopsis of the dragonflies of

Nevada. Pan-Pac. Ent. 16: 111-123.
— . 1941. Additions to the list of Nevada dragonflies. Ent. News

52: 126-130, 155-157.
MILLER, M. R. 1946. Personal communication. Chemical laboratory,

Agric. Exper. Station, Reno, Nevada.

Obituary

Morgan Hebard, one of our leading students of the Orthop-
tera and Dermaptera, died suddenly on December 28, 1946. at
his home in suburban Philadelphia. A biographical sketch of
his life will appear in an early number of ENTOMOLOGICAL
NEWS.

218 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., '46

Urocerus gigas Fabricius in Brazil (Hym. :

Siricidae)

By DONALD T. RIES, Illinois State Normal University,

Normal, Illinois

•

Several years ago while checking some sawflies in the collec-
tion of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. I
found seven specimens of Siricidae which, according to the la-
bels, were collected at "Itunana River, Matto Crosse, Brazil,
1880." This is without doubt Matta Grosso, the large dense
forest province of inland Brazil. No previous record of the
occurrence of Siricidae in South America has been found in
literature.

I identified the specimens (all females) as Urocerus gigas
Fabricius, a common palearctic species. This identification was
corroborated by Mr. Robert B. Benson of the British Museum
(Natural History) who kindly compared one of the specimens
with material in that institution.

Although it is common through Europe and Asia, no records
of this species have heretofore been reported from the western
hemisphere. The most logical explanation for its occurrence in
South America is that lumber containing the larval stages was
shipped in from some European country.

A similar instance of the importation of nearctic specie^ "i
Siricidae to England in lumber has been recently recorded by
Benson (Ent. Monthly Mag., Ixxxi, 67-68, 1945).

Personal

Dr. H. Radclyffe Roberts, Assistant Curator in the Depart-
ment of Insects, member of the Board of Trustees and of the
Scientific Council of the Academy of Natural Sciences, has been
appointed Managing Director of that Academy as of January 1,
1947. Dr. Roberts is known among entomologists for his
original work on Orthoptera and as joint author of the two
parts of the ''Mosquito Atlas."

Ivii. '46 1 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 219

The Generic Names of the Sapygidae and their
Type Species (Hymenoptera: Aculeata)

By V. S. L. PATE, Ithaca, X. Y.

The Sapygidae are a small family of approximately eighty
described species, distributed among nine genera. Representa-
tives of the family occur in all the major zoogeographic regions
of the world with the exception of the Australian Realm.

In the past, the Sapygidae have been regarded as a wholly
parasitic group and their exact taxonomic position has long been
a matter of conjecture. But Fedtsclicnkia, hitherto generally
considered to be a somewhat aberrant J\Iutillid, is indubitably
a Sapygid and is the type of a separate and distinct subfamily.
The structure of the legs indicates that the members of this
Holarctic genus are without question fossorial forms. Indeed,
the general habitus of Fedtsclicnkia is so very similar to that of
the present day Anthoboscines, there can be little question that
the Sapygidae arose from the ancestral stock of those forms.

A list of the generic and subgeneric names proposed for
Sapygidae, with the type species of each, is presented below.
The form of citation used is the same as that introduced in my
catalogues 1 of the generic names of the Sphecoid wasps and of
the Psammocharidae.

Aclastocera Forster, 1855. Verb, naturhist. Yer. preuss.

Rheinl. ti. Westphal., XII, p. 247.

TYPE: Aclastocera Frivaldskii Forster, 1855 [= Poloclinun
repandnui Spinola, 1805]. (Monobasic.)

Isogenotypic with Polochntui Spinola, 1805, q.r.

Araucania - new genus for Laura Reed, 1930 nee Trinchese,

1873 * nee Lacaze-Duthiers. 1883.4

TYPE: Laura cliilcnsis Ree*d, 1930 [= Anuieania cliilcnsis
(Reed)].

Isogenotypic with Laura Reed, 1930, q.r.

T-Sphccidae: Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc. no. 9, (1937).
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., LXXII, pp. 65-137, (1946).
- After the Araucanian Indians of Chile.

3 Trinchese, 1873, Mem. Accacl. Sci. 1st. Bologna, (3), IV, p. 198.

4 Lacaze-Duthiers, 1883, Mem. Aca.l. France, (2), XLII, no. 2, p. 1.

220 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov.. '46

Arthrosapyga Pic, 1920. L'Echange, Revue Linneenne (Mou-
lins), [XXXVI], no. 400. p. 15; (Aug. 2, 1920). [Several
species.]

TYPE: Sapyga (Arthrosapyga} soncta Pic, 1920. (Original
designation.)

Cosilella Banks, 1913. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXII,
p. 237; (July 9, 1913).

TYPE: Cosila (Cosilella) plntonis Banks, 1913 r' [=•- Tclc-
phoromyia anthracina Ashmead, 1898 = Fedtschenkia anthracina
(Ashmead)]. (By original designation and monobasic.)

Eusapyga Cresson, 1880. Proc. Ent. Sect. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1880, p. xx in Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.. VIII. (Dec.
1880). [Five species.]

TYPE: Sapyga (Eusapyga) nibripes Cresson, 1880 [= Eu-
sapyga nibripes (Cresson)]. (By designation of Ashmead,
Jan. 5, 1903, Canad. Entom., XXXV, p. 3.)

Fedtschenkia de Saussure, 1880.6 [in Fedtschenko], Reise
in Turkestan, II, Zool. Th., 13 Hymenoptera: Scoliidae, p. 13.
[Bull. Imp. Gesell. Fr. Nat. Hist., Anthropol., Ethnograph.,
XXVI, p. 10.]

TYPE: Fedtschenkia grossa de Saussure, 1880. (Monobasic.)

Hellus Fabricius, 1805. Systema Piezatorum, p. xiii [genus
only] ; p. 246. [Seven species.]

TYPE: Hellus 6-piinctatus Fabricius, 1805 ~ [= Scolia 5-punc-
tata Fabricius, 1781 := Sapyga 5-pnnctata (Fabricius)]. (Fixed
by Shuckarcl, 1837, Essay Indig. Fossor. Hymen., p. 44.)

Isogenotypic with Sapyga Latreille, 1796, q.v.

Laura E. P. Reed, 1930 nee Trinchese, 1873 ncc Lacaze-Du-
thiers, 1883. Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat., XXXIII, p. 508.

5 After examining the type of Cosila (Cosilella) plntonis Banks, a
female in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History, I
am convinced that it is merely the opposite sex of the species which Ash-
mead described fifteen years earlier as Tclcphoromyia authracina.

6 The western North American species anthracina, which Ashmead in
1898 described and assigned to the Thynnid genus Telephoromyia, is
referable to the genus Fedtschenkia.

7 Fabricius indicated he considered, but did not designate, this species
as type.

Ivii, '4(>j ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 221

TYPE: Laura chilensis E. P. Reed, 1930 [= Sapyga chilensis
(Reed) 8 = Arancania chilensis (Reed)]. (Monobasic.)
Isogenotypic with Arancania new7 genus, q.r.

Monosapyga Pic, 1920. L'Echange, Revue Linneenne, (Mou-
lins), [XXXVI], no. 400, p. 15; (Aug. 2, 1920).

TYPE: Sapyga (Monosapyga) Thcrcsac Pic, 1920. (Original
designation and monobasic.)

Parasapyga Turner, 1910. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1910, p.
405.
TYPE: Parasapyga niollcri Turner. 1910. (Monobasic.)

Polochridium Gussakovskij, 1933. Ark. Zool. (Stockholm),
24 A, no. 10, p. 48.

TYPE: Polochridium count Gussakovskij, 1933. (Original
designation and monobasic.)

Polochrum Spinola, 1805. Fauna Liguriae Fragmenta, p. 7,
(1805) ; Insectorum Liguriae ... I, p. 19, (1806).

TYPE: Polochrum rcpunditin Spinola, 1805.9 (Monobasic.)
Isogenotypic through synonymy with Aclastoccra Forster,
1855, q.v.

Sapyga Latreille, 1796. Precis Caract. Insect., p. 134, (1796) ;
[no species]. Hist. Nat. Crust. Insect., Ill, p. 346, (1802) ;
[one species].

TYPE: Scolia 5-punctata Fabricius, 1781 [= Sapyga 5-punc-
tata (Fabricius)]. (Fixed by Latreille, 1802. v. sup.}

Isogenotypic through synonymy with Hcllus Fabricius, 1805,
q.v.

Sapygina A. Costa, 1887. Prospetto degli Imenotteri Italiani
. . . II, p. 111.

TYPE: Sapyga 10-giittata Jurine, 1807 [= Sapygina 10-gut-
tata (Jurine)9]. (Monobasic.)

8 Reed originally described Laura as a Masarid \vasp, but later (1932,
Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat., XXXVI, pp. 141-143), at the suggestion of
Bequaert, sank it as a synonym of Sapyga. However, as will be shown
elsewhere, I consider the group generically distinct, and hence have pro-
posed the new name Araucania for it.

8 Arnold (1929, Ann. Transvaal Mus., XIII, p. 175) considers both
Polochrum and Sapygina to be merely subgenera of Sapyga, but I be-
lieve each is sufficiently distinct to be accorded generic rank.

222 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [ Xov.. '46

Report of Mosquitoes Collected at Fitzsimons Gen-
eral Hospital, Denver, Colorado, During the
Seasons of 1944-1945

By WILLIAM R. LASKY, Sgt.. U. S. Army. Fitzsimons General
Hospital, Denver, Colorado

(Continued from page 193)

Aedes trivittatus Coquillett

Aedes trivittatus was collected and found breeding through-
out the two seasons in moderate to small numbers. As little
is known about its breeding habits, some investigations were
made that yielded good results. It was found to develop so
fast under natural conditions that the few pupae found in a
collection of half-grown Aedes dorsal is larvae were usually A.
trivittatus pupae. If first instar larvae of A. dorsalis were col-
lected, the two or three half- to full-grown intermingled larvae
would be A. trivittatus. Therefore, unless frequent collections
are made, it is very easy to miss. Good luck was had with
rearing this species in the laboratory. Wild adult females were
collected gorging and were found to oviposit readily on damp
cotton. Three days elapsed between the last meal and ovi-
position. It was noted that all females so bred died following
oviposition. To simulate natural conditions one batch of eggs
was allowed to dry out slowly for 1 1 days, at the end of which
time distilled water was added to the cotton and within 24
hours the first larvae had emerged. Five days were required
for these larvae to pupate and adults emerged 24 hours follow-
ing pupation. These larvae were fed on a suspension of cul-
tured brewers yeast, Saccharomyces. Another female ovi-
posited and her eggs were allowed to dry out. These eggs
were slowly dried for 22 days, at the end of which time distilled
water was added. These eggs did not hatch for nine days fol-
lowing moistening. These larvae pupated in eight days and
emerged on the ninth. A third set of eggs collected in the
same manner and slowly dried out for 21 days did not emerge
until 29 days later. These larvae died after the first instar so

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL xp.ws 223

further data could not be collected. From these data, it may
be concluded that factors other than moisture influence the
emergence of this larvae from the egg.

This mosquito was collected in moderate numbers by trap
and a small number of individuals were collected biting in full
daylight both on sunny and on dark days.

Larvae were first collected in the alkaline, grassy rain-water
depressions in the meadows northwest of the post. Here four
larvae of this species were collected July 13th, 1944, with Acdcs
I'c.vans and Acdcs dorsal is. Some were collected in this same
area June 7th, 1945, and August 13th, 1945, with Aedes dor-
sails, Acdcs nigromaculis and Acdcs rc.rans. A couple of
larvae were also found in a similar rain-water, prairie pool at
another location on June 7th. among large numbers of Acdcs
dorsalis and Acdcs z'c.vans. A few were taken from an irri-
gation ditch catch-basin west of Fitzsimons June 7th, 1945. and
July 26th. 1945 together with Culc.v t<irsalis, Culiscta inornata,
Acdes vc.i'ans and Psorophora signipennis. This area is not
a permanent one as it frequently becomes dry between irriga-
tion periods. Lastly, larvae were collected in small numbers
in a rain-water pool under some large cottonwoods located in
the fields north of Fitzsimons, an area which periodically fills
with rain water, then dries. The dates were June 12th, June
18th, June 26th, August 8th and August 13th, all in 1945. In
the same pool were Culiscta inornata, Ciilc.r pipiens, Culc.v
tarsalis, Acdcs dorsalis and Aedes rc.rans. From all these
different breeding areas a total of only 20 larvae were collected,
so it can lie seen that they were not common anywhere.

This mosquito is a savage biter when encountered and there-
fore a pest of moderate importance.

Aedes vexans Meigen

This species was the fourth commonest mosquito at Fitz-
simons. Larvae were found in almost every type of locale
wherein mosquitoes in this area breed. However, temporarily
rain-filled pools in partial shade seem to show the largest num-
bers. This species was found in animal hoof prints filled with
rain water, in alkaline, grassy pools, in the permanent irriga-

224 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., '46

tion ponds and marshes north of the post and in the irrigation
ditch catch-basins. Larvae were found as early as May 4th
and as late as August 13th. It was found associated with Acdes
dorsalis, Acdes trivittatus, Acdes nigromacitlis, Culex tar sails,
Culiseta inornata, Culiseta incidcns and Psorophora signipcnnis.
Aedes vexans is one of the most important and numerous
pests found on and in the vicinity of the post. It is common
and a vicious biter, especially on overcast days and in the late
afternoons. It was found in small numbers inside buildings,
but, for the most part, seems to be an out-of-doors biter.

Culex apicalis Adams

The three specimens of Culex apicalis collected in this area
were taken resting under Tollgate Creek bridge May 17th,
1945. Larvae have not been collected to date so nothing is
known of its breeding habits.

This rare species cannot be considered a pest as it has not
been known to feed on warm-blooded animals.

Culex pipiens Linnaeus

It is interesting to note that although Culex pipiens is to be
found at Fitzsimons only during the last three months of the
survey season : August, September and October, it is, neverthe-
less, the third commonest mosquito in numbers collected (2,-
929), in the trap and by hand, including larvae and adults.
Moreover, during these three months, Culex pipiens by far
outnumbers all other species breeding and taken and is to be
found in large numbers in most collections. In this area it
appears to be a relatively choosy breeder and uses the more
permanent types of breeding place but is occasionally found also,
in small numbers, in receptacles such as waste disposal cans.
Culex pipiens was never found in the alkaline, prairie, rain-
water-filled pools that bred such large numbers of Aedcs and
even some Culex tarsalis. Most commonly its larvae were
taken in the natural creek bordering the post; in the grasses
and water plants all up and down this stream they were quite
numerous, even in the presence of large schools of mosquito
fish that are found in this creek. Larvae were also found in
the catch-basins of our post irrigation system and, as mentioned

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 225

above, in waste disposal cans that had several inches of rain
water in the bottom. This species was found breeding mostly
in pure culture ; however, along the creek a few Cnlc.v tarsalis,
Culex saliiiarius and Ciiliseta inornata were also present.

Cnlc.r pipicns is the third most numerous species of mos-
quito in this area and is found commonly within buildings and
wards where it bites rather viciously in the evening and night.
It seems remarkable that this mosquito, though numerous, has
not been previously recorded as occurring in this state.*

Culex restuans Theobald

Only ten specimens of Cnlc.r res I nans were taken in this area
and all of them were taken in the light trap during 1944, be-
tween the middle of August and the first of September. Noth-
ing further was learned of this species' breeding habits and oc-
currence in this area.

This species, due to its rarity, is unimportant as a pest.
However, these records are the first published of its occurrence
in Colorado.

Culex salinarius Coquillett

Culex salinariiis is one of the rare species of mosquitoes found
in this area. Only four specimens, two adults and two larvae,
were collected during the two seasons. The two adults were
taken by trap in the middle of September in 1945. The two
larvae, collected during the 1944 season, were also taken in the
middle of September at the side of Tollgate Creek in the grasses
and water plants together with larvae of Culex tarsalis and
Cnliscta inornata.

* A mosquito \vas recorded as Citlc.v pipicns in 1907 by Tucker (Kan-
sas Univ. Sci. Bull. 4 : 87) as follows "Cnlc.r pipicns Linne. . . .Colo-
rado, Denver; August (Determined by Dr. H. G. Dyar)."

Dr. T. D. A. Cockerell in 1918 (Jour. Econ. Ent. 11: 198) says
"L'iilc.\- pipicns Linne. Recorded from Denver by Tucker in 1907, but
record needs confirmation. It was supposed to have been determined by
Dyar, but Mr. Knab states that the determination must have been made
by Coquillett."

Dr. Harrison Dyar in 1924 (Insect. Insc. Mens. 12: 39) says "Culex
pipicns Linne. Recorded from Denver by Tucker in 1907. . . . The
identification was wrong. . . . The specimen still exists in the National
Museum collection, being a male of Aedcs trh'iltatiis Coq."

226 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., '46

Culex tarsalis Coquillett

This is the commonest species of mosquito in the area.
More than half of the total of 29,391 mosquitoes and larvae that
were collected in this study, that is 15,670, were Cnlc.v tarsalis.
They were found as early as May 15th and were still ahout,
in small numbers, up until the 31st of October, even after the
hard frosts of this month. This mosquito was found resting
throughout the daytime — under bridges, in tree cavities, in
houses, sheds and, in fact, almost anywhere it was not excluded
by screening. Breeding starts the end of May and continues
until the first freeze of fall. As to breeding locales, this mos-
quito is not as choosy as Cnlc.r pipicus and breeds almost any-
where : in rain water ponds, both alkaline and fresh, in a
neglected, ornamental fish pond, in the grasses along Tollgate
Creek, in hoof-prints at the side of this creek, in the large irri-
gation reservoirs north of the post, in irrigation ditches and
catch-basins and even in flooded, grassy areas in the duck
refuge.

This mosquito is an important pest in this vicinity and a
vicious biter. It is one of the most common varieties found
within houses and ward buildings.

Culiseta incidens Thomson

Culiseta incidens was collected in small numbers throughout
both seasons here. A total of 100 specimens \vas collected:
9 were taken by trap, 36 by hand, and 55 as larvae. The hand-
collected adults were found mostly in the vicinity of the game
refuge resting under the duck nesting-boxes ; several were
found resting under the Tollgate Creek bridge. This mosquito
was not observed biting man, although repeated efforts were
made to induce feeding in captivity. One female was induced
to feed on a guinea pig. Larvae were collected in moderate
numbers in an artificial fish pond on the post area. These
larvae were collected the first and end of July and the first,
middle and end of September in 1944. They were associated
with the larvae Culiseta inornata, Culex tarsalis, Aedcs dorsal is
and Culiseta uielanitra. During 1945 this species was collected
in this same fish pond July 3rd, after which time this area was

Ivii, '46] KXTOMOLOC.H'AL NF.WS 227

filled in. making further breeding observations impossible. The
only other area in which this mosquito \vas found to breed was
in the catch-basins of the post irrigation system. One egg
case, which later proved to be of this species, was collected
here and four larvae were reared from it.

It is believed that, for the most part, this mosquito does nut
bite man.

Culiseta inornata Williston

This is the fifth commonest species of mosquito locally; 1.351
specimens of larvae and adults were collected during the two
seasons. It was found commonly in the trap collections as well
as resting collections from the first of May to the end of Oc-
tober. One female was collected while biting the author. This
was the only observation made of this mosquito biting man,
although gorged females were collected within ward buildings.
Larvae were collected in almost all breeding locales. They
were found in rain-water-filled hoof-prints, in the irrigation
system and catch-basins on and off the post, in the ornamental
fish pond on the post, in the grasses at the sides of Tollgate
Creek, in the alkaline rain-water prairie ponds, in the large
permanent irrigation ponds north of the post, in shady rain-
water pools and, lastly, in a bedpan, partially filled with rain-
water, on the post dump. This species, due to its widespread
choice of breeding locales, was found breeding in association
with all other species of this area.

In certain portions of its range Culiseta inornata does com-
monly attack man. As little was learned of the feeding habits
of this species in our area, we cannot state of what importance
its large occurrence in this area may be.

Culiseta melanura Coquillett

This species was cnlkrtc-d only in 1944. Seven adults \vere
taken in the trap between the end of June and the middle of
August. One larva was collected June 16, 1944, in a hoof-
print filled with rain water, in association with Culiseta inor-
nata and Ciilc.v larsalis larvae. The other Culiseta melanura
larva was collected July 28, 1944, in the artificial fish pond on
the post area, along with Culiseta incidens.

228 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., '46

Culiseta morsitans Theobald

A single male of this species was identified from our 1945
collections. It was collected by hand in the vicinity of the
game preserve. During the 1944 season several specimens, col-
lected by hand in the same vicinity, were listed as of this species
and were so published. These. I am now convinced, are really
C '. incidens.

Psorophora signipennis Coquillett

This species is fairly rare in our area, a total of 16 specimens
being collected during the two seasons. Twelve were collected
by trap, one by hand and three in collections of larvae. The
few specimens taken in the trap were collected between the
middle of July and the end of August. July 26, 1945. one
adult was collected among freshly emerged Aedes nigromaculis
and Aedes dorsalis by sweeping the net over the short grass
bordering the alkaline, rain-water-filled hoof-prints and depres-
sions of the big Aedes dorsalis breeding area. No Psorophora
larvae were ever collected in this area, however. The three
larvae collected were taken in the irrigation-ditch catch-basins
west of the post golf course among larvae of Culiseta inornata,
Cule.v tarsalis, Aedes vexans and Aedes trivittatns. One larva
was collected at this site June 7, 1945, and the other July 26,
1945, indicating that two broods may take place.

SUMMARY

1. During a two-season survey (1944-1945) 29,391 mos-
quitoes, both adults and larvae, were collected and identified.

2. Eighteen species of mosquitoes were found to occur on
and in the vicinity of the post. Notes on their occurrence,
breeding and biting habits are recorded.

3. Out of 29,391 larvae and mosquitoes identified not a single
specimen of Anopheles was found.

4. Four new state records were made for Colorado as fol-
lows : Aedes sticticus Meigen, Aedes triseriatus Say, Cnlex
plpiens Linnaeus, Cule.r restiiaus Theobald.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 229

Notes on District of Columbia Wasps
(Hyrn.: Sphecoidea)

By DAVID G. SHAPPIRIO

Motes argentatus Pal. de Beauv.

The collecting season for wasps in the D. C. region extends
usually into late October, but for Motes argentatus, a locally
common species, there was no halt to the appearance of females
from the Fall of 1944 to the Spring of 1945. It was possible
during these months to go out at nearly any time of day during
almost any kind of weather, and obtain one or two females.
Rain alone kept them away, as even when snow was on the
ground specimens could be seen flying around as if it were July
or August.

The area in which they were obtained is ordinarily a good
collecting-ground, being an open clay bank with pines to one
side and second-growth plants on the other. Specimens were
taken from Nov., 1944 to March, 1945 as follows : Nov. 26. 2 ?$ ;
Dec. 19, 1 $ ; Jan. 28, 1 ? in snow ; Feb. 11.35$; Feb. 25. 3 ?? ;
Mar. 10, 1 $ in light snow.

Thus, these insects, which one would normally associate with
hot weather, were nevertheless found quite consistently through-
out the winter. May this not necessitate a revision of our views
on the seasonal appearance of wasps, at least of this species ?

Bembecinus nanus Hdl.

Bcmbecinus )ia>nts, ordinarily scarce in any locality, has been
extremely common in the Washington area and in some locali-
ties more plentiful than nearly every other wasp.

On a cloudy,. very hot and oppressive day in mid-July, wasps
•of all types were out in great numbers. They seemed to fly
slowly, and lacked their usual energetic manner, as if the heat
and humidity were almost too much for them. A Bembecinus
female was seen flying along, carrying what appeared to be a
leaf-hopper. She sensed intrusion as she was approached,
dropped the prey, which was unfortunately lost, and left the

230 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [ Xov., '46

vicinity. This occurrence was repeated several times and it
was seen that another way of obtaining a specimen of the prey
would have to be found.

After a wait of thirty minutes beside a Bcinbcciniis burrow,
the owner returned, carrying her prey. She was picked up by
hand, since it was worth being stung to get her prey. The latter
was found to be a leaf-hopper, Graphocephala versnta Say.*
On another occasion, this species has been taken with fulgorid
bugs as the prey but this record is unobtainable. B. nanus, it
was found, returns to the burrow7 daily with fresh food for the
larva, resembling in this habit many other of the bembecine
wrasps.

To my knowledge, this species \vas never recorded from this
area until July, 1945, when it became very common, and con-
tinued so until Autumn. It has been common again in 1946,
although not quite in the numbers of 1945.

Current Entomological Literature

COMPILED BY CHARLES HODGE IV, RAYMOND Q. BLISS,

EDWIN T. MOUL, MAURICE E. PHILLIPS AND

HENRY K. TOWNES JR.

This list gives references of the current or preceding year unless otherwise noted.
Continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installment.

For records of Economic Literature, see the Experiment Station Record. Office of Ex-
periment Stations, Washington. Also Review of Applied Entomology, Series A, London.
For records of papers on Medical Entomology, see Review of Applied Entomology, Series B.

NOTE: The figures within brackets [ ] refer to the journal in which the paper ap-
peared, as numbered in the List of Journals given at the end of the literature. The num-
ber of the volume, and in some cases, the part, heft, &c. is followed by a colon (:).
References to papers containing new forms or names not so sta_ted in titles are followed
by (*); if containing keys are followed by (k) ; papers pertaining exclusively to Neo-
tropical species, and not so indicated in the title, have the symbol (S).

Papers published in ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS are not listed.

GENERAL — Munro, J. W. — Entomology of stored prod-
ucts. [31] 24: 649-658. Vappula, N. A. — Finnish entomo-
logical literature published in 1942 including economic ento-
mology and control of insect pests. [32] 9: 1-12.

* Kindly determined bv Dr. P. W. Oman.

Ivii, '46] KXTOMOLOGICAL XE\VS

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, MEDICAL— Boyce, J. M.

— Influence of fecundity and egg mortality on the popula-
tion growth of Tribolium confusum Duval. [11] 27: 290-
302. Cooper, K. W. — Detachment frequency of attached ?
chromosomes in autosomal structural heterozygotes of Dro-
sophila melanogaster. [26] 32: 273-275. Cristol, Haller,
Lindquist — Toxicity of DDT Isomers to some insects af-
fecting man. [30]" 104: 343-344. Ellenby, C.— A micro-
respirometer for single prepupae of Drosophila melanogas-
ter Meigen. [16] 22: 85-87, ill. Fraenkel and Blewett-
The dietetics of the caterpillars of three species of Ephestia.
E. kuehniella, E. elutella and E. cantella and of a closely re-
lated species Plodia interpunctella. [16] 22: 162-171, ill.
Fraenkel and Blewett — The dietetics of the clothes moth,
Tineola bisselliella Hum. [16] 22: 156-161. ill. _ Fraenkel
and Blewett — Linoleic acid, vitamin E and other fat-soluble
substances in the nutrition of certain insects (Ephestia
kuehniella, E. elutella, E. cantella and Plodia interpunctella.)
[16] 22: 172-190, ill. Glaser, R. W.— Intracellular bacteria
of the cockroach in relation to symbiosis. [20] 32 : 483-489.
Hershberger, R. V. — Differential stains of insect tissues.
[22] 46: 152-162. Kangas and Leskinen — Pegohylemyia
anthracina Czerny (Muscidae) als Zapfenschadling an der
Fichte. [32] 9: 195-212, ill. Khatib, S. M. H.— Studies in
Galerucinae. The internal anatomy of Galerucella birman-
ica (Jacoby). [25] 24B : 35-54, ill Possompes, B.— Les
glandes endocrines post-cerebrales des dipteres. I. Etude
chez la larve de Chironomus plumosus L. [7] 72: 99-109.
ill. Stanley, J. — The environmental index, a new param-
eter as applied to Tribolium. [11] 27: 303-314. Sze, Li-
chieh — Cytological studies on Acrididae. IV. Structure of
the x-chromosome in the meiosis of Phlaeoba infromata.
[19] 79: 113-123, ill.

ARACHNIDA AND MYRIOPODA— Brennan, J. M.-

Two new species of Trombicula : T. montanensis and 1 .
aplodontiae (Acarina, Trombiculidae) from N.W. United
States. [20] 32: 441-444, ill. Cooper, K. W.— Occurrence
of the mite Cheyletiella parasitivorux ( Megnin) in X. Amer-
ica, with notes on its synonymy and "parasitic" habit. [20]
32: 480-482. Ewing/H. E.— Xotes on Trombiculid mites
with descriptions of Walchiinae n. subf., Speotrombicula
n. g., and Eutrombicula defecta n. sp. [20] 32: 435-440 (k),
ill. Fox, I. — New genus, Boringuolaelaps, and new species
of mites from rats in Puerto Rico. [20] 32: 445-452 (k),

232 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., '46

ill. Turk, F. A. — Studies of Acari V — Notes on and de-
scriptions of new and little-kno\vn British Acari. [3] 12:
785-820 (k*), ill. Wharton, G. W.— Observations on As-
coschongastia indica (Hirst, 1915) (Acarinida : Thorbiculi-
dae). [10] 16: 153-184. ill.

SMALLER ORDERS— Bonet, F.— Nuevos generos y
especies de Hipogastruridos de Mexico (Collembola). [29]
6: 13-45 (k), ill. Calvert, P. P. — New species of Brazilian
Libellulinae (Odonata) and their nearest allies. [6] 69:
1-4, ill. Dampf, A.— Notas sobre pulgas. I a VII. [29]
6: 47-69, ill. Geijskes, D. C. — Observations on the Odonata
of Tobago, B.W.I. [34] 97: 213-235 (k). ill. Guimaraes,
L. R. — Alguns aspectos bionomicos de Leptopsylla segnis
(Schonh.) (Suctoria). [4] IV: 233-259. Hickin, N. E.—
Larvae of the British Trichoptera 21. [34] 21: 61-65, ill.
Larvae of British Trichoptera 22. [27] 21 : 55-60, ill. Hol-
lenbeck, A. H. — A practical method for mass production and
transfer of Xenopsylla cheopis. [20] 32: 463-464, ill.
Longfield, C. — Larvae of the Sympetrum fonscolombii
(Selys) (Odonata). [27] 21: 47-48, ill. Rehn, J. A. G.-
Five new species of earwigs of the Indo-Pacific genus Neso-
gaster (Dermaptera: Labiidae : Nesogastrinae). [23] 98:
219-239. Saunders, L. G. — A Canadian Japygid (Thy-
sanura). [8] 78: 95. Tjeder, B. — Neuroptera and Mecop-
tera of N. Norway. [35] 63 : 3-15, 1943.

ORTHOPTERA— Burtt, E. — Observations on east Afri-
can Pamphaginae (Orthoptera) with particular reference to
stridulation. [27] 21 : 51-54, ill. Filho, L. T. — Tecnicas
gerais seguidas no estudo da ordem mantodea Burmeister,
1838. [4] IV, 113-155; sobre a familia Acanthopidae Bur-
meister, 1838. [4] IV, 157-231, ill. Glaser, R. W.— (See
Anatomy, etc.) Sze, Li-chieh — (See under Anatomy, etc.)

HEMIPTERA— Broadbent, L.— Alate aphides trapped
in Northwestern Derbyshire, 1945. [27] 21 : 41-46. Car-
valho, J. C. M. — Mirideos neotropicais XXV, Genero Pachv-
merocerus Renter e correcoes de trabalhos anteriores
(Hemiptera). [6] 68: 1-9, ill. Cleaves, H. H.— The magic
cicada on Staten Island, 1945. [28] 10: 73-80. Dean and
Chapman — Biology and control of the Apple Redbug. [21]
Bull. 716: 3-42, ill. Emery, W. T. — Temporary immunity
in alfalfa ordinarily susceptible to attack by the pea aphid.
[15] 73: 33-43. Hartzell, F. Z.— Method's of estimating
foliage area injured by grape leaf-hoppers. [21] Tech. Bull.
277: 5-49, ill. Jacob, F. H.— Ne\v British species of My-

Ivil. '46] KXTOMOLOGICAL XF.XYS 233

zaphis van der Goot associated with wild roses. Myzaphis
bucktoni sp. n. ; and a comparison with AT. rosarum (Kal-
tenbach) (Hem: Aphididae). [27] 15 : 110-117, ill. Koest-
ner, J. — Museum notes on the 17-year Cicada. [28] 10: 81-
84. Lambers and Rogerson — Xew British Aphid from
Primus padus L.. Myzus padellus sp. n. (Hem: Aphididae).
[27] 15 : 101-105. ill.' Metcalf, Z. P.— Gen. Cat. of the Hem-
iptera. Fas. IV. Fulgoroidea. Part 8. Dictyopharidae.
Smith College. Mass. Pallister, J. C. — Type material and
specimens taken from the Davis collection of Cicadas,
Staten Island Museum. [28] 10: 45-47; Cicadas described
by Wm. T. Davis which should be in the Davis collection or
place of deposit uncertain. [28] 10:48- . Usinger, R. L.
—Gen. Cat. of Hemiptera. Fas. V. Polycteridae. Smith
College. Usinger, R. L. — Notes and descriptions of Am-
brysus Stal with an account of the life history of Ambrysus
mormon Montd. (Hemiptera: Naucoridae). [37] 31: 185-
210 (*), ill. Zakhvatkin, A. A. — Studies on the Homoptera
of Turkey. [34) 97: 149-176 (*), ill.

LEPIDOPTERA— Beall, G.— Seasonal variation in sex
proportion and wing length in the migrant butterfly, Danaus
plexippus (Danaidae). [34] 97: 337-353, fig. Carpenter,
G. D. H. — Capture of butterflies in great numbers by the
grass Setaria verticillata (L) Beauv. in east Africa. [27]
21 : 49-50. Clark, A. H.— Two new butterflies from the Ad-
miralty Islands. [24] 59: 119-120. D'Almeida, R. F.-
Estudos biologicos sobre alguns Lepidopteros do Brasil.
[4] IV: 32-70, ill.; Segunda nota suplementar a "Revisao
das Terius americanas." |4| IV: 73-94. ill.; Revisao do
genero Xanthocleis Boisd. [4] IV: 97-112, ill. Francle-
rnont, J. G. — Revision of the species of Symmerista Hiibner
known to occur N. of the Mexican border (Lepidoptera:
Notodontidae). [8] 78: 96-103 (k*), ill. Fraenkel and
Blewett — (See under Anatomy, etc.) Gardner, J. C. M.—
Oil larvae of the Noctuidae. II. [34] 97: 237-252 (k), ill.
McDunnough, J. — Notes on Robinia-feeding Phycitid larvae
(Lep. : Phycitinae). [8] 78: 109-110. McDunnough, J.-
Gracillariid studies (Lepidoptera). [8] 78: 91-95 (*), ill.
Musgrave, A. — Some butterflies of Australia and the Pacific.
Swallowtails. [5] 9: 66-72, ill. Richards, O. W.— Rearing
larva of the eyed hawk-moth, Smerinthus ocellatus (L), on
apple and sallow. [27] 21 : 72. Richards, O. W. and Wal-
off, N. — Study of a population of Ephestia elutella Hubner
(Lep., Phycitidae) living on bulk grain. [34| 97: 253-298.

234 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Nov., '46

ill. Waloff and Richards — Observations on the behaviour
of Ephestia elutella Hiibner (Phycitidae) breeding on bulk
grain. [34] 97 : 299-335, fig. Wiltshire, E. P.— Middle east
Lepidoptera V. New genus, new species, and 2 new races
from Iran, with taxonomic notes on other Persian Hetero-
cera. [27] 15: 118-128, ill.

DIPTERA— Alexander, C. P.— Undescribed species of
western nearctic Tipulidae. II. [12] 5: 93-103. Brito da
Cunha, A. — Polymorphism in natural populations of a spe-
cies of Drosophila. [18] 37: 253-256, ill. Cooper, K. W.-
(See Anatomy, etc.) Ellenby, C. — (See under Anatomy,
etc.) Gerberick, J. B. — An annotated bibliography of pa-
pers relating to the control of mosquitoes by the use of fish
[1] 36: 87-131. Horsfall, W. R.— Biol. and control of mos-
quitoes in the Rice area. [36] Bull. 427 : 3-46, ill. Hauber
and Morrissey — Limnochironomids in Iowa including their
life histories. [13] 52: 287-292 (k), ill. Jones, D. T.— Do-
mestic habits of two flies. [13] 52: 299-301. Kangas and
Leskinen — (See Anatomy, etc.) King and Hoogstraal—
New Guinea species of Culex (Culiciomyia), with descrip-
tions of two new species. [24] 59: 143-154 (k), ill.
Knight and Laffoon — Oriental species of the Aedes (Fin-
laya) Kochi group (Culicidae). [33] 72: 203-225 (k*), ill.
McGovern, Harnly and Gable — A new approach to the pat-
tern problem in Drosophila wings. [17] 102: 159-177, ill.
Pennak, R. W.— Notes on Mountain Midges (Deutero-
phlebiidae) with a description of the immature stages of a
new species from Colorado. [2] 1276: 1-10 (k), ill. Pos-
sompes, B.— (See Anatomy, etc.) Sabrosky, McDaniel,
Reider — A high rate of natural Plasmodium infection in
Anopheles crucians. [30] 104: 247-248. Someren, E. C. C.
van — Ethiopian Culicidae. Tribe megarhinini — notes and
descriptions. [34] 97: 177-186 (k*), ill. Spencer, W. P.-
High mutant gene frequencies in a population of Drosophila
immigrans. [22] 46: 143-151. Strickland, E. H.— An an-
notated list of the Diptera of Alberta. Additions and cor-
rections. ^ [9] 24: 157-173. Trembley, H. L.— Aedes atro-
palpus (Coq.) a new mosquito vector of Plasmodium gal-
linaceum Brumpt. [20] 32: 499-501. Vargas, L.— Cuatro
nuevas especies y otros datos sobre Simulidos de Mexico
[29] 6: 71-82, ill.

COLEOPTERA— Benesh, B.— Systematic revision of
the Holarctic genus Platycerus Geoffroy (Lucanidae)
[33] 72: 139-202 (k), ill. Boyce, J. M.— (See Anatomy,

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

etc.) Jaques and Redlinger — Preliminary list of the Carabi-
dae known to occur in Iowa. [13] 52: 293-298, ill. Brown,
W. J. — Xotes on some species of Canthon and Dichelonyx
(Coleo. : Scarabacidae). [8] 78: 104-109, (k*i. Khatib,
S. M. H. — (See Anatomy, etc. ) Knull, J. N. — A new species
of Aplastus from Idaho (Coleoptera : Plastocerdiae). \22\
46: 142. McKeown, K. C.— Australian insects. XXVII.
Water Beetles. [5] 9: 46-49, ill. Stanley, J.— (See Anat-
omy, etc.) Salt and Hollick — Studies of wireworm popu-
lation. II. Spatial distribution. [16] 23: 1-46, ill.

HYMENOPTERA— Cockerell, T. D. A.— African col-
letid Bees. [3] 12: 836-851 (k*). Holgersen, H.— Ants
of northern Norway. [35] 63: 3-33, ill.. 1942. Holgersen,
H. — Formica gagatoides Ruzs. in Norway. [35] 64: 3-17,
ill., 1943. Popov, V. B. — Xotes on the nomenclature of
bees (Hymen: Apoidea). [27] 15: 106-109. Richards, O.
W. — Observations on Bonibus agrorum (Fab.). [27] 21:
66-71. Romun, A. — List of new finds of Ichneumonidae in
Norway. [35] 60: 3-20, 1942. O'Rourke, F. J.— Discovery
of rare ant Stenamma westwoodi Westwood. in Co. AYick-
low. [14] 8: 413-414.

LIST OF JOURNALS CITED

1.— Amer. Midi. Xat. 2. — Amer. Museum Xovitates. 3.

—Annals & Mag. Xat. Hist. 4. — Arg. de Zool. 5. — Aus-
tralian Mus. Mag. 6. — Bol. Mus. Nac. do R. de Jan. 7.—
Bull. Soc. Zool. France. 8. — Canadian Entomologist. 9.—
Can. Jour. Research. 10. — Ecological Monographs. 11.—
Ecology. 12. — Great Basin XTat., Provo, Utah. 13. — Iowa
Acad. Sci. 14. — Irish Naturalist Jour. 15. — Jour. Agr. Re-
search. 16. — Jour. Exper. Biol. 17. — Jour. Exp. Zool. 18.

-Jour. Heredity. 19. — Jour. Morphol. 20. — Jour. Para-
sitology. 21. — X. Y. State Agr. Exp. Sta. 22. — Ohio Jour.
Sci. 23. — Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. 24. — Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash. 25. — Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 26. — Proc. Xat. Acad.
Sci. 27.— Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc., B. 28.— Proc. Stat. Isl.
Inst. Arts & Sci. 29.— Rev. Soc. Mexicana Hist. Xat. 30.

—Science. 31. — Science Progress. 32. — Suomen Hyon-
teistieteelinen Aikakauskivja. 33. — Trans. Amer. Entom.
Soc. 34. — Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. 35. — Tromso Mus. Ar-
shefter. 36. — Univ. Ark. Agr. Exp. Sta. 37. — Univ. Kan-
sas Sci. Bull.

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DIPTERA

1123. — A systematic annotated arrangement of the gen. and sps. of
the Indoaustralian Ephydridrae. I. The subfam. Psilo-
pinae. (71 : 47-75, 1945) 60

1127. — A systematic annotated arrangement of the gen. and sps. of
the Neotropical Ephydridae. I. The subfam. Psilopinae.
(71 : 129-163, 1946) 75

1126. — Rapp (W. F.) — Two new Xemocera Diptera. (Sciaridae and

Cecidomyidae). (71 : 125-128, figs., 1946) 20

THE BIOLOGY AND IDENTIFICATION OF

TRYPETID LARVAE

By VENIA TARRIS PHILLIPS

Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, No. 12, 161 pp., 16 pis.,

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This is a comprehensive work describing and figuring the important characteristics of the larvae
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HYMENOPTERA

1118. — Bradley (J. C.) — A preliminary revision of the Pompilinae of
the Americas exclusive of the tribe Pompilini. (70: 23-157,
2 pis., 1944) 1.60

LEPIDOPTERA

1125. — Jones (F. M.) — Platoeceticus and a remarkable n. sp. of the
genus (Psychidae). (71 : 99-124, 6 pis., 1945)

ORTHOPTERA

1121. — Tinkham (E. R.) — Sinochlora, a newT tettigoniid gen. from
China, with descr. of 5 n. sps. (70: 235-246, 2 pis., 1945) . .

1120. — Rehn (J. A. G.) — A revision of the locusts of the group Hy-

alopteryges (Acrididae). (70: 181-234, 1 pi., 1944) 1.00

1117. — Rehn and Rehn — Studies of certain Cyrtacanthacridoid gen.
(Acrididae). II. Prumnacris, a new No. Amer. gen. of
Holarctic type. (70: 1-21, 2 pis., 1944) 50

1122. — III. Buckellacris, another new No. Amer. gen. of Hoi-
arctic type. (71 : 1-45, 2 pis., 1945) 1 .00

Have you renewed your subscription?

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

DECEMBER 1946

Vol. LVII

No. 10

CONTENTS

Pate — New wasps from southern Arizona
Horsfall — Area sampling of larval mosquitof»

Alexander — Undescribed crane-flies. Part X 245

Personal

Knull — Two new Stenosphenus

•

Current Entomological Literature 255

Indexes and title page to Volume LVII 263

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

VOL. LVII DECEMBER, 1946 No. 10

Two New Wasps from Southern Arizona.
(Hymenoptera : Sphecidae)

By V. S. L. PATE, Ithaca, N. Y.

In the material collected during the summer of 1946 in the
southwestern United States by Mr. Howard E. Evans of East
Hartford. Connecticut are the following two interesting and dis-
tinctive new wasps. One of these, Hapalomellinus tcrcn, is the
second species to be discovered of the peculiar and endemic
western Xearctic Gorytine genus Hapalomellinus. I express
my sincere thanks to Mr. Evans for his kindness in contributing
this material.

Hapalomellinus teren l new species

The much hner and more delicate vestiture of white tomen-
tum, which is golden on the upper face, vertex, and mesonotum.
and the wholly red body differentiate tcrcn from albitomentosus.
Furthermore, in tcrcn the front lacks the scattered coarse punc-
tures which are so characteristic of albitomentosus; the omaulus
is absent above and obsolescent below; the mesonotal-scutellar
suture is simple, not foveolate as in albitomentosus; the s.tigma
is eburneous; the pygidial area is polite and very sparsely punc-
tate; and the first abdominal Semite shows no trace of a median
keel on the apical half. Finally, the postocellar line of albito-
mentosus is twice the length of the ocellocular distance, whereas
in /err// the postocellar line is only one and a half the length of
the ocellocular distance.

1 rtprji', delicate: in allusion to the slender, dainty habitus and delicate
vestiture of this little \va-q >.

(237)

238 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '46

Type. 5; Along Santa Cruz River, Tucson, Pima County,
ARIZONA. Elevation, 2350 feet. August 6, 1946. (Howard
E. Evans; flying over sand.)

Female. Length 6.5 mm. Fulgid ferruginous ; the following
citrinous : labrum, clypeus, lower front and inner orbits, man-
dibles save for red apices, scapes anteriorly, and fore and middle
tarsi. Second, third and fifth abdominal tergites with a nar-
row, apical, eburneous fascia. Wings hyaline ; veins brtmneous ;
stigma eburneous.

Head subcircular in anterior aspect ; impunctate. Eyes con-
vergent toward clypeus. Clypeus and lower front with a fine
silvery sericeous pubescence ; upper front and vertex with a very
fine vestiture of aureous puberulent hair ; temples thinly clad
with fine silvery pubescence. Clypeus transversely subrectan-
gular, twice as wide as long, median length three-eighths the
vertical eye length, apical margin truncate, weakly flanged.
Front bisected by a fine impression running down from median
ocellus, without scattered pit-like punctures. Vertex with ocel-
locular line two-thirds the postocellar distance; occipital carina
moderate, neither a complete circle in extent nor attaining the
hypostomal carinule. Antennae situated slightly above dorsal
margin of clypeus ; subantennal sutures distinct ; scape thick,
obterete, one-half the vertical eye length ; pedicel suborcate,
subequal in length to first flagellar article ; flagellum with first
three segments subequal in length, penult article two-thirds the
length of terete ultimate segment. Mandibles strongly decus-
sate, apices acuminate, with a distinct preapical tooth on inner
margin ; lower margins entire.

Thorax fulgid, impunctate; dorsally with a fine aureous pu-
berulent tomentum; pleura, sternum and propodeum with a
very fine silvery tomentum. Pronotum with anterior dorsal
margin and humeri rounded ; propleural catch very wreak.
Mesonotum with notauli weak, arcuate, developed on anterior
fourth; mesonotal laminae distinct, obliquely truncate and de-
clivent; suture between mesonotum and scutellum efoveate;
scutellum and postscutellum simple. Mesopleura with omauli
absent above, obsolescent below ; episternal suture oblique, pres-

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 239

ent for entire length ; episternauli weak ; sternauli absent. Pro-
podeum impunctate, without sculpture, fulgid ; dorsal face with
a large trigonal enclosure defined by strongly impressed, efoveate
furrows and bisected by a strong line which continues onto and
also bisects posterior face ; posteriolateral angles broadly rounded.

Legs slender, elongate, clothed with a very fine silvery puberu-
lent tomentum. Fore tarsi slightly flattened, with a pecten of
long, slender, flattened, spatulate, flexible bristles. Middle and
hind tarsi long, slender, the apices of the segments with a verti-
cellate whorl of small spines ; middle tarsi with claws asymmetri-
cal, the outer claw much larger than the inner one ; hind tarsi
with segments weakly inflated. Middle tibiae weakly spined on
outer faces ; hind tibiae with very few spines.

Abdomen slender, elongate, petiolate, fulgid, impunctate ; clad
with a very fine inconspicuous pubescence dorsally, the tergites
with narrow silvery sericeous apical fasciae, the sternites with a
thin vestiture of puberulent silvery hair. First segment slender,
subnodose at apex. Pygidial area trigonal, glabrous, polite,
with a very few scattered fine punctures.

Paratypes. Two topotypical females which agree with the
type in all essential features of livery and structural detail.

Moniaecera evansi new species

The strange and curious flagellar process, the simple and
rounded ecarinate pronotum, and the fine, moderate punctura-
tion of the head and thorax differentiate evansi from all other
described species of Moniaecera.

Type. J1; Banks of the Santa Cruz River, Tucson, Pima
County, ARIZONA. Elevation, 2350 feet. August 2, 1946.
(Howard E. Evans; flying over sand.)

Male. Length 4 mm. Aenaeruginonigrous ; the following
eburneous: palpi, mandibles except red apices, antennal scapes,
fore and middle tibiae, fore and hind tarsi, fore and middle tro-
chanters, fore femora save for a black stripe on outer faces-,
middle tibiae except for a black stripe on both inner and outer
faces, and hind tibiae broadly annulate at base. Last abdominal
segment pale fulvous. Wings clear hyaline, iridescent ; veins
and stigma badeous.

240 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '46

Head fulgid ; clypeus and inner orbits with appressed silvery
sericeous pile ; vertex with sparse and scattered, decumbent
puberulent silvery hair; temples thinly clad with silvery pubes-
cence. Front strongly concave between inner orbits and weakly,
transversely strigose ; with a large, flattened, declivent spine
medially just above antennal sockets; upper front longitudinally
aciculate and with scattered, well separated moderate punctures,
bisected by a strong impression running forward from anterior
ocellus. Vertex transversely aciculate, with the punctures
scattered and well separated anteriorly to contiguous posteriorly ;
ocelli large, arranged in an equilateral triangle, the postocellar
and ocellocular lines subequal in length, postocellar line bisected
by a fine furrow. Occipital carina distinct but not appreciably
flanged, a complete circle in extent and not tangent below, but
well separated from, the apex of the hypostomal carinule, the
intervening region foveolate ; temples and lower portion of head
with fine, well. separated, setigerous punctures, the latter area
without tubercles or callosities. Antennae with scapes obterete,
ecarinate, slender, one-half the vertical eye length ; pedicel ob-
terete, one and a half the length of first flagellar article; first
seven flagellar articles short, annular, subequal in length and
weakly fringed beneath, the eighth produced beneath into a very
large flat, curved, laminate, subsecuriform process, penult seg-
ment three times the length of the first and two-thirds the length
of the simple last article. Clypeus short, median length one-
eighth the vertical eye length ; linear laterally, deeply emarginate
on each side of the flat, truncate median lobe. Mandibles as
customary in genus ; lower margins entire, and edentate be-
neath at base.

Thorax fulgid ; dorsum subglabrous, pleura and especially the
sternum with appressed silvery sericeous pile. Pronotum dis-
tinctly and closely punctate; dorsal surface flat, not notched
medially ; anterior margin and humeri rounded, ecarinate ; pos-
terior margin roundly emarginate medially. Mesonotum closely,
distinctly, and evenly punctate throughout; suture between
mesonotum and scutellum impressed and finely foveolate ; axil-
lae immarginate ; scutellum gently tumid, punctate like meso-

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 241

notum; postscutellum flat, punctate like scutellum. Meso-
pleura with puncturation similar to mesonotum but somewhat
more separated ; prepectus weakly margined anteriorly ; epi-
sternal suture oblique, impressed ; mesopleural pit very distinct ;
metapleura glabrous, impunctate; mesosternum rounded, im-
marginate anteriorly. Propodeum glabrous, with a fine favose
sculpture throughout ; dorsal face without a trigonal enclosure
but bisected by a narrow, linear, immarginate, finely foveolate
furrow which also bisects posterior face and is deep and widened
dlscally there ; lateral carinae obsolete.

Legs simple, normal for genus. All tibiae slender, obterete,
not spinose. Fore and hind tarsi simple, unmodified ; middle
tarsi with metatarsi fusiform and four-fifths the length of four
distal segments combined. Longer hind tibial calcar four-fifths
the length of hind metatarsus which is subequal in length to
four distal segments combined.

Fore wings short, not surpassing apex of third abdominal
segment ; marginal cell three and three-fifths as long as wide and
squarely truncate at apex; radius with first abscissa about two-
fifths (0.416) the length of second abscissa, the third abscissa
one-sixth the length of second abscissa; transverse cubital vein
oblique, inclivous, one-half the length of second abscissa of cu-
bitus which is about three-fourths (0.77) the length of first ab-
scissa of cubitus.

Abdomen fulgid ; with a very sparse and inconspicuous cloth-
ing of short silvery hair. Tergites with a very fine, transverse
aciculation ; sternites impunctate. First segment slender, petioli-
form but not appreciably nodose at apex ; the remainder of ab-
domen gradually ampliate toward the strongly clavate apex;
last tergite transversely subsemicircular, without a pygidial area
but with a few scattered punctures on disc; hypopygium wide,
flat, apex entire and broadly rounded.

Paratypes. Two topotypical males which agree with the type
in all essential features of livery and structural detail.

It gives me great pleasure to dedicate this bizarre little pem-
philidine wasp to its collector, Mr. Howard E. Evans.

242 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '46

Area Sampling of Populations of Larval Mosqui-
toes in Rice Fields 1

By WILLIAM R. HORSFALL, University of Arkansas,
Fayetteville, Arkansas

Sampling of populations of larval mosquitoes in rice fields
presents a unique problem because the fields provide uniform
habitats of extensive acreage. The land is nearly flat with con-
tour earth levees holding water over the surface to a depth of
4-8 inches. Larvae, when present, are usually distributed over
the whole area. In order to obtain samples from representative
parts of a field, an observer must wade, and such disturbance
causes larvae (especially culicine larvae) to submerge.

Dipping is a familiar and standard method of sampling popu-
lations of mosquito larvae especially when observing diverse
habitats where other methods are cumbersome. It has been used
for sampling populations in rice fields (Knowles and Fisk, 1945).
Larval densities determined by this method deviate with ob-
servers, and often comparable densities may appear divergent
when recorded by the same observer in different places. Even
with such habitual surface forms as anopheline larvae, attempts
to relate capacity of dipping device to surface area have been
unsatisfactory (Goodwin and Eyles, 1942).

Area sampling is a reliable means of comparing larval den-
sities in a uniform habitat. Goodwin and Eyles used a floating
device in the form of a hollow square of one-half to one square
meter made by planking set on edge for comparing densities of
Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say in different locations. At each
location enclosed larvae were dipped out and counted. Cam-
bournac, 1939, used a hollow rectangular chamber with metal
sides enclosing an area of 0.1 square meter for sampling popula-
tions of larvae in rice fields in Portugal. Another means of
area sampling used in rice fields since 1939 is that of a count-
ing chamber consisting of a cylindrical screen cage with a cross-
section area of one square foot (Horsfall, 1942, p. 16). The

1 Research paper No. 816 Journal Series, University of Arkansas. Pub-
lication permitted by the Director of the Arkansas Agricultural Experi-
ment Station.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 243

cylinder is 13 inches high and is open at both ends. Support
and weight are provided by a metal band at each end of the
cylinder and four metal struts between them. In use the device
is dropped at random intervals in a rice field in such a way that
one end settles into the mud, and the walls enclose larvae pres-
ent under one square foot of surface. Larvae are dipped out and
counted as they rise to the surface. As a means of determining
actual numbers of larvae present, this chamber has proved satis-
factory for all species that rise to the surface.

Area sampling was more dependable than dipping as was
shown by collections in an area where the exact population of
larvae of Psorophora confinnis ( Lynch- Arribalzaga) was known.
Two hollow squares made of wide bands of sheet metal each
enclosing 16 square feet were placed in a plot of rice having no
larvae of this species present. One square was infested with 16
larvae (one larva to a square foot), and the other was infested
with 64 larvae (four larvae to a square foot) . Three hours later
each enclosure was sampled by taking 100 dips and ten area
samples of one square foot. Ten larvae were found in ten area
samples in the enclosure containing one larva to the square foot,
and 35 larvae were observed in ten area samples in the enclosure
containing four larvae to the square foot. One hundred dips
from the enclosure containing one larva to a square foot yielded
two larvae, and 100 dips from the other yielded 17 larvae. Ac-
tual ratio of larvae, in the two enclosures, was 1 : 4 larvae.
Comparison of populations in the two enclosures by means of
the area sampler (one square foot) showed a ratio of 1 : 3.5 lar-
vae. Comparison by means of a dipper showed a ratio of 1 : 8.5
larvae.

Area sampling of Psorophora coufinnis was more accurate
than dipping under field conditions also. Observations were
made at intervals of 30 steps along each contour from one near-
est the well to one near the low side of the field. At each sta-
tion 10 dips and an area sample of one square foot were observed.
Toward the upper part of the field where the larval population
was visibly less, 28 stations yielded 36 larvae with the area sam-
pler and 15 larvae in 290 dips, or a mean of 1.3 ± 0.3 - larvae to

2 Standard Error.

244 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '46

a square foot and a mean of 0.5 ± 0.2 larvae in 10 dips. Where
the larval incidence was visibly greater, 63 stations yielded 337
larvae in the area sampler and 117 larvae in 630 dips or a mean of
5.2 ± 0.5 larvae to a square foot and a mean of 1.9 ± 0.2 larvae
in 10 dips. Fifty per cent of the stations in the area of lower in-
cidence yielded larvae when the area sampler was used and only
27 percent showed larvae when the dipper was used. In the
area of higher incidence, 95 per cent of the stations were positive
when the sampler was used and 73 per cent were positive when
the dipper was used.

SUMMARY

An area sampling device consisting of a cylindrical screen cage
open at both ends and having a cross-section area of one square
foot is an effective means of accurately comparing larval densi-
ties in a uniform habitat such as rice fields. More accurate re-
sults were obtained in plot and field tests with this device than
were obtained with a dipper. In two plots where actual popula-
tions of larvae of Psorophora confinnis (L.-A.) were as 1 to 4,
the area sampler showed the ratio to be 1 : 3.5 larvae, and a dip-
per showed the ratio to be 1 : 8.5 larvae. Under field conditions
where a population of these larvae was low, 50 per cent of the
stations yielded larvae with the area sampler, and only 27 per
cent showed larvae with the dipper. In an area where larvae
were abundant, 95 per cent of the stations showed larvae with
the area sampler, and only 73 per cent showed larvae by dipping.

LITERATURE CITED

CAMBOURNAC, F. J. C. 1939. A method for determining the larval
Anopheles population and its distribution in rice fields and other
breeding places. Rev. Malar. 18: 17-22.

GOODWIN, M. H. and D. E. EYLES. 1942. Measurements of larval popu-
lations of Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say. Ecol. 23 : 376.

HORSFALL, W. R. 1942. Biology and control of mosquitoes in the rice
area. Ark. Agri. Exp. Sta. Bui. 427. 46 pp.

KNOWLES, F. L. and F. W. FISK. 1945. DDT water emulsion in rice
fields as a method of controlling larvae of Anopheles quadrimaculatus
and other mosquitoes. U. S. Pub. Hlth. Repts. 60: 1005-1019.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 245

Undescribed Species of Crane-Flies from the East-
ern United States and Canada (Dipt. : Tipulidae).

PartX

By CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, Massachusetts State College,
Amherst, Massachusetts

The preceding part under this general title was published in
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, 55 : 241-247 ; 1944. Acknowledgment
of sources of specimens discussed herewith will be given under
the individual species.

Tipula (Arctotipula) thulensis n. sp.

Allied to bcsselsi; size large (wing, male, 17 mm.) ; general
coloration gray, the praescutum with four darker plumbeous
gray stripes ; vestiture of head and thorax very long and con-
spicuous, chiefly black, that of the meron paler; antennae black
throughout, flagellar segments chiefly subcylindrical, the verticils
exceeding the segments ; wings with a very faint brownish tinge,
stigma oval, dark brown ; male hypopygium with the tergite ex-
tensively covered with short black setae, somewhat more con-
centrated near the mesal portion of the lobes ; caudal border of
tergite with a relatively small U-shaped median notch, no ventral
spinous armature ; outer dististyle oval, yellow, the tip obtuse ;
inner dististyle narrow, the flattened beak obtuse ; outer margin
at near three-fourths the length with a strong, slightly curved
black spine ; outer basal lobe a slender glabrous blade.

J\ Length about 14 mm.; wing 17 mm.

Frontal prolongation of head relatively short, dark gray, con-
spicuously clothed with long black setae ; nasus conspicuous.
Antennae short, black throughout, scape pruinose ; flagellar seg-
ments short-suboval to subcylindrical, with scarcely developed
basal swellings ; verticils longer than the segments. Head gray,
with abundant black setae ; anterior vertex broad ; no vertical
tubercle.

Pronotum gray, with unusually abundant long dark setae, ar-
ranged primarily in a large group on either side. Mesonotum

246 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '46

gray, the praescutum with four darker plumbeous gray stripes
that are poorly defined against the ground ; interspaces, includ-
ing the lateral border, with abundant erect black setae ; posterior
sclerites of notum similarly provided with long black setae, para-
scutella obscure testaceous yellow. Pleura light gray ; dorso-
pleural membrane buffy yellow ; propleura, sternopleurite and
meral region with long setae, the last group paler in color;
pleurotergite and all dorsal pleurites, as well as the actual meron,
glabrous. Halteres with stem blackened, knob conspicuously
pale yellow. Legs with the coxae light gray, with, very long
conspicuous pale setae; trochanters gray; femora and tibiae
obscure brownish yellow, the tips narrowly blackened; tarsi
passing into black; claws (male) with a small tooth. Wings
with a very faint brownish tinge to subhyaline ; stigma oval, dark
brown; cell Sc slightly darker than the remainder of ground;
veins brown. Squama with setae ; veins virtually glabrous ;
distal section of vein Ri+5 with scattered trichia almost to base.
Venation: Rs about three times m-cu; petiole of cell Mt longer
than in.

Abdomen blackish gray, pruinose, the tergites slightly darker
medially; posterior borders of segments narrowly yellow, more
extensive on segments three to five; styli yellow. Male hypo-
pygium with the ninth tergite extensively covered with short
black setae, somewhat more concentrated near the mesal por-
tion of the lobes ; caudal border with a relatively small U-shaped
median notch, the adjoining lobes lying slightly more ventrad,
jutting beyond the level of remainder of tergite ; lobes with abun-
dant erect pale setulae; margin of notch glabrous or with ex-
ceedingly small microscopic setulae ; no ventral spinous arma-
ture, such as in bessclsi and suttoni. Outer dististyle an oval

yellow lobe, about one-half longer than its greatest width, the
tip obtuse ; provided with abundant yellow setae, including a
strong row near lower edge. Inner dististyle narrow, the flat-
tened beak obtuse, glabrous ; outer margin at near three-fourths
the length with a strong slightly curved black spine ; surface of
blade opposite this spine with five or six black setae ; outer basal
lobe appearing as a slender glabrous blade.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 247

Habitat. — Canadian Northwest Territories. Holotype: g.
BAFFIN ISLAND, River Clyde, 70° North Latitude, June 1945
(Jack P. Woolstenhulme) ; through George F. Edmunds, Jr.

This interesting species is closest to Tipula (Arctotipula)
besselsi Osten Sacken, T. (A.) besselsoides Alexander, and T.
(A.) suttoni Alexander, differing from all in the structure of
the male hypopygium. Lackschewitz (Trav. Ins. Zool., Acad.
Sci. URSS, 4: 288-291; 1936) has placed T. (A.) alascaensis
Alexander as a synonym of the north European T. (A.) ciliata
Lundstrom, and T. (A.} aleutica Alexander as a synonym of
besselsi, both quite incorrectly so. It may be emphasized that
both alascaensis and aleutica are entirely valid species. It may
further be noted that Lackschewitz's identification of besselsi
(following Riedel) is not that species but is closer to the present
fly though differing in all details of structure of the male hypo-
pygium. Tipula (Arctotipula) salicetorum Siebke, of northern
Europe, is more like besselsi yet again apparently quite distinct.
It appears that there are rather numerous Arctic and Sub-
arctic species in this subgenus and that these do not have the
vast range over the Holarctic Region that was believed by
Lackschewitz.

Limonia (Geranomyia) remington! n. sp.

Size relatively large (wing, male, over 7 mm.) ; rostrum very
long, approximately three-fourths the length of the body ; meso-
notal praescutum with three dark brown stripes; scutal lobes
brownish black; pleura chiefly pale, the ventral sternopleurite
a little darkened; femora brown, the tips conspicuously black-
ened; wings weakly tinged with gray, the oval stigma dark
brown ; Sct ending about opposite three-fifths Rst cell 1st M2
long, exceeding the distal section of vein M1 + 2; abdominal ter-
gites bicolored, dark brown ringed with yellow ; male hypo-
pygium with the lateral tergal lobes low, widely separated, each
with a group of blackened setae ; ventral dististyle large and
fleshy, its area about four times that of the basistyle, rostral
prolongation short and stout, the two spines from very unequal
tubercles ; gonapophyses with the mesal-apical lobe long, straight
and slender.

248 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '46

J1. Length, excluding rostrum, about 8 mm. ; wing 7.4 mm. ;
rostrum about 6 mm.

Rostrum of unusual length, as shown by the measurements,
being approximately three-fourths the length of remainder of
body, pale brown. Antennae black; flagellar segments sub-
cylindrical, with verticils that are shorter than the segments;
terminal segment about three-fourths the length of the penulti-
mate. Front, hinder portion of posterior vertex and occiput
buffy yellow, the remainder of vertex brown, the narrowed ante-
rior vertex a trifle paler.

Pronotum light testaceous yellow, the scutellum paler yellow.
Mesonotal praescutum with three dark brown stripes, the inter-
spaces only a trifle paler; humeral region extensively light yel-
low, the lateral borders of the sclerite less extensively so ; median
region of scutum testaceous yellow, the lobes brownish black;
scutellum brown ; postnotum dark brown, pruinose, pleuroter-
gite abruptly whitened. Pleura, including the dorsopleural
membrane, chiefly pale, the sternopleurite weakly infuscated,
the metapleura almost white. Halteres short, stem testaceous,
knob dark brown. Legs with the coxae greenish, the fore pair
a trifle darker ; trochanters light green ; femora brown, the tips
rather broadly and conspicuously black, the amount subequal
on all legs ; remainder of legs dark brown, the outer tarsal seg-
ments passing into black; claws with basal spine. Wings with
a very weak grayish tinge, the prearcular field more whitened ;
stigma oval, dark brown, very conspicuous ; veins brown, paler
in the prearcular field. Venation: Sc long, Sc1 ending about
opposite three-fifths Rs, Sc2 near its tip; Rs long; cell 1st M2
elongate, exceeding the distal section of M1 + 2 in length; m-cu
at fork of M.

Abdominal tergites bicolored, the basal rings and, on the more
proximal tergites, the very narrow caudal margin yellow, the
slightly more extensive remainder of each segment dark brown ;
sternites yellow, on the posterior margins more darkened ;
eighth and ninth segments yellow, the styli more infuscated,
especially the outer faces of the ventral dististyles. Male hypo-
pygium with the tergite transverse, the caudal margin broadly
and shallowly emarginate, glabrous except for the low widely

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 249

separated lateral lobes, each of which bears about 16-18 setae,
the more lateral ones stouter. Basistyle small, its ventromesal
lobe simple. Dorsal dististyle a strongly curved hook, a little
widened on outer third, the distal end narrowed to the obtuse
tip. Ventral dististyle large and fleshy, its area about four times
that of the basistyle ; rostral prolongation very short and stout,
with two subequal rostral spines from very unequal tubercles,
in one the tubercle about three-fourths as long as the spine, in
the other a little more than one-third the spine. Gonapophysis
with mesal-apical lobe long, straight, slender.

Habitat. — LOUISIANA. Holotype: J1, Chalmette, Orleans
Parish, October 17, 1944 (Charles L. Remington).

I take great pleasure in naming this species for Mr. Charles
L. Remington, to whom I am greatly indebted for Tipulidae
from various parts of the United States, New Caledonia and the
Philippines. It is very distinct from the other regional members
of the subgenus in the unusually long rostrum, coloration of the
body, wings and legs, and in the structure of the male hypo-
pygium. The darkened stigma is most like that of the otherwise
distinct Limonia (Geranomyia) perjecta Alexander (Arizona
to Mexico).

Dicranoptycha microphallus n. sp.

Size small (wing, male, under 7.5 mm.) ; general coloration
brownish gray, the praescutum without distinct stripes ; anten-
nal flagellum black ; legs pale brownish yellow, all pairs generally
similar, tips of femora and tibiae undarkened ; wings with a
faint brownish tinge, the costal border narrowly light yellow ;
costal fringe (male) short; in-cu about its own length beyond
the fork of M; abdomen brown, the subterminal segments
brownish black ; male hypopygium with the outer dististyle rela-
tively slender, strongly curved to the long black terminal spine,
the surface of outer half with abundant spines but no setulae ;
gonapophyses dark-colored, the mesal apical lobe relatively slen-
der, the tip obtuse, pale ; aedeagus unusually small and slender,
especially the outer third or fourth which is pale and even
narrower.

250 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '46

rf. Length about 6.5 mm. ; wing 7.2 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae with scape and pedicel
brown, flagellum black; verticils long and conspicuous. Head
light gray ; anterior vertex broad.

Pronotum gray. Mesonotum brownish gray, the praescutum
without distinct stripes, the ground appearing light brown, heav-
ily pruinose; median region of scutum and the scutellum paler
brown ; pleurotergite similarly pruinose. Pleura yellow, clear-
est on the ventral portion, somewhat darker on dorsal half, the
region below the dorsopleural membrane conspicuously darker.
Halteres yellow. Legs with the coxae and trochanters yellow;
remainder of legs pale brownish yellow, all similar to one an-
other, the tips of the femora and tibiae undarkened ; tarsi passing
into brown. Wings with a faint brownish tinge, the prearcular
region and narrow costal border light yellow; no stigmal or
other darkening ; veins light brown, paler in the yellow portions.
Costal fringe short. Venation: Sc^ ending a short distance
beyond the fork of Rs, Sc0 a little removed from its tip ; m-cu
about its own length beyond the fork of M; cell 1st M0 subequal
in length to or a trifle longer than M4.

Abdomen brown, the subterminal segments brownish black,
the ninth segment again paler, the basistyles yellow. Male
hypopygium with the outer dististyle relatively slender, strongly
curved to the long black terminal spine; surface of outer half
with abundant semierect spines, those of outer half somewhat
more appressed ; a few delicate setulae on basal portion of style
but lacking among the spines. Inner dististyle longer, very
gradually narrowed outwardly, the tip broadly obtuse. Gona-
pophyses dark-colored, the mesal apical lobe relatively slender,
the tip obtuse, pale. Aedeagus unusually small and slender,
especially on its outer third or fourth which is even narrower
and pale ; on basal half the width of the aedeagus is about equal
to that of the mesal-apical lobe of the gonapophysis across its
base.

Habitat. — GEORGIA. Holotypc: J\ Blood Mountain, Septem-
ber 11, 1945 (P. W.Fattig).

I am indebted to Professor Fattig for several very interesting
Tipulidae from Georgia. The nearest ally of the present fly is

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 251

Dicranoptycha septemtrionis Alexander, of the northeastern
United States. This has the hypopygial structure most like that .
of the present fly but differs in all details, particularly the stouter
aedeagus and the different armature of the outer dististyle.

Neolimnophila capnioptera n. sp.

Allied to ultima; praescutal stripes distinct; wings narrow,
with a strong brownish tinge ; vein R2 more than one-half its
own length before the fork of R3 + i; cell 1st M2 narrow, about
equal in length to vein M4; male hypopygium with the outer
spine of basistyle unusually large, about two-thirds as long as
the major spine, both spines hairy ; inner dististyle with abun-
dant long erect setae.

J*. Length about 7.5 mm.; wing 7.8 X 1.8 mm.

Rostrum blackish gray ; palpi black. Antennae black through-
out; fusion-segment involving four segments, there being ten
free ones beyond ; verticils long and conspicuous. Head gray,
the central portion of posterior vertex more infuscated.

Pronotum dark gray. Mesonotum dark brownish gray, the
praescutum with four brown stripes that are moderately clear-
cut, the intermediate pair about twice as wide as the median
interspace; posterior sclerites of notum and the pleura clear
gray. Halteres pale, knobs weakly infuscated. Legs with the
coxae gray pruinose ; trochanters obscure yellow ; remainder of
legs black, the femoral bases restrictedly obscure yellow; fore
tibiae without spurs, middle and hind pairs spurred. Wings
relatively narrow, as shown by the measurements ; strongly
tinged with brown, the extreme base more yellowed; stigmal
region vaguely more darkened ; veins dark brown. Venation :
Sc! ending just before the fork of Rs, Sc2 longer, placed near
its extreme tip; vein R<> more than one-half its own length be-
fore the fork of R:,+ 4 ; cell 1st M2 long and narrow, about equal
to vein M4; cell M± subequal to its petiole; m-cu about its own
length beyond the fork of M ; vein 2nd A straight, the cell rela-
tively narrow.

Abdomen, including hypopygium, brownish black. Male hy-
popygium with the spines near the proximal end of basistyle
more nearly equal in size than is the case in ultima, the outer

252 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '46

one about two-thirds the length of the major more basal spine
.and fully as stout, both provided with appressed setae. Inner
dististyle with the elongate erect setae more abundant, erect and
conspicuous.

Habitat. — GEORGIA. Holotype: <§, Winder, Barrow Co., No-
vember 8, 1945 (P. W. Fattig).

Neolimnophila capnioptera, while allied to the common and
wide-spread N. ultima (Osten Sacken), differs in the narrow
darkened wings and in the details of structure of the male hypo-
pygium, particularly the spines of the basistyle and the inner
dististyle. In Japan and China, rather numerous further spe-
cies of the genus occur and it seems possible that still other
forms may be found to occur in the southern Appalachians, thus
conforming to the type of geographical distribution found in
many genera of plants and certain groups of Tipulidae (as
Dolichopeza: Oropeza; Dicranoptycha).

Whether the genus Neolimnophila Alexander should be placed
in the tribe Hexatomini or in the Eriopterini still remains in
question. The middle and hind tibiae have long conspicuous
spurs which is definitely a Hexatomine character but the affini-
ties with such other groups as Chionea Dalman, Cladura Osten
Sacken and Crypteria Bergroth seem so obvious that for the
time being, at least, it seems better to retain all of these groups
in the more primitive Eriopterini.

Personal

Dr. J. McDunnough, outstanding specialist on North Amer-
ican Lepidoptera and recently retired chief of the Systematic
Unit of the Division of Entomology, Canadian Department of
Agriculture, has accepted a Research Associateship at the Amer-
ican Museum of Natural History, New York City, where he
will continue his studies on North American moths. His work
will be of particular value to the Museum since it has been
many years since there has been a moth specialist on the staff
of this institution. Dr. McDunnough's first research project
will be to complete a revision of the large and difficult geo-
metrid genus Eupithecia.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Two New Stenosphenus (Coleoptera :
Cerambycidae)

By JOSEF N. KNULL, The Ohio State University *

In identifying the Stenosphenus in our collection with the re-
cent synopsis by Fisher,f I found that the two following species
did not agree with the described forms. Mr. W. S. Fisher
kindly compared these and agreed that they were new.

Stenosphenus piceus n. sp.

Male. Slender, elongate ; shining black throughout.

Head irregularly, coarsely punctate, median groove between
antennae ; antennae extending over two segments beyond elytra
when laid over top, scape stout, coarsely punctured, other seg-
ments finely punctate, segments three to seven inclusive spinose
at apices, spines decreasing in length apically; surface densely
clothed with short pubescence, intermixed with much longer
hairs.

Pronotum wider than long, widest about middle, wider at
base than at apex; sides broadly rounded; disk convex, with
transverse depression at base ; surface glabrous, with irregularly
placed large and small punctures in all but central area, a long
white hair arising from each puncture. Scutellum transverse,
rounded in rear, densely pubescent.

Elytra at base wider than widest part of pronotum; sides
subparallel, broadly rounded on apical fourth to sinuate apices
which are spinose on sutural and outer angles ; surface densely,
uniformly, coarsely punctured, separated by about their own
diameters, a short semi-erect white hair arising from each
puncture.

Abdomen beneath smooth, finely, sparsely punctate. Pro-
sternum smooth in front and in middle, separating to densely,
coarsely punctured areas.

Length 8.7 mm. ; width 2.3 mm.

* Contribution from Department of Zoology and Entomology.
tW. S. Fisher, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 36, 86-94: 1945.

254 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '46

Female. Differs from male by antennae not extending to
apices of elytra.. Prosternum smooth in front and middle with
finely, densely punctured pubescent area on each side.

Holotype $ and allotype labeled Davis Mts., TEXAS, July 1,
D. J. & J. N. Knull collectors. Paratypes, Davis Mts., July 7,
H. A. Wenzel, and Chisos Mts., Tex., July 17, 1946, D. J. &
J. N. Knull. Paratype in H. W. Wenzel collection, The Ohio
State University, rest of type material in collection of author.

According to Fisher's key this species would run to S. dolosus
Horn. Aside from differences in color, pubescence of elytra is
shorter, apices lack prominent spines, and pronotum is more
densely punctured.

Stenosphenus texanus n. sp.

Male. Slender, elongate, shining, prothorax all but anterior
margin and femora all but apices red, rest of insect black.

Head irregularly coarsely punctured, median groove between
antennae ; antennae extending over three segments beyond apices
of elytra when laid over top, scape stout, coarsely punctured,
other segments finely punctate, segments three to seven inclusive
spinose at apices, spines decreasing in length apically, surface
clothed with short pubescence, intermixed with longer hairs.

Pronotum wider than long, widest in middle, wider at base
than at apex; sides broadly rounded; disk convex, with trans-
verse depression at base; surface glabrous, with irregularly
placed large and small punctures in all but central area, a long
white hair arising from each puncture. Scutellum broadly
rounded in rear, densely, finely pubescent.

Elytra at base wider than middle of pronotum; sides sub-
parallel, rounded in apical quarter, apices truncate, sutural and
outer angles spinose; surface densely, uniformly punctured,
punctures separated by less than their own diameters, a short
semi-erect hair arising from each puncture.

Abdomen beneath, smooth, shining, sparsely, finely punctate.
Prosternum smooth in front, a densely, coarsely punctured area
on each side separated in middle by transverse rugulose area.

Length 11.2 mm. ; width 2.8 mm.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 255

Female. Antennae extending to about apices of elytra. Pro-
sternum transversely rugulose.

Holotype male and allotype labeled Davis Mts., TEXAS, July 3,
D. J. & J. N. Knull collectors. Paratypes with same data; also
from same locality, July 7-27, H. A. Wenzel and Chisos Mts.,
Tex., July 9, 1936, D. J. & J. N. Knull. Paratypes in H. W.
Wenzel collection, The Ohio State University, rest of type ma-
terial in collection of writer.

According to Fisher's key this species runs to 6". rossi Lins.
It differs by having antennae longer than body in male; pro-
notum more densely punctured and all of femora in part red.

Current Entomological Literature

COMPILED BY CHARLES HODGE IV, RAYMOND Q. BLISS,

EDWIN T. MOUL, MAURICE E. PHILLIPS AND

HENRY K. TOWNES JR.

This list gives references of the current or preceding year unless otherwise noted.
Continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installment.

For records of Economic Literature, see the Experiment Station Record Office of Ex-
periment Stations, Washington. Also Review of Applied Entomology, Series A, London.
For records of papers on Medical Entomology, see Review of Applied Entomology, Series B.

Papers published in ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS are not listed.

GENERAL— Anon.— Frank Ellsworth Blaisdell, Sr.
(Obituary). [27] 22: 99. Anon.— Mosquito Psychology.
[Time Magazine] Oct. 14, 1946. Adams, C. V.— A Method
of Marking Insects. [13] 79: 169-171. Chen, S. H.— Evo-
lution of Insect Larva. [35] 97: 381-404. Cockerell, T, D.
A. — N. Sp. and Sub sp., Collected in a Month in Guatemala.
[22] 54: 203-206. Collin, J. E.— On the Selection of a
Genotype for a Genus in Which No Named Species Was at
Any Time Included by Its Author. [22] 54: 207-210.
Dibb, J. R.— Nomenclature (II). [14] 82: 253-254.

256 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '46

Fletcher, F. C.— DDT and the Insect Collection. [38] 20:
32. Fletcher, F. C. — Non-professional Entomology. [38]
20: 12-13. Grant, C.— Spirit. [21] 38-48, Kerrich, G. J.
— On Some Terms Used in Insect Morphology and Tax-
onomy. [14] 82: 252-253. Moore, G. A.— Presidential
Address. [17] 76: 5-9. Oman, P. W. and Cushman, A. D.
—Collection and Preservation of Insects. [36] 601 : 1-42,
ill. Pradhan, S. — The utility of statistical methods in ento-
mological research. [20] 7: 243-247. Romney, Van E.—
The insect community found on a perennial peppergrass in
southern New Mexico and s.w. Texas. [12] 27: 258-262.
Snowball, G. J. — A consideration of the insect population
associated with cow dung at Crawly, West Australia. [23]
28: 219-245, ill. Teale, E. W.— Insect trapper. [18] 8:
74-77, ill. Weiss, H. B. — The contributions of physicians
to entomology in the United States from 1723 to 1865. [22]
54:309-314. '

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, MEDICAL— Bellomy,
M. D.— Cardiographs for Grasshoppers. [19] 11: 8-10, ill.
Dobzhansky, Th. — Complete reproductive isolation between
2 morphologically similar species of Drosophila. [12] 27:
205-211, 1946. Grant, C. — Transmetamorphic Memory vs.
Instinct. [21] 38: 46-47. Hoffman, C. H. et al.— Field
Studies on the Effect of DDT on Aquatic Insects. [U.S.
D.A. Bur. of Ento.] E-702 : 1-20 + ill. and 4 tables.
Lempke, B. J. — Some remarks on Lasiocampa quercus, L.
[16] 58: 133-135. Waloff, N. and Richards, O. W.— Obser-
vations on the behaviour of Ephestia elutella Hiibner
(Phycit) breeding on bulk grain. [35] 97 : 299-335.

ARACHNIDA AND MYRIOPODA— Chamberlin, R. V.
— A New Chilopod Genus of the Family Sogonidae. [11]
78: 69-71 (k). Chickering, A. M.— The Salticidae of Pan-
ama (Spiders). 97: 5-474 (k*), ill., 1946. Cooley, R. A.-
Ixodes holdenriedi a N. Sp. of Tick from a Pocket Gopher
in Calif. (Acar. Ixod.). [27] 22 : 103-104, ill. Farner, D. S.
— A New Host and Locality Record for the Trombiculid
Mite W. americana Ewing w/a note on its Morphology.
[29] 48: 185-186. Rapp, J. L. C. — List of spiders taken in
Champaign Co., 111. during the fall and winter of 1944-1945.
[22] 54: 315-319. Southcott, R. V.— Studies on Trombidi-
idae (Acarina). [30] 70: 312-316, ill. Southcott, R. V.-
On the family Smarididae (Acarina). [30] 70: 173-178
(k), ill. Turk, F. A. — On 2 new false scorpions of the gen-
era Tridenchthonius and Microcreagris. [2] 13: 64-70, ill.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 257

THE SMALLER ORDERS.— Back, E. A.— Silverfish.
[U.S.D.A. leaflet 149] : 1-4. Bohart, R. M.— A N. Sp. of
Halictophagus Parasitic on Cercopidae (Strep., Halic.).
[29] 48: 200-202. Davis, C.— Revision of the Embioptera
of Western Australia. [23] 28: 139-147, ill. Despax, R.-
Contribution a 1'etude du genre Isopteryx Pict. (Chloroperla
Newm.) (Plecoptera). [10] 76: 205-233 (*), ill. Despax,
R. — Valeur des caracteres sexuels pour la distinction des
especes de genre Perla Geoffr. (Plecoptera). [10] 77:
65-74, ill. Freeman, R. B. — Pitrufquenia coypus Marelli.
(Mall., Gyrop.) an Ectoparasite on Myocastor coypus Mol.
[14] 82: 226-227. Ross, H. H.— Hydropsyche Antilles, an
unusual N. Sp. from Santo Domingo (Trich., Hydro.).
[29] 48: 182-184. Ross, H. H.— A Review of the Nearctic
Lepidostomatidae (Trich.). [3] 39: 265-291 (k*), ill.

HEMIPTERA.— Caldwell, J. S.— Notes on Haplaxius
Fowler w/desc. of N. Sp. (Homo. Ciyi.). [29] 48: 203-206.
Carvalho, J. C. M. — Mirideos neotropicais XXIV : Generos
Cystotylus Bergroth, Peritropis Uhler e Poeas Distant
(Hemiptera). [39] 67: 1-10, ill., 1946. China and Fennah.
— On the genera Tetigonia Geoff., Tettigonia F., Tettigoni-
ella Jac., and lassus Fab. (Hemiptera, Homoptera). [2]
12: 707-712. Evans, J. W.— A Natural Classification of
Leaf-Hoppers (Homo., Jass.,), Part 2, Aetalionidae, Hylici-
dae, Eurymelidae, [35] 97 : 39-54, ill. Evans, J. W.— New
leaf-hopper (Homoptera: Jassoidea) from W. Australia.
[23] 27: 143-163, ill. Hsiao, T.— The genus Neella Renter,
with descriptions of four new species (Miridae). [24] 36:
385-387 (k*). Kullenberg, B. — Studien iiber die Biologic
der Capsiden. [40] 23 : 1-522, ill, 1944. Metcalf, Z. P.— A
N. Sp. of Delphacodes from Alberta (Fulgor.). [11] 78:
63-65, ill. Monte, O. — Duas N. Sp. de Tingitideos da Bo-
livia. [6] 5 : 27-28. Ribaut, H. — Demembrement des genres
Athysamus Burm. et Thamnotettix Zett. (Homoptera:
Jassidae). [10] 77: 259-270 (k). Torre-Bueno, J. R. de la
-AN.A. Dieushes (Heter. Lygae, Beosini). [9| 41 : 126-128
(*). Torre-Bueno, J. R. de la. — A Synopsis of the Hemip-
tera-Heteroptera of America North of Mexico, Part III,
Family XI— Lygaeidae. [15] 26: 1-40; 41-88 (to be
contd.).

LEPIDOPTERA. — Beall, G.— Seasonal variation in sex
proportion and wing length in the migrant butterfly, D.
plexippus (Dan.). [35] 97: 337-53. Bell, E. L— Some
Corrections to the "Studies in the Pyrrhopyginae." [22]

258 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '46

54: 199-201. Eliot, N.— Continental Drift and Precis la-
vinia. [13] 79: 225-228. Hinton, H. E.— On the Homol-
ogy and Nomenclature of the Setae of Lepidopterous Lar-
vae, with Some Notes on the Phylogeny of the Lepidoptera.
[35] 97: 1-37, ill. Lempke B. J.— (See under Anat, etc.)
McDunnough, J. — Note on Certain Dichrorampha Sp. (Lep.
Lasp.). [11] 78: 65-67 (*). McDunnough, J.— New N.A.
Eupithecias, II (Lep., Geometr.). [11] 78: 86-89. Mc-
Dunnough, J. — Some Coleophoridae of Eastern Ontario and
N.W. Nova Scotia. [11] 78: 54-63 (*), ill. McDunnough,
J. — The Spp. of the Truncata Group of the Genus Dys-
stroma (Lep. Geometr.). [11] 78: 71-78. Palmer, E. L. —
Some butterflies and moths. [26] 39: 417-424, ill. Sperry,
J. L. — Two Apparently New Geometrid Moths from South-
ern California. [9] 41 : 137-139. Turner, A. J.— Revision
of Australian Lepidoptera. Oecophoridae XIII. [30] 70:
93-120 (k*). Waloff, N. and Richards, O. W.— (See under
Anat., etc.)

DIPTERA— Alexander, C. P. — Records and Descriptions
of Neotropical Crane-flies (Tip.), XXI. [22] 54: 293-397
(*). Alexander, C. P. — New or little-known Tipulidae
(Dip.), LXXVI. Neotropical Species. [2] 12: 734-765.
Ashby, D. G. and Wright, D. W. — The immature stages of
the carrot fly. [35] 97 : 355-379. Carrera, M. e. Lane, J.—
Diptera de Caiboa (Est. do Parana) (Dip. Stratiomi, e Ta-
ban.). [33] 4: 127-136, ill. Carrera, M.— Duas N. Sp. de
Cyrtidae (Dip.) de Brasil. [28] 7: 79-86, ill. Carrera, M.
-Pequenas Notas Sobre Asilidae (Dipt.). [28] 7: 93-100
(S), ill. Carrera, M. — Sobre Algumas Esp., do Genero
Atoniomyia Herman 1912 (Asil.). [28] 7: 113-128 (Sk*),
ill. Cerqueira, N. L. and Boshell-Manrique, J. — Note on
Haemagogus Spegazzinii Brothes, 1912 (Culic.). [29] 48:
191-200. Dobzhansky, Th. — (See under Anatomy, etc.).
Hardy, G. H. — Miscellaneous notes on Australian Diptera,
XI. Evolution of characters in order: venation of the
Nemestrinidae. [30] 70: 135-146 (k), ill. Hart, T. A.—
Breeding Habits of A. farauti (A. punctulatus var. moluc-
censis) in New Guinea. [25] 6: 89-90. Huckett, H. C.—
The Subgenera Craspedochaeta and Acrostilpra in N.A.
Genus Hylemyia Sens. Lat. (Muse.). [9] 41: 110-125, PI.
Ill (k*). Hull, F. M.— The Genus Lepidostola Mik. [1]
1326: 1-15 (k*), ill. Johannsen, O. A.— Revision of the
North American species of the Genus Pentaneura (Ten-
diped: Chironom.). [22] 54: 267-289 (k*). King, W. V.

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 259

and Hoogstraal, H. — Description of 3 new species of mos-
quitoes of the genus Aedes, submenus Finlaya, from New
Guinea. [24] 36: 305-313 (*), ill. Lee, David J.— Notes
on Australian Mosquitoes (Culicidae), Part VI. Genus
Tripteroides in Aust. Region. [30] 70: 219-275 (k*), ill.
Melander, A. L. — Synopsis of Coptaphlebia, w/descriptions
of New American and Oriental Spp. (Dipt. Empid.). [27]
22: 105-117 (k). Pratt, H. D.— The larva of Psorophora
(Janthirosoma) coffini Dyar and Knab and a Key to the
Psorophora larvae of U. S. and Greater Antilles (Culic.).
[29] 48: 209-214. Rees, D. M. and Harmston, F. C.— Ob-
servations on the habits of A. freeborni in N. Utah and S.
Idaho (Culc.). [25] 6: 73-75. Sabrosky, C. W.— Family
Names in the Order Diptera. [29] 48: 163-171. Taylor,
F. H. — Contribution to a knowledge of Australian Culicidae.
[30] 70: 211-212, ill., n. sp. Taylor, F. H.— Diptera of the
territory of New Guinea, XIII. Family Tabanidae, Genus
Chrysops. [30] 70: 328-332, ill. Vargas, L. and Palacios,
A. M. — Descripcion del Huevo, Larva y Pupa de Anopheles
gabaldoni Vargas 1941. [32] 7: 19-27 (S), ill. Wilson,
C. A. et al. — A list of the Mosquitoes of Penna. w/notes on
their Distribution and Abundance. [25] 6: 78-84. Wood-
hill, A. R. — Observations on the morphology and biology of
the subspecies of Anopheles punctulatus Donitz. [30] 70:
276-287, ill. Wray, F. C. — Six Generations of C. pipiens
without a Blood Meal. [25] 6: 71-72.

COLEOPTERA — Araujo, R. L. — Notas Sobre o Genero
Tiphavra e Descric,ao de Uma Nova Especie (Col., Cure.).
[28] 7: 87-92 (k). Araujo, R. L.— Notas Sobre Variances
No Colorido de "Pyrota Vittigera" (Blanch, 1843) (Coleo.,
Melo.). [31] 4: 229-232 (S), ill. Balfour-Browne, J.-
Two N. Spp. of Gyretes (Colo. Gyrn.) from Brazil. [13]
79: 172-174. Barber, H. S.— A New Rhabdopterus from
Texas (Chryso.). [9] 41: 140-142. Beck, P.— Cont. a
1'etude de la Faune de Costa-Rica. Coleopteres Lamelli-
cornes Dynastinae. [10] 77: 29-32. Benesh, B. — A Sys-
tematic Revision of the Holarctic Genus Platycerus Geof-
froy (Col. Lucan.). [34] 72: 139-202, PI. IV-IX (k*).
Brown, W. J. — Some New Chrysomelidae, w/notes on other
Spp. (Coleo.). [11] 78: 47-54, ill. Buchanan, L. L.— The
Japanese Weevil, Pseudocreorhinus bifasciatus Roelofs, in
America (P. setosus of Amer., Records, not Roelofs) (Cur-
cul.). [9] 41: 143. Buchanan, L. L. — Notes on American
Rhyncolus, w/description of a N. Sp. (Curcul.). [9] 41:

260 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Dec., '46

129-136. Cameron, M. — New species of Oriental Staphy-
liniidae. [2] 12: 682-694. Chapin, E. A.— Review of the
New World species of Hippodamia Dejean (Coleoptera:
Coccinellidae). [Smith. Misc. Coll.] 106: 1-39 (*), ill.
Costa-Lima, A. Da. — Sobre Dios Insetos Galicolas (Cur-
culio., Cryptorhynch., e Ichneu, Pimpli.). [8] 8: 189-192
(*), ill. Crowson, R. A. — A Revision of the Genera of the
Chrysomelid Group Sagrinae (Coleo.). [35] 97: 75-115
(k*), ill. Fender, K .M. — A Correction to the Key to the
Genera of the Scraptiini. [27] 22: 117. Heifer, J. R.— A
New Subsp. of Buprestis. [27] 22: 100-102. Hinton, H.
E. — -A Key to the Spp. of Xerelmis Hinton w/descriptions
of three N. Sp. (Col. Elm.). [14] 82: 237-241 (S). Hin-
ton, H. E. — On some new Indo-Australian Sosylus with a
Key to the species (Colydiidae). [2] 13: 35-53 (k*), ill.
Hinton, H. E. — A Synopsis of the Peruvian Species of Cyl-
Icepus Er. (Elm). [2] 12: 713-733 (k). Horsfall, W. R.—
Biology and Control of Common Blister Beetles in Arkan-
sas. [37] 436: 1-55. Knull, J. N.— The Long Horned
Beetles of Ohio (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). [Ohio State
Univ. Studies: Ohio Biol. Stir. Bull. 39] 7: 133-354, 1946
(k*), ill. Newman, J. F. — A study of the digestive enzymes
of the larval gut of Dinoderus ocellaris(St.). [20] 7: 13-19.
Rapp, W. F., Jr. — Zoogeographic distribution of Cicindeli-
dae. [14] 82: 224-225. Ray, E.— Studies of N.A. Mordel-
lidae, III (Coleo.). [27] 22: 90-99 (*). Rivers, I. L.—
Some Food Habits of Feronia ater Dejean (Coleo. Carab.).
[27] 22: 102. Rouge, P. — Bio-geographie des Carabides,
Chrysomelidae et Curculionides du Bassin du Salat. [10]
77 : 233-243. Van Dyke, E. C.— N. Spp. of N.A. Coleoptera.
[27] 22: 81-89 (k). Verdcourt, B.— Notes on the Aspara-
gus beetle (Crioceris asparagi, L.), Part I. Variation. [16]
58: 123-124, PI. XVII.

HYMENOPTERA— Araujo, R. L.— Contribuic,ao Para
O Conhecimento Do Genero "Synoccoides" Ducke, 1905
(Hym., Vesp.). [31] 4: 339-348 (S), ill. Araujo, R. L.-
Contribuiqao Para O Conhecimento de "Polybia Minarum"
Ducke, 1906 (Hyn., Vesp.). [31] 5: 157-163 (S), ill.
Araujo, R. L. — Angiopolybia Nom. N, Para O Conceito
Revalidado De Stelopolybia Ducke, 1914 (Hymen., Vesp.).
[28] 7: 165-170. Araujo, R. L.— Contribuiqao Para O Con-
hecimento De "Gymnopolybia meridionalis (Iher., 1904)"
(Hymen.). [4] 11 : 11-16 (Sk*), ill. Araujo, R. L.—Con-
tribuiqao para O Conhecimento Do Genero "Metapolybia

Ivii, '46] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 261

Ducke, 1905" (Hym., Vesp.). [4] 16: 65-82 (Sk*). Araujo,
R. L. — Contribuic,ao Para O Conhecimento Do Genero
Editho Parker (Hym., Bemb.). [5] 4: 505-511 (Sk).
Costa-Lima, A. Da. — (See under Coleo.). Donisthorpe, H.
— The ants of Mauritius (Formicidae). [2] 13: 25-35, ill.
Girth, H. B. and McCoy, E. E. — Five Ichneumonidae reared
from cocoons of the European Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion
sertifer (Geoff.). [22] 54: 320. Grant, C.— (See under
Gen. and Anat., etc.). Michener, C. D. — Notes on the Hab-
its of Some Panamanian Stingless Bees (Hymen., Api.).
[22] 54: 179-197. Pate, V. S. L.— A New Wasp from the
Galapagos Islands (Spec. Pemphi). [27] 22: 118-120.
Townes, H. — The Generic Position of the Neotropic Ichneu-
monidae w/types in the Phila. and Quebec Museums, De-
scribed by Cresson, Hooker, Norton, Provancher and
Viereck. [6] 5 : 29-63. Wishart, G.— Laboratory Rearing of
M. Gifuersis Ashm., a Parasite of the European Corn Borer.
[11] 78:78-82.

LIST OF JOURNALS CITED

1. — Amer. Museum Novitates. 2. — Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist. 3. — Ann. Entom. Soc. America. 4. — Arquivos do
Inst. Biol. Sao Paulo. 5. — Bol. Biol. Soc. Brasil. de Entom.
6. — Bol. de Entom. Venezolana. 7. — Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., Harvard. 8. — Bol. de Soc. Brasil. de Agron. 9.—
Bull. Brooklyn Entom. Soc. 10.— Bull. Soc. d'Hist. de
Toulouse. 11. — Canadian Entom. 12. — Ecology. 13.-
The Entomologist. 14. — Entom. Monthly Mag. 15.— En-
tomologica Americana. 16. — Entom. Record & Jour. Var.
17. — Entom. Soc. Ontario, Ann. Rep. 18. — Fauna. 19.-
Frontiers. 20. — Indian Jour, of Entom. 21. — Jour, of En-
tom. & Zool. 22. — Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 23.— Jour. Roy.
Soc. W. Aust. 24. — Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 25- -Mosquito
News. 26. — Nature Magazine. 27. — Pan-Pacific Entomol-
ogist. 28. — Papeis Avulsos do Dept. Zool. Sao Paulo. 29.
— Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington. 30. — Proc. Linn. Soc.
New South Wales. 31.— Revista Brasil. Biol. -Re-

vista del Inst. de Salub. y Enferm. Tropic. Mexico. 33.-
Separata de Arg. du Mus. Paranaense. 34. — Trans. Amer.
Entom. Soc. 35. — Trans. Roy. Entom. Soc., London. 36.
— U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 37.— Univ. Ark., Coll. Agric. Bull.
38— Wards Nat. Sci. Bull. 39.— Zoologia. 40.— Zoologi-
ska Bidrag Fran Uppsala.

EXCHANGES

This column is intended only for wants and exchanges, not for

advertisements of goods for sale or services rendered. Notices

not exceeding three lines free to subscribers.

These notices are continued as long as our limited space will allow;
the new ones are added at the end of the column, and, only when
necessary those at the top (being longest in) are discontinued.

Lepidoptera — Wanted, Hyloicus (Sphinx) and other Sphingidae in
exchange for U. S. and Wisconsin Lepidoptera. Wm. E. Sicker, 119
Monona Ave., Madison 3, Wisconsin.

Hymenoptera-Aculeata (except ants and bees) and Ichneumonidae
for exchange or purchase. Will collect any order in exchange. D.
G. Shappirio, 4811 17th St., NW, Washington 11, D. C.

Wanted — Papers on Cicindelidae of any part of the world, espe-
cially South America and Pacific. R. G. Dahl, 3225 Grand Ave.,
Apt. 13, Oakland 10, Cal.

Chrysididae — Wanted for determination in preparation of revision.
Wm. G. Bodenstein, Galesville, Maryland.

Coccinelidae — Wanted from other localities. Will buy or exchange
for misc. So. Cal. coleops. F. W. Furry, 1633 Virginia Ave., Glen-
dale 2, Cal.

Wanted — Ataenius and allied Aphodiinae from all parts of the
world, especially Mexico, Central and South America. O. L. Cart-
wright, Clemson, S. C.

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gasse, Vienna, Austria.

INDEX TO VOLUME LVII

(* Indicates new genera, species, names, etc.)

ALEXANDER, C. P. Undescribed crane-flies from the
eastern United States and Canada (Dipt.: Tipulidae)

PartX 245

Undescribed crane-flies from the western United States

and Canada (Dipt. : Tipulidae) Part V 65

Idem, Part IV 173

BEATTY, G. H. Dragonflies (Odonata) collected in
Pennsylvania and New Jersey in 1945 1, 50, 76, 104

BELL, E. L. Roswell Carter Williams, Jr. (obituary) 167

BRESCIA, F., V. K. LAMER, I. B. WILSON, J. C. ROWELL
and K. C. HODGES. Relative toxicity of DDT aerosols
to mosquitoes and Musca domestica. Insect Balance . . 180

BROMLEY, S. W. Wheel-bug vs. Japanese beetle 21

CARPENTER, S. J., R. W. CHAMBERLAIN and LEONORA
PEEPLES. Tick collections at army installations in the
Fourth Service Command 71

CARTWRIGHT, O. L. A new Phyllophaga from Alabama
and Georgia (Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera) 10

CHAMBERLAIN, R. W. (See under Carpenter)

CHAMBERLIN, R. V. A new centiped of the genus Guam-

bius from Mississippi 194

On some millipeds from Georgia 149

Texophon, a new genus in the diplopod family Lysi-
opetalidae 97

CHERMOCK, R. L. Migration in Ascia monusta phileta
(Lepidoptera: Pieridae) 144

COCKERELL, T. D. A. Review: British Butterflies 165

Review: The adelid moths of South America 63, 138

CROWELL, H. H. Notes on an amphibious cockroach
from the Republic of Panama 171

DRAKE, C. J. and E. J. HAMBLETON. Three new species
and a new genus of American Tingidae (Hemiptera) .... 121

FREEMAN, H. A. Two new species of skippers from North
and Central America (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) 185

FROTA-PESSOA, O. Drosophila mallochi, nom. nov 155

263

264 INDEX

HAMBLETON, E. J. (See under Drake)

HATCH, M. H. Nameability in taxonomy. . . . , 141

HENDERSON, W. F. Papilio aristodemus ponceana
Schaus (Lepidoptera : Papilionidae) notes . V 100

HODGE, C. IV, E. T. MOUL, M. E. PHILLIPS and H. K.
TOWNES, Jr. Current Entomological Literature

22, 58, 86, 112, 159, 198, 230, 255

HODGES, K. C. (See under Brescia)

HORSFALL, W. R. Area sampling of populations of larval
mosquitoes in rice fields 242

JAMES, M. T. The dipterous family Tylidae (Micropezi-
dae) in Colorado 128

KNOWLTON, G. F. A new sagebrush aphid (Homoptera) 153

KNULL, J. N. Two new Stenosphenus (Coleoptera:
Cerambycidae) 253

LAMER, V. K. (See under Brescia)

LA RIVERS, I. On the genus Trogloderus Le Conte (Cole-
optera: Tenebrionidae) 35

Some dragonfly observations in alkaline areas in
Nevada .209

LASKY, W. R. Report of mosquitoes collected at Fitz-
simons General Hospital, Denver, Colorado, during the
seasons 1944-45 ...188, 222

LE CLERQ, J. Notice to laboratories and museums 13

MOUL, E. T. (See under Hodge)

OLSON, T. A. A mechanical holder for microscopical
examination of pinned insects 101

OSBORN, H. Notice to laboratories and museums 13

PATE, V. S. L. The generic names of the Sapygidae and

their type species (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) 219

Two new species of wasps from southern Arizona
(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) ." 237

PEEPLES, L. (See under Carpenter)

PHILLIPS, M. E. (See under Hodge)

RAPP, J. L. C. A translation of the introduction and pref-
ace to Meigen's 1800 paper on Diptera 81

Note on pseudoscorpions 197

RAPP, W. F. Ichneumonidae notes 12

INDEX 265

RAU, P. Notes on a few dipterous and hymenopterous
parasites of mud-wasps 195

REHN, J. A. G. The post-oak locust (Dendrotettix
quercus) at Mount Misery, New Jersey, in 1944
(Orthoptera: Acrididae) 147

REHN, J. W. H. Review: Practical malariology 206

REMINGTON, C. L. A new entomological publication 19

Insects as food in Japan 119

RICHARDS, A. G. Recent papers on the insect cuticle .... 133

RIEGEL, G. T. Wasps and water 33

RIES, D. T. Urocerus gigas Fabricius in Brazil (Hym.:
Siricidae) 218

ROBERTS, H. R. Review: The mosquitoes of the south-
ern United States east of Oklahoma and Texas 139

ROWELL, J. C. (See under Brescia)

SABROSKY, C. W. Notes on recent opinions of the Inter-
national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 14

SCHMIEDER, R. G. On directing the flight of bees 16

Review: Insect dietary 91

SHAPPIRIO, D. G, Notes on District of Columbia wasps
(Hym. : Sphecoidea) 229

SHERMAN, F. Notes on Cerambycidae of South Carolina
(Coleoptera) 125

STAEBLER, A. E. Aedes tortilis, a mosquito new to the
United States 157

STALLINGS, D. B. and J. R. TURNER. Texas Lepidoptera
(Rhopalocera: Papilionoidea) 44

STEYSKAL, G. C. Themira nigricornis Meigen in North
America, with a revised key to the Nearctic species of

Themira (Diptera: Sepsidae) 93

The number of species in a genus 57

Review: Foundations of plant geography 31

TOWNES, H. K. (See under Hodge)

TURNER, J. R. (See under Stallings)

WENE, G. Additions to the checklist of the Cicadellidae
at Chatham, Virginia, with eleven new records for the
state 131

WILSON, I. B. (See under Brescia)

266

INDEX

WOLCOTT, G. N. Some fungus-growing ants eat and
harvest wild fungi 95

WRIGHT, M. A note on hellgrammites in eastern Tennes-
see 156

GENERAL SUBJECTS Mud-wasp parasites 195

Amphibious cockroach. . 167 Museums- German. . 135

Ascia monusta migration 144 Museums, war injury to

Bebecinus habits 229 13' 135' 183

Bees, directing flight of to red Nameability in taxonomy. ... 141

clover etc 16 New entomological journal

Behavior, language of bees'. '.'.'. 16 Number of sPecies Per Senus • • 57

Cockroach, amphibious 167 Odonata, ecology .

Collections Parasites of mud-wasps

Charles C. Adams (Odon.)-. 158 Post-oak locust in N. J. . .. 147

Carlos C. Hoffman (Lep., Pseudoscorpion collecting 197

scorp ) J84 Species, number per genus ....

Albert B'.Wolcott'cClerid.)''. 138 Taxonomy, nameability in . .. 141

Corydalis, wandering larvae ... 156 War and entomology. . 13, 135, 183

Cuticle, recent papers 133 WasPs and water •

DDT aerosols, toxicity . ...... 180 WasPs- wmter activity.

DDT and insect balance 180 Wheel-bug vs. Japanese beetle .

Dendrotettix outbreak... 147 OBITUARY NOTICES

Dragonfly ecology 209

Dragonflies in alkaline areas ... 209 Borelli, A. .

Food habits, review 91 Hebard, M.. . 217

Food, insects as, in Japan 119 Menozzi, C.. . 99

Food, of ants 95 Williams, R. C., Jr 34,167

Fungus ants and wild fungi ... 95 r»i?r>erkTvr AT c

/-. i r n x^H/lxowii Al_<o
Genus, number ot species in. . . 5/

Habits of Bebecinus, Motes. . . . 229 Adams, C. C 158

Hellgrammites, wandering lar- Allen, T. C 21

vae 156 Cornell University 184

Holder, for examining insects. 101 Dicke, R. J 21

Insects as food 1 19 Fisher, E. H 21

International Commission, Gressitt, J. L . . 127

notes on recent opinions 14 House, H. L 184

Kuala Lumpur, effects of war .. 183 Kuala Lumpur .. 183

Mechanical holder for insects. . 101 Lilly, J. H 21

Meigen, 1800, translation of . . . 81 Medler, J. T 21

Migration in Ascia monusta . . . 144 Miller, C. E 183

Mosquitoes, area sampling of Okada, Yoshio 19

larvae 242 Pratt, J. J. Jr.. . 184

Mosquitoes, biology of. ... 188, 222 Ries, D. T 158

INDEX

267

Riggi, A 197

Roberts, H. R 218

Snodgrass, R. E 86

Townes, H. K., Jr 112

University of Wisconsin 21

Wolcott, A. B 138

GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION

Alabama: Coleop 10

Arizona: Homop. 154; Hym.

238, 239

Brazil: Hym 218

British Columbia: Dipt 68, 70

California: Dipt 66, 175, 179

Colorado: Dipt... 70, 128, 188, 222
Florida: Acarina 71; Dipt. 148,

157, Lepid 100, 144

Georgia: Acarina 71; Coleop.

10; Dipt. 251,252;Millipeds. 149

Guatamala: Hemip 122, 124

Idaho: Dipt 175

Illinois: Pseudoscorp 197

Louisiana: Dipt 245

Mexico: Lepid 185

Mississippi: Acarina 71; Chilo-

pod 194 194

Montana: Homop 154, 155

Nevada: Homp. 154; Odon 209

New Jersey: Odonata 1, 50, 76,

104; Orthop . 147

North Carolina: Acarina 71

Northwest Territories: Dipt.. . . 247

Oregon: Homop 154

Pennsylvania: Odonata

1, 50, 76, 104

Peru: Hemip 125

South Carolina: Acarina 71;

Coleop 126

Tennessee: Acarina 71

Texas: Diplopoda 98; Col. 253,

255; Lepid 185, 187

Utah: Homop 153-155

Washington: Dipt. 68; Homop. 155

Wyoming: Dipt. 70; Homop.. . 153

COLEOPTERA

As food 120

Cerambycidae of S. C 125

Cleridae, Wolcott coll 138

costatus, Trogloderus 39

costatus vandykei,* Trogloderus. 41

hubbelli* Phyllophaga 10

Mycotretus 96

piceus* Stenosphenus 253

Popillia 21

texanus* Stenosphenus 254

Trogloderus, evolution 35

Trogloderus, key 35

DIPTERA

albofasciatum , Anthrax 196

alcestis* Tipula 175

amphitea, Toxophora 196

atlanis, Sarcophaga 148

capnioptera* Neolimnophila . . . 251

daphne, Anthrax 196

domestica, Musca, DDT on. ... 180

inyoensis* Tipula 173

jacintoensis * Tipula 65

lineatus, Tylos 128

Malariology, review 206

mallochi* Drosophila (n.n.).. . . 155

Meigen 1800, translation 81

microfulcrum* Paracalobata . . . 129

Micropezidae in Colorado 128

microphallus* Dicranoptycha . . 249

Mosquitoes, biology of. ... 188, 222

Mosquitoes, DDT on 180

Mosquitoes, larval, area sam-
pling 242

Mosquitoes of southern U. S.

(review) 139

Mosquito survey at DenverlSS, 222

nasoni, Cnodacophora 131

nigricornis, Themira 93

pallipes, Paracalobata 129

Parasites of mud- wasps 196

puaper, Anthrax 196

remingtoni* Lhnonia 247

268

INDEX

saxemontana ,* Tipula 68

setaventris, Tylos 128

shoshone* Tipula 66

slossonae, Anthrax 196

Themira, key to spp 93

thulensis* Tipula 245

tortilis, Aedes 157

turcanus, Tylos 129

Tylidae in Colorado. 128

univitta, Paracalobata 129

zelotypa* Tipula 177

HEMIPTERA

ablusa* Pleseobyrsa 124

Arilus vs. beetles 21

As food 120

bambusae, Leptodictya 122

divisa, Leptopharsa 122

lateris* Pliobyrsa* 124

lineata, Leptopharsa 122

prolixa, Teleonemia 122

prunellae* Teleonemia 121

setosa, Corythucha 122

tabida, Leptodictya 122

Wheel-bug vs. beetles 21

HOMOPTERA

Aphis spp., sagebrush 154

As food (Cicada) 120

Cicadellidae in Va 131

Epameibaphis key 153

Epameibaphis spp 153

Macrosiphum spp. 154

thornleyi* Epameibaphis 153

HYMENOPTERA

Acromyrmex, food of 97

argenteus, Motes 229

As food (Vespids) 119

Bees, directing flight of to red

clover, etc 16

Bees, language of 16

Bees, von Frisch's work 16

coronatus, Acromyrmex 97

discoidalis, Mesostenus 195

evansi* Moniaecera 239

fungus feeding ants 95

gallicus, Polistes 33

gigas, Urocerus 218

Habits of sphecoids 229

nanus, Bembecinus 229

occidentalis bolteri, Conocalama . 12

Parasites of mud-wasps 196

parvula, Chrysis 196

pennsylvanica scavea, Sphaero-

phthalma 196

Polistes and water 33

Polistes as food 119

Sapygidae, generic names and

type species 219

teren* Hapalomellinus 237

Vespula as food 1 19

LEPIDOPTERA

A new publication 19

Adelid moths 63, 138

aristodemus ponceana, Papilio. . 100

As food 120

British lep., review 166

Collection, C. C. Hoffman. ... 184

cresphontes, Papilio 146

evansi* Calpodes 186

Hesperiidae, new 185

Hoffman collection 184

Lepidoptera, of Texas 44

Migration of Ascia 144

monuste cleomes, Ascia 145

monuste phileta, Ascia 144

Papilionoidea, Texas list 44

Species, number per genus. ... 57

stallingsi* Celaenorrhinus 185

O DON ATA

Adams' collection 158

Alkaline waters, Odon. in 209

As food.. 120

INDEX

269

Dragonflies collected in Penn-
sylvania and New Jersey in
1945 1, 50, 76, 104

Ecology of 209

morrisoni, Ophiogomphus 209

Species collected at 4000 ft. in
Nevada 216

ORTHOPTERA

abdomen-nigrum, Epilampra. . . 172

Amphibious cockroach 171

As food 120

Dendrotettix in N. J 147

quercus, Dendrotettix 147

SMALLER ORDERS

As food (Ephem., Plec., Trich.) 120

cornutus, Corydalis 156

Hellgrammites, habits of 156

NON-HEXOPODA

Acarina 71

atlanta* Epeloria 151

atlantus* Saiulus 149

austrinus nudus* Scoterpes. . . . 149

brunneum, Microbisium 197

Chilopoda 194

christianus* Guambius (Chilo-

pod) 194

denticulatus * Pachydesmus . . . . 152

Diplopoda 97, 149

Ixodoidea 71

lactarium, Spiroslrephon 149

marginatus, Spirobolus 149

Millipeds from Georgia 149

nessius* Texophon* (Diplopod) 98

parvus, Pselaphochernes 197

Pseudoscorpions, collecting. . . . 197

Scorpions, Hoffman coll 184

Tick survey in s.e. U. S 71

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DIPTERA

1119. — Cresson (E. T. Jr.)' — Synopses of No. Amer. Ephydridae. la.
Supplement of part I on the subfam. Psilopinae. II. The
tribes Hydrelliini, Hydrinini and Ilytheini of the subfam.
Notiphilinae, with descr. of n. sps. (70: 159-180, 1944) ... $ .40

1123. — A systematic annotated arrangement of the gen. and sps. of
the Indoaustralian Ephydridrae. I. The subfam. Psilo-
pinae. (71: 47-75, 1945) 60

1127. — A systematic annotated arrangement of the gen. and sps. of
the Neotropical Ephydridae. I. The subfam. Psilopinae.
(71 : 129-163, 1946) 75

1126. — Rapp (W. F.) — Two new Nemocera Diptera. (Sciaridae and

Cecidomyidae). (71 : 125-128, figs., 1946) 20

THE BIOLOGY AND IDENTIFICATION OF

TRYPETID LARVAE

By VENIA TARRIS PHILLIPS

Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, No. 12, 161 pp., 16 pis.,

1946

This is a comprehensive work describing and figuring the important characteristics of the larvae
of forty five species of American fruit flies (Diptera). An indispensible work for economic en-
tomologists. It includes a glossary of the terms used in the descriptions; a list of 442 species of
the family, with their known hosts; a list of their host plants; and an extensive bibliography.
The plates contain 192 exquisitely executed figures.

Price $5.00 (postpaid, domestic delivery) U. S. Currency, remittance must accompany order.

HYMENOPTERA

1118. — Bradley (J. C.) — A preliminary revision of the Pompilinae of
the Americas exclusive of the tribe Pompilini. (70: 23-157,
2 pis., 1944) 1.60

LEPIDOPTERA

1125. — Jones (F. M.) — Platoeceticus and a remarkable n. sp. of the
genus (Psychidae). (71 : 99-124, 6 pis., 1945)

ORTHOPTERA

1121. — Tinkham (E. R.) — -Sinochlora, a new tettigoniid gen. from

China, with descr. of 5 n. sps. (70: 235-246, 2 pis., 1945) . . .25

1120. — Rehn (J. A. G.)— A revision of the locusts of the group Hy-

alopteryges (Acrididae). (70: 181-234, 1 pi., 1944) 1.00

1117. — Rehn and Rehn — Studies of certain Cyrtacanthacridoid gen.
(Acrididae). II. Prumnacris, a new No. Amer. gen. of
Holarctic type. (70: 1-21, 2 pis., 1944) 50

1122. — III. Buckellacris, another new No. Amer. gen. of Hoi-
arctic type. (71 : 1-45, 2 pis., 1945) 1 .00

$. •->• '

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